Pradip89 at 07:40, 26 July 2021

2021-07-26T07:40:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:10, 26 July 2021
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	=== Chapters ===		=== Chapters ===
	''Bhagavad Gita'' comprises 18 chapters (section 23 to 40)<ref>{{harvnb\|Bose\|1986\|page=71}}</ref><ref ~~group=web>~~{{cite web\|title=Gita Introduction \|url=http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/intro.html \|publisher=Bhagavad-Gita Trust 1998–2009 U.S. \|access-date=2 October 2011}}</ref> in the [[Bhishma Parva]] of the epic ''Mahabharata''. Because of differences in [[recension]]s, the verses of the ''Gita'' may be numbered in the full text of the ''Mahabharata'' as chapters 6.25–42 or as chapters 6.23–40.~~<ref group=web name="Bhandarkar"/>~~ The number of verses in each chapter vary in some manuscripts of the ''Gita'' discovered on the Indian subcontinent. However, variant readings are relatively few in contrast to the numerous versions of the ''Mahabharata'' it is found embedded in, and the meaning is the same.<ref name=minor1982lli>{{harvnb\|Minor\|1982\|pp= l–li, Quote: "The current text of the Bhagavad Gita is well-preserved with relatively few variant readings and none quite serious. This is especially remarkable in the light of the numerous variants for the remainder of the Mahabharata, some of which are quite serious. Secondary insertions are found in individual manuscripts of the Gita, but these are clearly secondary. The number of stanzas in the Gita is 700, a number confirmed by Shankara, and possibly deliberately chosen in order to prevent interpolations."}}</ref>		''Bhagavad Gita'' comprises 18 chapters (section 23 to 40)<ref>{{harvnb\|Bose\|1986\|page=71}}</ref><ref{{cite web\|title=Gita Introduction \|url=http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/intro.html \|publisher=Bhagavad-Gita Trust 1998–2009 U.S. \|access-date=2 October 2011}}</ref> in the [[Bhishma Parva]] of the epic ''Mahabharata''. Because of differences in [[recension]]s, the verses of the ''Gita'' may be numbered in the full text of the ''Mahabharata'' as chapters 6.25–42 or as chapters 6.23–40. The number of verses in each chapter vary in some manuscripts of the ''Gita'' discovered on the Indian subcontinent. However, variant readings are relatively few in contrast to the numerous versions of the ''Mahabharata'' it is found embedded in, and the meaning is the same.<ref name=minor1982lli>{{harvnb\|Minor\|1982\|pp= l–li, Quote: "The current text of the Bhagavad Gita is well-preserved with relatively few variant readings and none quite serious. This is especially remarkable in the light of the numerous variants for the remainder of the Mahabharata, some of which are quite serious. Secondary insertions are found in individual manuscripts of the Gita, but these are clearly secondary. The number of stanzas in the Gita is 700, a number confirmed by Shankara, and possibly deliberately chosen in order to prevent interpolations."}}</ref>

	The original ''Bhagavad Gita'' has no chapter titles. Some Sanskrit editions that separate the ''Gita'' from the epic as an independent text, as well as translators, however, add chapter titles such as each chapter being a particular form of yoga.{{sfn\|Maitra\|2018\|p=39}}<ref group=web name="Bhandarkar">see {{cite web \|url=http://bombay.indology.info/mahabharata/statement.html \|title=The Mahabharata (Electronic text) \|publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune \|year=1999}}</ref> For example, [[Swami Chidbhavananda]] describes each of the eighteen chapters as a separate yoga because each chapter, like yoga, "trains the body and the mind". He labels the first chapter "Arjuna Vishada Yogam" or the "Yoga of Arjuna's Dejection".<ref>{{harvnb\|Chidbhavananda\|1997\|page=33}}</ref> Sir [[Edwin Arnold]] titled this chapter in his 1885 translation as "The Distress of Arjuna".<ref name=EBG>{{Citation\|last=translated by Sir [[Edwin Arnold]]\|title=Bhagavadgita\|year=1885\|publisher=[[Dover Publications]] (1993 Reprint)\|location=New York\|isbn=0-486-27782-8\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOd6N2_t6XoC\|edition=Unabridged}}</ref>{{refn\|group=note\|Some editions include the ''[[Gita Dhyanam]]'' consisting of 9 verses. The ''Gita Dhyanam'' is not a part of the original ''Bhagavad Gita'', but some modern era versions insert it as a prefix to the ''Gītā''. The verses of the ''Gita Dhyanam'' (also called ''Gītā Dhyāna'' or ''Dhyāna Ślokas'') offer salutations to a variety of sacred scriptures, figures, and entities, characterise the relationship of the ''Gītā'' to the [[Upanishads]], and affirm the power of divine assistance.<ref name=chinmaya98>{{harvnb\|Chinmayananda\|1998\|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Ranganathananda\|2000\|pages=15–25}}</ref>}}		The original ''Bhagavad Gita'' has no chapter titles. Some Sanskrit editions that separate the ''Gita'' from the epic as an independent text, as well as translators, however, add chapter titles such as each chapter being a particular form of yoga.{{sfn\|Maitra\|2018\|p=39}} For example, [[Swami Chidbhavananda]] describes each of the eighteen chapters as a separate yoga because each chapter, like yoga, "trains the body and the mind". He labels the first chapter "Arjuna Vishada Yogam" or the "Yoga of Arjuna's Dejection".<ref>{{harvnb\|Chidbhavananda\|1997\|page=33}}</ref> Sir [[Edwin Arnold]] titled this chapter in his 1885 translation as "The Distress of Arjuna".<ref name=EBG>{{Citation\|last=translated by Sir [[Edwin Arnold]]\|title=Bhagavadgita\|year=1885\|publisher=[[Dover Publications]] (1993 Reprint)\|location=New York\|isbn=0-486-27782-8\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOd6N2_t6XoC\|edition=Unabridged}}</ref>{{refn\|group=note\|Some editions include the ''[[Gita Dhyanam]]'' consisting of 9 verses. The ''Gita Dhyanam'' is not a part of the original ''Bhagavad Gita'', but some modern era versions insert it as a prefix to the ''Gītā''. The verses of the ''Gita Dhyanam'' (also called ''Gītā Dhyāna'' or ''Dhyāna Ślokas'') offer salutations to a variety of sacred scriptures, figures, and entities, characterise the relationship of the ''Gītā'' to the [[Upanishads]], and affirm the power of divine assistance.<ref name=chinmaya98>{{harvnb\|Chinmayananda\|1998\|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Ranganathananda\|2000\|pages=15–25}}</ref>}}

	====Chapter 1 (46 verses)====		====Chapter 1 (46 verses)====
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	====Chapter 16 (24 verses)====		====Chapter 16 (24 verses)====
	Some translators title the chapter as ''Daivasura–Sampad–Vibhaga yoga'', ''The Separateness of the Divine and Undivine'', ''Two Paths'', or ''The Yoga of the Division between the Divine and the Demonic''.<ref name=EBG />{{sfn\|Easwaran\|2007\|pp=5–6}}{{sfn\|Maitra\|2018\|pp=vii–viii}} According to Easwaran, this is an unusual chapter where two types of human nature are expounded, one leading to happiness and the other to suffering. Krishna identifies these human traits to be divine and demonic respectively. He states that truthfulness, self-restraint, sincerity, love for others, desire to serve others, being detached, avoiding anger, avoiding harm to all living creatures, fairness, compassion and patience are marks of the divine nature. The opposite of these are demonic, such as cruelty, conceit, hypocrisy and being inhumane, states Krishna.{{sfn\|Easwaran\|2007\|pp=235–242}}<ref>{{cite book\|author=Franklin Edgerton\| title=The Bhagavad Gita, Part 2\| publisher= Harvard University Press\|year=1952\|pages=82–83 (Part 2), 149–153 (Part 1)}}</ref>{{sfn\|Fowler\|2012\|pages=253–257}} Some of the verses in Chapter 16 may be polemics directed against competing Indian religions, according to Basham.~~<ref name=basham1991p95/>~~ The competing tradition may be the materialists ([[Charvaka]]), states Fowler.{{sfn\|Fowler\|2012\|pages=253–257}}		Some translators title the chapter as ''Daivasura–Sampad–Vibhaga yoga'', ''The Separateness of the Divine and Undivine'', ''Two Paths'', or ''The Yoga of the Division between the Divine and the Demonic''.<ref name=EBG />{{sfn\|Easwaran\|2007\|pp=5–6}}{{sfn\|Maitra\|2018\|pp=vii–viii}} According to Easwaran, this is an unusual chapter where two types of human nature are expounded, one leading to happiness and the other to suffering. Krishna identifies these human traits to be divine and demonic respectively. He states that truthfulness, self-restraint, sincerity, love for others, desire to serve others, being detached, avoiding anger, avoiding harm to all living creatures, fairness, compassion and patience are marks of the divine nature. The opposite of these are demonic, such as cruelty, conceit, hypocrisy and being inhumane, states Krishna.{{sfn\|Easwaran\|2007\|pp=235–242}}<ref>{{cite book\|author=Franklin Edgerton\| title=The Bhagavad Gita, Part 2\| publisher= Harvard University Press\|year=1952\|pages=82–83 (Part 2), 149–153 (Part 1)}}</ref>{{sfn\|Fowler\|2012\|pages=253–257}} Some of the verses in Chapter 16 may be polemics directed against competing Indian religions, according to Basham. The competing tradition may be the materialists ([[Charvaka]]), states Fowler.{{sfn\|Fowler\|2012\|pages=253–257}}

	====Chapter 17 (28 verses)====		====Chapter 17 (28 verses)====
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	{{notelist}}		{{notelist}}
	{{reflist\|group=note\|2}}		{{reflist\|group=note\|2}}

			[[Category:Bhagavad Gita\| ]]
			[[Category:Hindu texts]]
			[[Category:Vaishnava texts]]
			[[Category:Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
			[[Category:Mahabharata]]
			[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
			[[Category:Kurukshetra]]
			[[Category:Krishna]]
			[[Category:Works of unknown authorship]]
			[[Category:Ancient yoga texts]]
			[[Category:Dialogues]]
			[[Category:Hindu philosophy]]
			[[Category:Religious texts]]
			[[Category:Yoga concepts]]

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Bhagavad Gita (contents) - Revision history

Pradip89 at 07:40, 26 July 2021

Pradip89: Created page with "The ''Bhagavad Gita'' is a poem written in the Sanskrit language.{{cite book|author1=Galvin Flood|author2=Charles Martin|title=The Bhagavad Gita:..."