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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:04, 31 July 2023
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	=== Reprocessing and Nuclear Waste Management ===		=== Reprocessing and Nuclear Waste Management ===
	~~[[File:Rwm7.jpg\|thumb\|Cesium recovery and Cesium glass pencil making system, WIP, Trombay]]~~
	~~[[File:Cold Crucible Induction Melter.jpg\|thumb\|Inside view of Cold Crucible Induction Melter, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre(BARC)]]~~

	After certain energy utilization, known as burn-up (a legacy of thermal power) is reached, nuclear fuel in a reactor is replaced by fresh fuel so that [[Nuclear fission\|fission]] chain reactions can sustain and desired power output can be maintained. The spent fuel discharged from the reactor is known as [[Spent nuclear fuel]] (SNF). BARC has come a long way since it first began reprocessing of spent fuel in the year 1964 at Trombay. India has more than five decades of experience for reprocessing of spent fuel of [[Uranium]] based first stage reactor resulting in development of well matured and highly evolved [[PUREX]] based reprocessing [[Flow sheet]] involving recovery of SNM.		After certain energy utilization, known as burn-up (a legacy of thermal power) is reached, nuclear fuel in a reactor is replaced by fresh fuel so that [[Nuclear fission\|fission]] chain reactions can sustain and desired power output can be maintained. The spent fuel discharged from the reactor is known as [[Spent nuclear fuel]] (SNF). BARC has come a long way since it first began reprocessing of spent fuel in the year 1964 at Trombay. India has more than five decades of experience for reprocessing of spent fuel of [[Uranium]] based first stage reactor resulting in development of well matured and highly evolved [[PUREX]] based reprocessing [[Flow sheet]] involving recovery of SNM.
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	=== Basic and applied physics ===		=== Basic and applied physics ===
	~~[[File:MACE TELESCOPE.jpg\|thumb\|[[MACE TELESCOPE]]: 21m diameter, 230 Tons structure consisting of 356 numbers of Mirror Panels and 1088 PMT pixel based imaging camera]]~~
	The interdisciplinary research includes investigation of matter under different physicochemical environments, including temperature, magnetic field and pressure. Reactors, [[ion]] and [[electron]] accelerators and lasers are being employed as tools to investigate crucial phenomena in materials over wide length and time scales. Major facilities, operated by BARC for research in Physical sciences, include the Pelletron-Superconducting linear accelerator at TIFR, the National Facility for Neutron Beam Research (NFNBR) at Dhruva, a number of state-of-the-art beam lines at INDUS [[synchrotron]], [[RRCAT]]-Indore, the TeV Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope with Imaging [[Camera]] (TACTIC) at Mt. Abu, the Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) and PURNIMA fast neutron facilities at BARC, the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator at the National Centre for Compositional Characterization of Materials (NCCCM) at Hyderabad, the 10 MeV electron accelerator at the Electron Beam Centre at Navi Mumbai.		The interdisciplinary research includes investigation of matter under different physicochemical environments, including temperature, magnetic field and pressure. Reactors, [[ion]] and [[electron]] accelerators and lasers are being employed as tools to investigate crucial phenomena in materials over wide length and time scales. Major facilities, operated by BARC for research in Physical sciences, include the Pelletron-Superconducting linear accelerator at TIFR, the National Facility for Neutron Beam Research (NFNBR) at Dhruva, a number of state-of-the-art beam lines at INDUS [[synchrotron]], [[RRCAT]]-Indore, the TeV Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope with Imaging [[Camera]] (TACTIC) at Mt. Abu, the Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) and PURNIMA fast neutron facilities at BARC, the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator at the National Centre for Compositional Characterization of Materials (NCCCM) at Hyderabad, the 10 MeV electron accelerator at the Electron Beam Centre at Navi Mumbai.
	~~[[File:Pelletron1.jpg\|thumb\|BARC-TIFR employees at Pelletron LINAC Facility]]~~

	BARC also has sustained programs of indigenous development of [[detectors]], [[sensors]], [[mass spectrometer]], [[imaging technique]] and multilayer-mirrors. Recent achievements include: commissioning of the Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) at Ladakh, a time-of-flight [[neutron spectrometer]] at Dhruva, the beam-lines at INDUS (Small-and wide angle X-ray Scattering (SWAXS), [[Protein crystallography]], [[Infrared spectroscopy]], Extended [[X-ray absorption fine structure]] (EXAFS), [[Photoelectron spectroscopy]] (PES/ PEEM), Energy and angle-dispersive XRD, and imaging), commissioning of beam-lines and associated detector facilities at BARC-TIFR Pelletron facility, the Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) at BARC, the [[Digital holographic microscopy]] for [[biological cell]] imaging at Vizag.		BARC also has sustained programs of indigenous development of [[detectors]], [[sensors]], [[mass spectrometer]], [[imaging technique]] and multilayer-mirrors. Recent achievements include: commissioning of the Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) at Ladakh, a time-of-flight [[neutron spectrometer]] at Dhruva, the beam-lines at INDUS (Small-and wide angle X-ray Scattering (SWAXS), [[Protein crystallography]], [[Infrared spectroscopy]], Extended [[X-ray absorption fine structure]] (EXAFS), [[Photoelectron spectroscopy]] (PES/ PEEM), Energy and angle-dispersive XRD, and imaging), commissioning of beam-lines and associated detector facilities at BARC-TIFR Pelletron facility, the Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) at BARC, the [[Digital holographic microscopy]] for [[biological cell]] imaging at Vizag.

	The Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) project is under installation at common facility building in BARC premises. The 20 MeV, 30 mA, CW proton linac will consist of a 50 keV ion source, a 3 MeV, 4 m long, [[radio-frequency quadrupole]] (RFQ) and a 3-20 MeV, 12 m long, drift-tube linac (DTL) and a beam dump.		The Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) project is under installation at common facility building in BARC premises. The 20 MeV, 30 mA, CW proton linac will consist of a 50 keV ion source, a 3 MeV, 4 m long, [[radio-frequency quadrupole]] (RFQ) and a 3-20 MeV, 12 m long, drift-tube linac (DTL) and a beam dump.
	~~[[File:BARC-TIFR Pelletron LINAC.jpg\|thumb\|Experimental set-up of BARC-TIFR Pelletron LINAC Facility located at TIFR, Mumbai]]~~

	[[Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope]] (MACE) is an Imaging Atmospheric Cerenkov telescope (IACT) located near [[Hanle (village)\|Hanle]], [[Ladakh]], India. It is the highest (in altitude) and second largest Cerenkov telescope in the world. It was built by [[Electronics Corporation of India]], Hyderabad, for the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and was assembled at the campus of [[Indian Astronomical Observatory]] at Hanle. The telescope is the second-largest gamma ray telescope in the world and will help the scientific community enhance its understanding in the fields of [[astrophysics]], [[fundamental physics]], and [[particle acceleration]] mechanisms. The largest telescope of the same class is the 28-metre-diameter [[High Energy Stereoscopic System]] (HESS) telescope being operated in Namibia.		[[Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope]] (MACE) is an Imaging Atmospheric Cerenkov telescope (IACT) located near [[Hanle (village)\|Hanle]], [[Ladakh]], India. It is the highest (in altitude) and second largest Cerenkov telescope in the world. It was built by [[Electronics Corporation of India]], Hyderabad, for the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and was assembled at the campus of [[Indian Astronomical Observatory]] at Hanle. The telescope is the second-largest gamma ray telescope in the world and will help the scientific community enhance its understanding in the fields of [[astrophysics]], [[fundamental physics]], and [[particle acceleration]] mechanisms. The largest telescope of the same class is the 28-metre-diameter [[High Energy Stereoscopic System]] (HESS) telescope being operated in Namibia.
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	The latest in the series is Anupam-Aganya<ref>http://www.barc.gov.in/presentations/20140126.pdf</ref>		The latest in the series is Anupam-Aganya<ref>http://www.barc.gov.in/presentations/20140126.pdf</ref>
	BARC has started development of supercomputers under the ANUPAM project in 1991 and till date, has developed more than 20 different computer systems. All ANUPAM systems have employed [[parallel computing\|parallel processing]] as the underlying philosophy and MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data) as the [[core architecture]]. BARC, being a multidisciplinary research organization, has a large pool of scientists and engineers, working in various aspects of nuclear science and technology and thus are involved in doing diverse nature of computation.		BARC has started development of supercomputers under the ANUPAM project in 1991 and till date, has developed more than 20 different computer systems. All ANUPAM systems have employed [[parallel computing\|parallel processing]] as the underlying philosophy and MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data) as the [[core architecture]]. BARC, being a multidisciplinary research organization, has a large pool of scientists and engineers, working in various aspects of nuclear science and technology and thus are involved in doing diverse nature of computation.
	~~[[File:ANUPAM-ATULYA.jpg\|thumb\|PARALLEL PROCESSING SUPERCOMPUTER ANUPAM-ATULYA:Provides sustained LINPACK performance of 1.35 PetaFlops for solving complex scientific problems]]~~

	To keep the gestation period short, the parallel computers were built with commercially available off-the-shelf components, with BARC's major contribution being in the areas of [[system integration]], [[system engineering]], system software development, application software development, fine tuning of the system and support to a diverse set of users.		To keep the gestation period short, the parallel computers were built with commercially available off-the-shelf components, with BARC's major contribution being in the areas of [[system integration]], [[system engineering]], system software development, application software development, fine tuning of the system and support to a diverse set of users.
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	=== Electronics instrumentation and computers ===		=== Electronics instrumentation and computers ===
	~~[[File:10 DMSP.jpg\|thumb\|10 DMSP based Four Train Prototype Reactor Protection System, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre(BARC)]]~~
	~~[[File:LEHIPA.jpg\|thumb\|Integrated Setup of beam Loss and Radiation Monitoring System for LEHIPA]]~~
	BARC's research and development programing electrical, electronics, instrumentation and computers is focused to achieve excellence in the fields of Nuclear Science and Technology, and this has resulted in the development of various indigenous technologies.		BARC's research and development programing electrical, electronics, instrumentation and computers is focused to achieve excellence in the fields of Nuclear Science and Technology, and this has resulted in the development of various indigenous technologies.

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	=== Material Sciences and Engineering ===		=== Material Sciences and Engineering ===
	[[Materials Science]] and [[Engineering]] plays an important role in all aspects including sustaining and providing support for Indian nuclear program and also developing advanced technologies. The minerals containing elements of interest to DAE e.g. Uranium, [[Rare-earth elements]] are taken up for developing beneficiation techniques/flow sheets to improve the metal value for its extraction. The metallic Uranium required for research reactors is produced. Improvement of process efficiency for operating uranium mills is done and inputs for implemented at plants by [[Uranium Corporation of India]]. The process [[flow sheet]] to separate individual rare earth oxide from different resources (including from secondary sources e.g. scrap/used products) are developed, demonstrated and technology is transferred to [[Indian Rare Earths Limited]] (IREL) for production at its plants.		[[Materials Science]] and [[Engineering]] plays an important role in all aspects including sustaining and providing support for Indian nuclear program and also developing advanced technologies. The minerals containing elements of interest to DAE e.g. Uranium, [[Rare-earth elements]] are taken up for developing beneficiation techniques/flow sheets to improve the metal value for its extraction. The metallic Uranium required for research reactors is produced. Improvement of process efficiency for operating uranium mills is done and inputs for implemented at plants by [[Uranium Corporation of India]]. The process [[flow sheet]] to separate individual rare earth oxide from different resources (including from secondary sources e.g. scrap/used products) are developed, demonstrated and technology is transferred to [[Indian Rare Earths Limited]] (IREL) for production at its plants.
	~~[[File:Enriched Boron carbide pellets~2.jpg\|thumb\|Enriched Boron carbide pellets for fast breeder reactor]]~~

	All the requirements of refractory materials for DAE applications including neutron absorber applications are being met by research, development and production in Materials Group. Materials Group works for development of flow sheets/processes for the materials required for DAE plants/applications e.g. Ti sponge, advanced alloys, coatings using various processes including pack cementation, chemical vapour, physical vapour, [[Electroplating]]/[[Electroless plating]]. Recovery of high purity [[Cobalt]] from various wastes/scrap material has also been demonstrated and technologies transferred for productionization.		All the requirements of refractory materials for DAE applications including neutron absorber applications are being met by research, development and production in Materials Group. Materials Group works for development of flow sheets/processes for the materials required for DAE plants/applications e.g. Ti sponge, advanced alloys, coatings using various processes including pack cementation, chemical vapour, physical vapour, [[Electroplating]]/[[Electroless plating]]. Recovery of high purity [[Cobalt]] from various wastes/scrap material has also been demonstrated and technologies transferred for productionization.
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	=== Chemical Engineering and Sciences ===		=== Chemical Engineering and Sciences ===
	~~[[File:Helium Liquefier (LHP50).jpg\|thumb\|Helium Liquefier (LHP50) developed and commissioned by BARC at Trombay]]~~
	The key features underlying the development effort are self-reliance, achieving products with very high purity specifications, working with separation processes characterized by low separation factors, aiming high recoveries, optimal utilization of scarce resources, environmental benignity, high energy efficiency and stable continuous operation. Non-power application of nuclear energy has been demonstrated in the area of water desalination using the technologies such as Multi Stage Flash Distillation and Multi Effect Distillation with Thermo Vapor Compression (MED-TVC). Membrane technologies have been deployed not only for nuclear waste treatment but for society at large in line with the [[Jal Jeevan Mission]] of [[Government of India]] to provide safe drinking water at the household level.		The key features underlying the development effort are self-reliance, achieving products with very high purity specifications, working with separation processes characterized by low separation factors, aiming high recoveries, optimal utilization of scarce resources, environmental benignity, high energy efficiency and stable continuous operation. Non-power application of nuclear energy has been demonstrated in the area of water desalination using the technologies such as Multi Stage Flash Distillation and Multi Effect Distillation with Thermo Vapor Compression (MED-TVC). Membrane technologies have been deployed not only for nuclear waste treatment but for society at large in line with the [[Jal Jeevan Mission]] of [[Government of India]] to provide safe drinking water at the household level.

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	=== Environment, Radiology and Radiochemical Science ===		=== Environment, Radiology and Radiochemical Science ===
	~~[[File:Ultra-trace analysis facility.png\|thumb\|Ultra-trace analysis facility, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre(BARC)]]~~
	BARC also moniters Environmental impact and dose / risk assessment for radiological and chemical contaminants, Environmental surveillance and radiation protection for the entire nuclear fuel cycle facilities, Meteorological and hydro-geological investigations for DAE sites. Modelling of contaminant transport and dispersion in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, Radiological impact assessment of waste management and disposal practices, Development of Environmental Radiation Monitoring systems and Establishment of country wide radiation monitoring network, establishment of benchmarks for assessing the radiological impact of the nuclear power activities on the marine environment.		BARC also moniters Environmental impact and dose / risk assessment for radiological and chemical contaminants, Environmental surveillance and radiation protection for the entire nuclear fuel cycle facilities, Meteorological and hydro-geological investigations for DAE sites. Modelling of contaminant transport and dispersion in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, Radiological impact assessment of waste management and disposal practices, Development of Environmental Radiation Monitoring systems and Establishment of country wide radiation monitoring network, establishment of benchmarks for assessing the radiological impact of the nuclear power activities on the marine environment.
	Radiochemical sciences have played a pivotal role in the progress of nuclear science and technology, and realizing its fruits for the benefit of mankind. Chemistry of radioactive substances requires a highly skilled manpower to carry out chemical procedures in 'state-of-the-art' facilities with sophisticated instrumentations. The highlights of these programs are Positron and positronium chemistry, Actinide chemistry and spectroscopy,Isotope hydrology for water resource management, Radiotracer for Industrial Applications, Separation and purification of new, radionuclides for medical applications, Advance fuel development by sol gel method, Chemical quality control of nuclear fuels, Complexation and speciation of actinides, Separation method development for back end fuel cycle processes.		Radiochemical sciences have played a pivotal role in the progress of nuclear science and technology, and realizing its fruits for the benefit of mankind. Chemistry of radioactive substances requires a highly skilled manpower to carry out chemical procedures in 'state-of-the-art' facilities with sophisticated instrumentations. The highlights of these programs are Positron and positronium chemistry, Actinide chemistry and spectroscopy,Isotope hydrology for water resource management, Radiotracer for Industrial Applications, Separation and purification of new, radionuclides for medical applications, Advance fuel development by sol gel method, Chemical quality control of nuclear fuels, Complexation and speciation of actinides, Separation method development for back end fuel cycle processes.

>JIP: /* Basic and applied physics */ fixed wikilink to neutron

2021-06-21T17:06:19Z

Basic and applied physics: fixed wikilink to neutron

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>JIP: /* Basic and applied physics */ fixed wikilink to neutron