Bharatiya Jana Sangh - Revision history

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	{{Infobox Indian political party		{{Infobox Indian political party
	\|party_name = Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh		\|party_name = Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh
	\|colorcode = {{Bharatiya Jana Sangh~~/meta/color~~}}		\|colorcode = {{party color\|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
	\|foundation = 21 October 1951<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Anand\|first=Arun\|date=21 October 2020\|title=On this day 69 years ago, 200 leaders formed Jana Sangh. It is now the BJP\|url=https://theprint.in/politics/on-this-day-69-years-ago-200-leaders-formed-jana-sangh-it-is-now-the-bjp/528070/\|url-status=live\|access-date=15 April 2021\|website=ThePrint\|language=en-US}}</ref>		\|foundation = {{start date and age\|21 October 1951}}<ref>{{Citation \|website=ThePrint\|language=en-US}}</ref>
	\|founder = [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]		\|founder = [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]
	\| split = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]		\| split = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]
	\|dissolution = 1977		\|dissolution = {{start date and age\|1977}}
	\|merged = [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)		\|merged = [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)
	\|eci =		\|eci =
	\|ideology = [[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|title=The Jana Sangh as a ~~Hindu~~ Nationalist Rally\|page=94\|encyclopedia=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics\|first=Bruce D.\|last=Graham\|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />[[Hindutva]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Elite Parties, Poor Voters\|first=Tariq\|last=Thachil\|page=42\|year=2014\|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />[[Integral humanism (India)\|Integral humanism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation\|first=Stanley\|last=Kochanek\|page=333\|year=2007\|publisher=Cengage Learning}}</ref><br />[[National conservatism]]<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Jana Sangh: a biography of an Indian political party\|year=1969\|first=Craig\|last=Baxter\|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press\|page=171}}</ref><br/>[[Economic nationalism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Fundamentalisms and the State\|year=1996\|publisher=University of Chicago Press\|page=418\|first=Martin E.\|last=Marty}}</ref>		\|ideology = [[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|title=The Jana Sangh as a Nationalist Rally\|page=94\|encyclopedia=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics\|first=Bruce D.\|last=Graham\|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />[[Hindutva]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Elite Parties, Poor Voters\|first=Tariq\|last=Thachil\|page=42\|year=2014\|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />[[Integral humanism (India)\|Integral humanism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation\|first=Stanley\|last=Kochanek\|page=333\|year=2007\|publisher=Cengage Learning}}</ref><br />[[National conservatism]]<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Jana Sangh: a biography of an Indian political party\|year=1969\|first=Craig\|last=Baxter\|author-link = Craig Baxter\|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press\|page=171}}</ref><br/>[[Economic nationalism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Fundamentalisms and the State\|year=1996\|publisher=University of Chicago Press\|page=418\|first=Martin E.\|last=Marty}}</ref>
	\|position = [[Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Electoral Politics in the Indian States\|first=John Osgood\|last=Field\|publisher=Manohar Book Service\|page=28}}</ref>		\|position = [[Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Electoral Politics in the Indian States\|first=John Osgood\|last=Field\|publisher=Manohar Book Service\|page=28}}</ref>
	\|symbol = [[File:Oil lamp drawing.png\|120px\|Diya, a traditional oil lamp, was the symbol of the party]]		\|symbol = [[File:Oil lamp drawing.png\|120px\|Diya, a traditional oil lamp, was the symbol of the party]]
	\|successor = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1980–present)		\|successor = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1980–present)
	\|colours = {{Color box\|{{Bharatiya Jana Sangh~~/meta/color~~}}\|border=darkgray}} [[Orange (colour)\|Saffron]]		\|colours = {{Color box\|{{party color\|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}\|border=darkgray}} [[Orange (colour)\|Saffron]]
	}}		}}
	The '''Bharatiya Jana Sangh''' ('''BJS''' or JS, short name: '''Jan Sangh''', full name: '''Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh'''<ref name="Low1968">{{citation\|editor=Donald Anthony Low\|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA372\|year=1968\|publisher=University of California Press\|pages=372–\|id=GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ}}</ref>) ([[ISO 15919]]: '' Akhila Bhāratīya Jana Saṅgha '' ) was an ~~[[India]]n~~ [[right wing]] political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindutva\|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation.<ref name="Hindu2013">{{cite news\|last1=Gurumurthy\|first1=S\|title=Lifting of the ban on the RSS was unconditional\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Lifting-of-ban-on-RSS-was-unconditional/article11806185.ece\|access-date=29 January 2018\|work=The Hindu\|date=16 October 2013}}</ref> In 1977, it merged with several other [[Left-wing politics\|left]], [[Political centre\|centre]] and [[Right-wing politics\|right]] parties opposed to the [[Indian National Congress]] and formed the [[Janata Party]]. In 1980, Jana Sangh faction broke away from Janata Party over the issue of dual membership (of the political Janata Party and the social organization RSS), and formed [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].		The '''Bharatiya Jana Sangh''' ({{small\|abbreviated as}} '''BJS''' or '''JS''', short name: '''Jan Sangh''', full name: '''Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh'''<ref name="Low1968">{{citation\|editor=Donald Anthony Low\|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA372\|year=1968\|publisher=University of California Press\|pages=372–\|id=GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ}}</ref>) ([[ISO 15919]]: '' Akhila Bhāratīya Jana Saṅgha '' ) was an Indian [[right wing]] political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindutva\|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation.<ref name="Hindu2013">{{cite news\|last1=Gurumurthy\|first1=S\|title=Lifting of the ban on the RSS was unconditional\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Lifting-of-ban-on-RSS-was-unconditional/article11806185.ece\|access-date=29 January 2018\|work=The Hindu\|date=16 October 2013}}</ref> In 1977, it merged with several other [[Left-wing politics\|left]], [[Political centre\|centre]] and [[Right-wing politics\|right]] parties opposed to the [[Indian National Congress]] and formed the [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-06-23\|title=Syama Prasad Mookerjee: Lesser-known facts about the Bharatiya Jana Sangh founder-India News , Firstpost\|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/syama-prasad-mookerjee-lesser-known-facts-about-the-bharatiya-jana-sangh-founder-9744191.html\|access-date=2021-07-14\|website=Firstpost}}</ref> In 1980, Jana Sangh faction broke away from Janata Party over the issue of dual membership (of the political Janata Party and the social organization RSS), and formed [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

	==Origins==		==Origins==
	[[File:Shyama Prasad Mukherjee portrait in Parliament.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]		[[File:Shyama Prasad Mukherjee portrait in Parliament.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]

	After 1949, members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the [[British Raj]], and take their ideology further. Around the same time, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] left the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership.{{sfn\|Urmila Sharma\|SK Sharma\|2001\|p=381}}{{sfn\|Kedar Nath Kumar\|1990\|pp=20–21}}{{sfn\|Islam\|2006b\|p=227}} The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951<ref>{{cite web\|title=Founding of Jan Sangh\|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/about-the-party/history?u=founder \|website=www.bjp.org \|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> in [[Delhi]], with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the [[Indian National Congress\|Congress Party]].<ref name=IEGuinha>{{cite news\|title=Revive Jan Sangh -- BJP hardlines\|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|access-date=11 October 2013\|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]\|date=18 January 2000\|author=Sharad Gupta\|author2=Sanjiv Sinha\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012195411/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>		After 1949, members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the [[British Raj]], and take their ideology further. Around the same time, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] left the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership.{{sfn\|Urmila Sharma\|SK Sharma\|2001\|p=381}}{{sfn\|Kedar Nath Kumar\|1990\|pp=20–21}}{{sfn\|Islam\|2006b\|p=227}} The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951<ref>{{cite web\|title=Founding of Jan Sangh\|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/about-the-party/history?u=founder \|website=www.bjp.org \|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> in [[Delhi]], with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the [[Indian National Congress\|Congress Party]].<ref name=IEGuinha>{{cite news\|title=Revive Jan Sangh – BJP hardlines\|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|access-date=11 October 2013\|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]\|date=18 January 2000\|author=Sharad Gupta\|author2=Sanjiv Sinha\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012195411/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>

	The symbol of the party in Indian elections was an oil lamp and, like the RSS, its ideology was centred on [[Hindutva]]. In the [[1951–52 Indian general election\|1952 general elections]] to the [[Parliament of India]], BJS won three seats, Mukherjee being one of the winning candidates. The BJS would often link up on issues and debates with the centre-right [[Swatantra Party]] of [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]].{{citation needed\|date=April 2020}} After the death of Mukherjee in 1953, RSS activists in the BJS edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the [[RSS family of organisations]] (''Sangh Parivar'').<ref>{{citation \|first=Pralaya \|last=Kanungo \|title=Myth of the Monolith: The RSS Wrestles to Discipline Its Political Progeny \|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=34 \|pages=51–69 \|number=11/12 \|date=November 2006 \|jstor=27644183}}</ref>		The symbol of the party in Indian elections was an oil lamp and, like the RSS, its ideology was centred on [[Hindutva]]. In the [[1951–52 Indian general election\|1952 general elections]] to the [[Parliament of India]], BJS won three seats, Mukherjee being one of the winning candidates. The BJS would often link up on issues and debates with the centre-right [[Swatantra Party]] of [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]].{{citation needed\|date=April 2020}} After the death of Mukherjee in 1953, RSS activists in the BJS edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the [[RSS family of organisations]] (''Sangh Parivar'').<ref>{{citation \|first=Pralaya \|last=Kanungo \|title=Myth of the Monolith: The RSS Wrestles to Discipline Its Political Progeny \|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=34 \|pages=51–69 \|number=11/12 \|date=November 2006 \|jstor=27644183}}</ref>
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	\|\| [[1st Lok Sabha]]		\|\| [[1st Lok Sabha]]
	\|\| 3		\|\| 3
	\|\| ~~–~~		\|\| –
	\|\| 3.06		\|\| 3.06
	\|\|{{sfn\|Nag\|2014\|loc=chapter 1}}{{sfn\|Andersen\|Damle\|1987\|p=165}}		\|\|{{sfn\|Nag\|2014\|loc=chapter 1}}{{sfn\|Andersen\|Damle\|1987\|p=165}}
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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	* {{cite book \|first=Craig \|last=Baxter \|title=The Jana Sangh - A Biography of an Indian Political Party \|publisher=Oxford University Press, Bombay \|year=1971 \|orig-year=first published by [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] 1969 \|isbn=0812275837 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt }}		* {{cite book \|first=Craig \|last=Baxter \|author-link = Craig Baxter\|title=The Jana Sangh – A Biography of an Indian Political Party \|publisher=Oxford University Press, Bombay \|year=1971 \|orig-year=first published by [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] 1969 \|isbn=0812275837 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt }}
	* {{cite book \|last=Graham \|first=B. D. \|title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=1990 \|isbn=0-521-38348X}}		* {{cite book \|last=Graham \|first=B. D. \|title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=1990 \|isbn=0-521-38348X}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Jaffrelot \|first=Christophe \|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot\|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics \|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers \|year=1996 \|isbn=978-1850653011 }}		* {{cite book \|last=Jaffrelot \|first=Christophe \|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot\|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics \|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers \|year=1996 \|isbn=978-1850653011 }}

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	After 1949, members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the [[British Raj]], and take their ideology further. Around the same time, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] left the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership.{{sfn\|Urmila Sharma\|SK Sharma\|2001\|p=381}}{{sfn\|Kedar Nath Kumar\|1990\|pp=20–21}}{{sfn\|Islam\|2006b\|p=227}} The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951<ref>{{cite web\|title=Founding of Jan Sangh\|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/about-the-party/history?u=founder \|website=www.bjp.org \|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> in [[Delhi]], with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the [[Indian National Congress\|Congress Party]].<ref name=IEGuinha>{{cite news\|title=Revive Jan Sangh -- BJP hardlines\|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|access-date=11 October 2013\|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]\|date=18 January 2000\|author=Sharad Gupta\|author2=Sanjiv Sinha\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012195411/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>		After 1949, members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the [[British Raj]], and take their ideology further. Around the same time, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] left the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership.{{sfn\|Urmila Sharma\|SK Sharma\|2001\|p=381}}{{sfn\|Kedar Nath Kumar\|1990\|pp=20–21}}{{sfn\|Islam\|2006b\|p=227}} The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951<ref>{{cite web\|title=Founding of Jan Sangh\|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/about-the-party/history?u=founder \|website=www.bjp.org \|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> in [[Delhi]], with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the [[Indian National Congress\|Congress Party]].<ref name=IEGuinha>{{cite news\|title=Revive Jan Sangh -- BJP hardlines\|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|access-date=11 October 2013\|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]\|date=18 January 2000\|author=Sharad Gupta\|author2=Sanjiv Sinha\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012195411/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>

			The symbol of the party in Indian elections was an oil lamp and, like the RSS, its ideology was centred on [[Hindutva]]. In the [[1951–52 Indian general election\|1952 general elections]] to the [[Parliament of India]], BJS won three seats, Mukherjee being one of the winning candidates. The BJS would often link up on issues and debates with the centre-right [[Swatantra Party]] of [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]. After the death of Mukherjee in 1953, RSS activists in the BJS edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the [[RSS family of organisations]] (''Sangh Parivar'').<ref>{{citation \|first=Pralaya \|last=Kanungo \|title=Myth of the Monolith: The RSS Wrestles to Discipline Its Political Progeny \|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=34 \|pages=51–69 \|number=11/12 \|date=November 2006 \|jstor=27644183}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==

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origins

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	'''Bharatiya Jana Sangh''' was an [[India]]n right wing political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], a [[Hindutva\|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation. Later Jana Sangh succeeded by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Low1968">{{citation\|editor=Donald Anthony Low\|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA372\|year=1968\|publisher=University of California Press\|pages=372–\|id=GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ}}</ref>		'''Bharatiya Jana Sangh''' was an [[India]]n right wing political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], a [[Hindutva\|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation. Later Jana Sangh succeeded by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Low1968">{{citation\|editor=Donald Anthony Low\|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA372\|year=1968\|publisher=University of California Press\|pages=372–\|id=GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ}}</ref>

			==Origins==
			[[File:Syama Prasad Mookerjee.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]

			After 1949, members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the [[British Raj]], and take their ideology further. Around the same time, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] left the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership.{{sfn\|Urmila Sharma\|SK Sharma\|2001\|p=381}}{{sfn\|Kedar Nath Kumar\|1990\|pp=20–21}}{{sfn\|Islam\|2006b\|p=227}} The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951<ref>{{cite web\|title=Founding of Jan Sangh\|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/about-the-party/history?u=founder \|website=www.bjp.org \|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> in [[Delhi]], with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the [[Indian National Congress\|Congress Party]].<ref name=IEGuinha>{{cite news\|title=Revive Jan Sangh -- BJP hardlines\|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|access-date=11 October 2013\|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]\|date=18 January 2000\|author=Sharad Gupta\|author2=Sanjiv Sinha\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012195411/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==

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	{{Infobox Indian political party		{{Infobox Indian political party
	\|party_name = Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh		\|party_name = Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh
	\|colorcode = {{Bharatiya Jana Sangh~~/meta/color~~}}		\|colorcode = {{party color\|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
	\|foundation = 21 October 1951<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Anand\|first=Arun\|date=21 October 2020\|title=On this day 69 years ago, 200 leaders formed Jana Sangh. It is now the BJP\|url=https://theprint.in/politics/on-this-day-69-years-ago-200-leaders-formed-jana-sangh-it-is-now-the-bjp/528070/\|url-status=live\|access-date=15 April 2021\|website=ThePrint\|language=en-US}}</ref>		\|foundation = {{start date and age\|21 October 1951}}<ref>{{Citation \|website=ThePrint\|language=en-US}}</ref>
	\|founder = [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]		\|founder = [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]
	\| split = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]		\| split = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]
	\|dissolution = 1977		\|dissolution = {{start date and age\|1977}}
	\|merged = [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)		\|merged = [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)
	\|eci =		\|eci =
	\|ideology = [[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|title=The Jana Sangh as a ~~Hindu~~ Nationalist Rally\|page=94\|encyclopedia=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics\|first=Bruce D.\|last=Graham\|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />[[Hindutva]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Elite Parties, Poor Voters\|first=Tariq\|last=Thachil\|page=42\|year=2014\|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />[[Integral humanism (India)\|Integral humanism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation\|first=Stanley\|last=Kochanek\|page=333\|year=2007\|publisher=Cengage Learning}}</ref><br />[[National conservatism]]<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Jana Sangh: a biography of an Indian political party\|year=1969\|first=Craig\|last=Baxter\|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press\|page=171}}</ref><br/>[[Economic nationalism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Fundamentalisms and the State\|year=1996\|publisher=University of Chicago Press\|page=418\|first=Martin E.\|last=Marty}}</ref>		\|ideology = [[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|title=The Jana Sangh as a Nationalist Rally\|page=94\|encyclopedia=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics\|first=Bruce D.\|last=Graham\|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />[[Hindutva]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Elite Parties, Poor Voters\|first=Tariq\|last=Thachil\|page=42\|year=2014\|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />[[Integral humanism (India)\|Integral humanism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation\|first=Stanley\|last=Kochanek\|page=333\|year=2007\|publisher=Cengage Learning}}</ref><br />[[National conservatism]]<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Jana Sangh: a biography of an Indian political party\|year=1969\|first=Craig\|last=Baxter\|author-link = Craig Baxter\|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press\|page=171}}</ref><br/>[[Economic nationalism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Fundamentalisms and the State\|year=1996\|publisher=University of Chicago Press\|page=418\|first=Martin E.\|last=Marty}}</ref>
	\|position = [[Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Electoral Politics in the Indian States\|first=John Osgood\|last=Field\|publisher=Manohar Book Service\|page=28}}</ref>		\|position = [[Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Electoral Politics in the Indian States\|first=John Osgood\|last=Field\|publisher=Manohar Book Service\|page=28}}</ref>
	\|symbol = [[File:Oil lamp drawing.png\|120px\|Diya, a traditional oil lamp, was the symbol of the party]]		\|symbol = [[File:Oil lamp drawing.png\|120px\|Diya, a traditional oil lamp, was the symbol of the party]]
	\|successor = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1980–present)		\|successor = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1980–present)
	\|colours = {{Color box\|{{Bharatiya Jana Sangh~~/meta/color~~}}\|border=darkgray}} [[Orange (colour)\|Saffron]]		\|colours = {{Color box\|{{party color\|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}\|border=darkgray}} [[Orange (colour)\|Saffron]]
	}}		}}
	The '''Bharatiya Jana Sangh''' ('''BJS''' or JS, short name: '''Jan Sangh''', full name: '''Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh'''<ref name="Low1968">{{citation\|editor=Donald Anthony Low\|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA372\|year=1968\|publisher=University of California Press\|pages=372–\|id=GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ}}</ref>) ([[ISO 15919]]: '' Akhila Bhāratīya Jana Saṅgha '' ) was an ~~[[India]]n~~ [[right wing]] political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindutva\|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation.<ref name="Hindu2013">{{cite news\|last1=Gurumurthy\|first1=S\|title=Lifting of the ban on the RSS was unconditional\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Lifting-of-ban-on-RSS-was-unconditional/article11806185.ece\|access-date=29 January 2018\|work=The Hindu\|date=16 October 2013}}</ref> In 1977, it merged with several other [[Left-wing politics\|left]], [[Political centre\|centre]] and [[Right-wing politics\|right]] parties opposed to the [[Indian National Congress]] and formed the [[Janata Party]]. In 1980, Jana Sangh faction broke away from Janata Party over the issue of dual membership (of the political Janata Party and the social organization RSS), and formed [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].		The '''Bharatiya Jana Sangh''' ({{small\|abbreviated as}} '''BJS''' or '''JS''', short name: '''Jan Sangh''', full name: '''Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh'''<ref name="Low1968">{{citation\|editor=Donald Anthony Low\|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA372\|year=1968\|publisher=University of California Press\|pages=372–\|id=GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ}}</ref>) ([[ISO 15919]]: '' Akhila Bhāratīya Jana Saṅgha '' ) was an Indian [[right wing]] political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindutva\|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation.<ref name="Hindu2013">{{cite news\|last1=Gurumurthy\|first1=S\|title=Lifting of the ban on the RSS was unconditional\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Lifting-of-ban-on-RSS-was-unconditional/article11806185.ece\|access-date=29 January 2018\|work=The Hindu\|date=16 October 2013}}</ref> In 1977, it merged with several other [[Left-wing politics\|left]], [[Political centre\|centre]] and [[Right-wing politics\|right]] parties opposed to the [[Indian National Congress]] and formed the [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-06-23\|title=Syama Prasad Mookerjee: Lesser-known facts about the Bharatiya Jana Sangh founder-India News , Firstpost\|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/syama-prasad-mookerjee-lesser-known-facts-about-the-bharatiya-jana-sangh-founder-9744191.html\|access-date=2021-07-14\|website=Firstpost}}</ref> In 1980, Jana Sangh faction broke away from Janata Party over the issue of dual membership (of the political Janata Party and the social organization RSS), and formed [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

	==Origins==		==Origins==
	[[File:Shyama Prasad Mukherjee portrait in Parliament.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]		[[File:Shyama Prasad Mukherjee portrait in Parliament.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]

	After 1949, members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the [[British Raj]], and take their ideology further. Around the same time, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] left the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership.{{sfn\|Urmila Sharma\|SK Sharma\|2001\|p=381}}{{sfn\|Kedar Nath Kumar\|1990\|pp=20–21}}{{sfn\|Islam\|2006b\|p=227}} The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951<ref>{{cite web\|title=Founding of Jan Sangh\|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/about-the-party/history?u=founder \|website=www.bjp.org \|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> in [[Delhi]], with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the [[Indian National Congress\|Congress Party]].<ref name=IEGuinha>{{cite news\|title=Revive Jan Sangh -- BJP hardlines\|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|access-date=11 October 2013\|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]\|date=18 January 2000\|author=Sharad Gupta\|author2=Sanjiv Sinha\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012195411/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>		After 1949, members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the [[British Raj]], and take their ideology further. Around the same time, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] left the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership.{{sfn\|Urmila Sharma\|SK Sharma\|2001\|p=381}}{{sfn\|Kedar Nath Kumar\|1990\|pp=20–21}}{{sfn\|Islam\|2006b\|p=227}} The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951<ref>{{cite web\|title=Founding of Jan Sangh\|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/about-the-party/history?u=founder \|website=www.bjp.org \|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> in [[Delhi]], with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the [[Indian National Congress\|Congress Party]].<ref name=IEGuinha>{{cite news\|title=Revive Jan Sangh – BJP hardlines\|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|access-date=11 October 2013\|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]\|date=18 January 2000\|author=Sharad Gupta\|author2=Sanjiv Sinha\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012195411/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html\|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>

	The symbol of the party in Indian elections was an oil lamp and, like the RSS, its ideology was centred on [[Hindutva]]. In the [[1951–52 Indian general election\|1952 general elections]] to the [[Parliament of India]], BJS won three seats, Mukherjee being one of the winning candidates. The BJS would often link up on issues and debates with the centre-right [[Swatantra Party]] of [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]].{{citation needed\|date=April 2020}} After the death of Mukherjee in 1953, RSS activists in the BJS edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the [[RSS family of organisations]] (''Sangh Parivar'').<ref>{{citation \|first=Pralaya \|last=Kanungo \|title=Myth of the Monolith: The RSS Wrestles to Discipline Its Political Progeny \|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=34 \|pages=51–69 \|number=11/12 \|date=November 2006 \|jstor=27644183}}</ref>		The symbol of the party in Indian elections was an oil lamp and, like the RSS, its ideology was centred on [[Hindutva]]. In the [[1951–52 Indian general election\|1952 general elections]] to the [[Parliament of India]], BJS won three seats, Mukherjee being one of the winning candidates. The BJS would often link up on issues and debates with the centre-right [[Swatantra Party]] of [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]].{{citation needed\|date=April 2020}} After the death of Mukherjee in 1953, RSS activists in the BJS edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the [[RSS family of organisations]] (''Sangh Parivar'').<ref>{{citation \|first=Pralaya \|last=Kanungo \|title=Myth of the Monolith: The RSS Wrestles to Discipline Its Political Progeny \|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=34 \|pages=51–69 \|number=11/12 \|date=November 2006 \|jstor=27644183}}</ref>
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	\|\| [[1st Lok Sabha]]		\|\| [[1st Lok Sabha]]
	\|\| 3		\|\| 3
	\|\| ~~–~~		\|\| –
	\|\| 3.06		\|\| 3.06
	\|\|{{sfn\|Nag\|2014\|loc=chapter 1}}{{sfn\|Andersen\|Damle\|1987\|p=165}}		\|\|{{sfn\|Nag\|2014\|loc=chapter 1}}{{sfn\|Andersen\|Damle\|1987\|p=165}}
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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	* {{cite book \|first=Craig \|last=Baxter \|title=The Jana Sangh - A Biography of an Indian Political Party \|publisher=Oxford University Press, Bombay \|year=1971 \|orig-year=first published by [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] 1969 \|isbn=0812275837 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt }}		* {{cite book \|first=Craig \|last=Baxter \|author-link = Craig Baxter\|title=The Jana Sangh – A Biography of an Indian Political Party \|publisher=Oxford University Press, Bombay \|year=1971 \|orig-year=first published by [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] 1969 \|isbn=0812275837 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt }}
	* {{cite book \|last=Graham \|first=B. D. \|title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=1990 \|isbn=0-521-38348X}}		* {{cite book \|last=Graham \|first=B. D. \|title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=1990 \|isbn=0-521-38348X}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Jaffrelot \|first=Christophe \|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot\|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics \|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers \|year=1996 \|isbn=978-1850653011 }}		* {{cite book \|last=Jaffrelot \|first=Christophe \|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot\|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics \|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers \|year=1996 \|isbn=978-1850653011 }}