Bengal temple architecture - Revision history

12.231.109.142: fixed issues

2026-02-08T02:48:12Z

fixed issues

CleanupBot: clean up

2023-10-07T18:30:00Z

clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:00, 8 October 2023
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	The temples of the pre-Muslim period have nearly all disappeared and from the few that are there the predominant is the tall curvilinear ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'', akin to the [[Kalinga architecture\|Odishan]] style. Another type that is similar to styles in Odisha is the ''pirha''.<ref name="mccutchion"/>		The temples of the pre-Muslim period have nearly all disappeared and from the few that are there the predominant is the tall curvilinear ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'', akin to the [[Kalinga architecture\|Odishan]] style. Another type that is similar to styles in Odisha is the ''pirha''.<ref name="mccutchion"/>

	“Between the earlier and later Hindu periods astonishing religious changes took place in Bengal: the worship of [[Vishnu]] gave way to that of [[Radha Krishna\|Radha-Krishna]], of Chamunda to that of [[Kali]]; [[Surya]] fell entirely out of favour; curious folk cults like that of [[Dharmathakur\|Dharmaraja]] or Dakshina Raya arose.” There have also been changes in temple architecture. The ''rekha deul'' continues, the ''pirha'' has become rare, other old forms have disappeared. Two new styles are predominant – the hut (''chala'') style similar to the mud hut with a thatched roof and the pinnacled (''ratna'') style which is closest to Islamic traditions. <ref name="mccutchion"/><gallery>		“Between the earlier and later Hindu periods astonishing religious changes took place in Bengal: the worship of [[Vishnu]] gave way to that of [[Radha Krishna\|Radha-Krishna]], of Chamunda to that of [[Kali]]; [[Surya]] fell entirely out of favour; curious folk cults like that of [[Dharmathakur\|Dharmaraja]] or Dakshina Raya arose.” There have also been changes in temple architecture. The ''rekha deul'' continues, the ''pirha'' has become rare, other old forms have disappeared. Two new styles are predominant – the hut (''chala'') style similar to the mud hut with a thatched roof and the pinnacled (''ratna'') style which is closest to Islamic traditions.<ref name="mccutchion"/><gallery>
	File:Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 12.jpg\|Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 1		File:Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 12.jpg\|Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 1

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	==Rekha deul==		==Rekha deul==
	The traditional ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'' is predominant in the western districts of Bengal. Some are smooth curvilinear, and others are ridged curvilinear. In the smooth type, the ''sikhara'' is free of horizontal bars and in ridged type, it is closely ridged with bars. The ''ratha'' projections are generally deep and spaced, and sometimes decorated. The crowning ''[[amalaka]]'' is generally large and flat. There are large and small types of deuls. Many of the very small types dispense with the complicated styling. It went on developing from the late 7th century or early 8th century to around the 12th century, increasing its complexity and height but retaining its basic features. <ref name="mccutchion"/>		The traditional ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'' is predominant in the western districts of Bengal. Some are smooth curvilinear, and others are ridged curvilinear. In the smooth type, the ''sikhara'' is free of horizontal bars and in ridged type, it is closely ridged with bars. The ''ratha'' projections are generally deep and spaced, and sometimes decorated. The crowning ''[[amalaka]]'' is generally large and flat. There are large and small types of deuls. Many of the very small types dispense with the complicated styling. It went on developing from the late 7th century or early 8th century to around the 12th century, increasing its complexity and height but retaining its basic features.<ref name="mccutchion"/>

	The Odisha temple is considered remarkable for its plan and elevation. The base is normally square in [[Hindu temple architecture]]. The structure of the temple is marked by vertical offset projections called ''rathas'' (on plan) and ''pagas'' (on elevation). The main temple (the rekha deul) rests on a high platform called pista. The assembly hall is called ''[[Jaga mohan\|jagamohan]]'', through which the devotees reach the main temple. The deity is placed in the ''[[garbhagriha]]'', over which the ''sikhara'' rises. <ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.slideshare.net/SumathiMariappan/unit-v-63053026 \| title = Temple Architecture – Northern Indian\| publisher = SlideShare\|access-date = 26 August 2020}} </ref>		The Odisha temple is considered remarkable for its plan and elevation. The base is normally square in [[Hindu temple architecture]]. The structure of the temple is marked by vertical offset projections called ''rathas'' (on plan) and ''pagas'' (on elevation). The main temple (the rekha deul) rests on a high platform called pista. The assembly hall is called ''[[Jaga mohan\|jagamohan]]'', through which the devotees reach the main temple. The deity is placed in the ''[[garbhagriha]]'', over which the ''sikhara'' rises.<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.slideshare.net/SumathiMariappan/unit-v-63053026 \| title = Temple Architecture – Northern Indian\| publisher = SlideShare\|access-date = 26 August 2020}}</ref>
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:KITLV 88210 - Unknown - Temples at Barakhar in British India - 1897.tif\|Barakar temples at [[Barakar]] in Paschim Bardhaman district. Photograph by Joseph David Beglar in 1897. Possibly, the earliest rekha deuls still standing.		File:KITLV 88210 - Unknown - Temples at Barakhar in British India - 1897.tif\|Barakar temples at [[Barakar]] in Paschim Bardhaman district. Photograph by Joseph David Beglar in 1897. Possibly, the earliest rekha deuls still standing.

Kamal Guha: /* Grouped temple */ One temple added

2023-08-08T04:01:05Z

Grouped temple: One temple added

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:31, 8 August 2023
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	File:"5. Cluster Of Temples in the village of Maluti in the Dumka district of Jharkhand.jpg\|72 temples at Maluti, Dumka district, Jharkhand - 36 temples have been destroyed		File:"5. Cluster Of Temples in the village of Maluti in the Dumka district of Jharkhand.jpg\|72 temples at Maluti, Dumka district, Jharkhand - 36 temples have been destroyed
	File:26 Siva Temples.jpg\|26 Shiva temples at [[Khardaha]], North 24 Parganas district		File:26 Siva Temples.jpg\|26 Shiva temples at [[Khardaha]], North 24 Parganas district
			</gallery>
			<gallery>
			File:Shiva temple at Puthia, Rajshahi.JPG\|\|[[:File:Shiva temple at Puthia, Rajshahi.JPG\|Puthia temple complex]] at Puthia, Rajshahi district
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Kamal Guha: /* Old unspecified temples */

2023-08-07T15:04:57Z

Old unspecified temples

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:34, 7 August 2023
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	File:Hakanda temple of Moynapur in Bankura district 01.jpg\|Hakanda temple at [[Maynapur]], Bankura district, built in the 18th century and badly damaged.		File:Hakanda temple of Moynapur in Bankura district 01.jpg\|Hakanda temple at [[Maynapur]], Bankura district, built in the 18th century and badly damaged.
	File:Stone Deul at Ambikanagar, Bankura - DSC 3949.jpg\|Stone deul at [[Ambikanagar, Bankura\|Ambikanagar]], Bankura district, was originally a Jain temple some 800–900 years old.		File:Stone Deul at Ambikanagar, Bankura - DSC 3949.jpg\|Stone deul at [[Ambikanagar, Bankura\|Ambikanagar]], Bankura district, was originally a Jain temple some 800–900 years old.
	File:Main Temple of Dhakeswari.jpg\| ~~Dhakeswari~~ Temple at [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh		File:Main Temple of Dhakeswari.jpg\| [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] at [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh
	File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 02.jpg\|The domed Shiva temple at [[Baneswar]] in Cooch Behar district		File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 02.jpg\|The domed Shiva temple at [[Baneswar]] in Cooch Behar district
	File:Sonarong Jora Moth (25).JPG\|Sonarang Twin Temples at Sonarang village in Munshiganj district, Bangladesh		File:Sonarong Jora Moth (25).JPG\|Sonarang Twin Temples at Sonarang village in Munshiganj district, Bangladesh

Kamal Guha: Category added

2023-08-07T14:58:05Z

Category added

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:28, 7 August 2023
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	[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]		[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
	[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]		[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]
			[[Category:Hindu temples in Bangladesh]]

Kamal Guha: /* Grouped temple */ red links

2023-08-07T12:05:44Z

Grouped temple: red links

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:35, 7 August 2023
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	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:108 shiv temple.jpg\|108 Shiva temples at Nababhat, [[Bardhaman]], Purba Bardhaman district		File:108 shiv temple.jpg\|108 Shiva temples at Nababhat, [[Bardhaman]], Purba Bardhaman district
	File:"5. Cluster Of Temples in the village of Maluti in the Dumka district of Jharkhand.jpg\|72 temples at [[Maluti]], Dumka district, Jharkhand - 36 temples have been destroyed		File:"5. Cluster Of Temples in the village of Maluti in the Dumka district of Jharkhand.jpg\|72 temples at Maluti, Dumka district, Jharkhand - 36 temples have been destroyed
	File:26 Siva Temples.jpg\|26 Shiva temples at [[Khardaha]], North 24 Parganas district		File:26 Siva Temples.jpg\|26 Shiva temples at [[Khardaha]], North 24 Parganas district
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Kamal Guha: /* Old unspecified temples */

2023-08-07T11:58:45Z

Old unspecified temples

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:28, 7 August 2023
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	File:Hakanda temple of Moynapur in Bankura district 01.jpg\|Hakanda temple at [[Maynapur]], Bankura district, built in the 18th century and badly damaged.		File:Hakanda temple of Moynapur in Bankura district 01.jpg\|Hakanda temple at [[Maynapur]], Bankura district, built in the 18th century and badly damaged.
	File:Stone Deul at Ambikanagar, Bankura - DSC 3949.jpg\|Stone deul at [[Ambikanagar, Bankura\|Ambikanagar]], Bankura district, was originally a Jain temple some 800–900 years old.		File:Stone Deul at Ambikanagar, Bankura - DSC 3949.jpg\|Stone deul at [[Ambikanagar, Bankura\|Ambikanagar]], Bankura district, was originally a Jain temple some 800–900 years old.
	File:Main Temple of Dhakeswari.jpg\|[[Dhakeswari Temple]] at [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh		File:Main Temple of Dhakeswari.jpg\| Dhakeswari Temple at [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh
	File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 02.jpg\|The domed Shiva temple at [[Baneswar]] in Cooch Behar district		File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 02.jpg\|The domed Shiva temple at [[Baneswar]] in Cooch Behar district
	File:Sonarong Jora Moth (25).JPG\|[[Sonarang Twin Temples]] at Sonarang village in Munshiganj district, Bangladesh		File:Sonarong Jora Moth (25).JPG\|Sonarang Twin Temples at Sonarang village in Munshiganj district, Bangladesh
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Kamal Guha: /* Rekha deul */

2023-08-07T11:55:05Z

Rekha deul

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:25, 7 August 2023
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	File:Siddheshwara Temple at Bahulara, Bankura.jpg\|[[Bahulara Ancient Temple]], Bankura district, 8th-11th century		File:Siddheshwara Temple at Bahulara, Bankura.jpg\|[[Bahulara Ancient Temple]], Bankura district, 8th-11th century
	File:Sat Deul 6.jpg\|[[Sat Deul]], Purba Bardhaman district, 10th century		File:Sat Deul 6.jpg\|[[Sat Deul]], Purba Bardhaman district, 10th century
	File:Jatar Deul - WB.jpg, South 24 Parganas, 11th century		File:Jatar Deul - WB.jpg\| Jatar Deul, South 24 Parganas, 11th century
	File:Deul at Banda, Purulia WLM2016-0207.jpg\|[[Banda Deul]], Purulia district, 11th century		File:Deul at Banda, Purulia WLM2016-0207.jpg\|[[Banda Deul]], Purulia district, 11th century
	File:Temple of Ichai Ghosh.jpg at [[Gourangapur]], Paschim Bardhaman district, 16-17th century		File:Temple of Ichai Ghosh.jpg at [[Gourangapur]], Paschim Bardhaman district, 16-17th century

Kamal Guha: Red links removed

2023-08-07T11:43:01Z

Red links removed

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2021-10-08T15:44:03Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:14, 8 October 2021
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	==Background==		==Background==
	According to [[David McCutchion\|David J. McCutchion]], historically the religious architecture in Bengal may be divided into three periods: the early Hindu period (up to the end of the 12th century, or may be a little later in certain areas), the Sultanate period (14th to early 16th century), the Hindu revival period (16th to 19th century). “The coming of the Muslims at the beginning of the 13th century marked a sharp break with the past. After an initial century of anarchy and consolidation, marked by iconoclastic destruction and militant ‘sufi’ proselytiising, Hindu chiefs and Muslim overlords settled down to some sort of compromise in a common front against ~~Delhi…~~ Bengal, as we know it today, became an independent entity for the first time. During the following two centuries a distinctive Bengali culture took shape.”<ref name="mccutchion">McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 1-14, 19-22. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN\| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>		According to [[David McCutchion\|David J. McCutchion]], historically the religious architecture in Bengal may be divided into three periods: the early Hindu period (up to the end of the 12th century, or may be a little later in certain areas), the Sultanate period (14th to early 16th century), the Hindu revival period (16th to 19th century). “The coming of the Muslims at the beginning of the 13th century marked a sharp break with the past. After an initial century of anarchy and consolidation, marked by iconoclastic destruction and militant ‘sufi’ proselytiising, Hindu chiefs and Muslim overlords settled down to some sort of compromise in a common front against Delhi... Bengal, as we know it today, became an independent entity for the first time. During the following two centuries a distinctive Bengali culture took shape.”<ref name="mccutchion">McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 1-14, 19-22. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN\| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>

	The temples of the pre-Muslim period have nearly all disappeared and from the few that are there the predominant is the tall curvilinear ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'', akin to the [[Kalinga architecture\|Odishan]] style. Another type that is similar to styles in Odisha is the ''pirha''.<ref name="mccutchion"/>		The temples of the pre-Muslim period have nearly all disappeared and from the few that are there the predominant is the tall curvilinear ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'', akin to the [[Kalinga architecture\|Odishan]] style. Another type that is similar to styles in Odisha is the ''pirha''.<ref name="mccutchion"/>

	“Between the earlier and later Hindu periods astonishing religious changes took place in Bengal: the worship of [[Vishnu]] gave way to that of [[Radha Krishna\|Radha-Krishna]], of [[Chamunda]] to that of [[Kali]]; [[Surya]] fell entirely out of favour; curious folk cults like that of [[Dharmathakur\|Dharmaraja]] or Dakshina Raya arose.” There have also been changes in temple architecture. The ''rekha deul'' continues, the ''pirha'' has become rare, other old forms have disappeared. Two new styles are predominant – the hut (''chala'') style similar to the mud hut with a thatched roof and the pinnacled (''ratna'') style which is closest to Islamic traditions.<ref name="mccutchion"/><gallery>		“Between the earlier and later Hindu periods astonishing religious changes took place in Bengal: the worship of [[Vishnu]] gave way to that of [[Radha Krishna\|Radha-Krishna]], of [[Chamunda]] to that of [[Kali]]; [[Surya]] fell entirely out of favour; curious folk cults like that of [[Dharmathakur\|Dharmaraja]] or Dakshina Raya arose.” There have also been changes in temple architecture. The ''rekha deul'' continues, the ''pirha'' has become rare, other old forms have disappeared. Two new styles are predominant – the hut (''chala'') style similar to the mud hut with a thatched roof and the pinnacled (''ratna'') style which is closest to Islamic traditions.<ref name="mccutchion"/><gallery>
	File:Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 12.jpg\|Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 1		File:Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 12.jpg\|Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 1
	~~File:Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 1.jpg\|Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 2~~
	</gallery>		</gallery>
	[[File:Evolution of Temple Architecture in Bengal.jpg\|thumb\|Evolution of Temple Architecture in Bengal]]		[[File:Evolution of Temple Architecture in Bengal.jpg\|thumb\|Evolution of Temple Architecture in Bengal]]
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	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:The Tomb of Fateh Khan, Gaur, WB.jpg\|''Do-chala'' tomb of Fateh Khan at [[Gauda (city)\|Gauda]], Malda district – example of Muslim use of this style		File:The Tomb of Fateh Khan, Gaur, WB.jpg\|''Do-chala'' tomb of Fateh Khan at [[Gauda (city)\|Gauda]], Malda district – example of Muslim use of this style
			File:Terracotta panels of Char Bangla group of temples of Azimganj in Murshidabad district of West Bengal. 56.jpg\|Char Bangla group of temples at [[Baranagar, Murshidabad\|Baranagar]] in Murshidabad district are examples of ''ek-bangla'' temples
	File:Bishnupur IMG 0951.jpg\|''Jor Bangla'' temple at [[Bishnupur, Bankura\|Bishnupur]], Bankura district		File:Bishnupur IMG 0951.jpg\|''Jor Bangla'' temple at [[Bishnupur, Bankura\|Bishnupur]], Bankura district
	File:Terracotta Temple at Palpara.jpg\|''Char-chala'' temple at [[Palpara]], Nadia district		File:Terracotta Temple at Palpara.jpg\|''Char-chala'' temple at [[Palpara]], Nadia district
	File:Aatchala Shantinath Shiva Temple at Gosaibazar area of Chandrakona Town in Paschim Medinipur 01.jpg\|''At-chala'' Shantinath temple at [[Chandrakona]], Paschim Medinipur district		File:Aatchala Shantinath Shiva Temple at Gosaibazar area of Chandrakona Town in Paschim Medinipur 01.jpg\|''At-chala'' Shantinath temple at [[Chandrakona]], Paschim Medinipur district
	File:Baro Chala temple of Buro Shiva at Jalsara under Ghatal Police Station in Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal 05.jpg\|''Baro-chala'' Buro Shiva temple at [[Jalshara]], Paschim Medinipur district		File:Baro Chala temple of Buro Shiva at Jalsara under Ghatal Police Station in Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal 05.jpg\|''Baro-chala'' Buro Shiva temple at [[Jalshara]], Paschim Medinipur district
			File:Kiriteswari_Temple.jpg\|alt=Kiriteswari Temple, Murshidabad, West Bengal\|[[Kiriteswari Temple]] at Kiritkona in Murshidabad district is a ''char-chala'' having curved cornice and with an ''ek-bangla'' porch
	</gallery>		</gallery>

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	{{West Bengal}}		{{West Bengal}}

	[[Category:~~Religious~~ architecture]]		[[Category:Sacral architecture]]
	[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]		[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
	[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bangladesh]]		[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bangladesh]]
	[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]		[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
	[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]		[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:00, 8 October 2023
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	The temples of the pre-Muslim period have nearly all disappeared and from the few that are there the predominant is the tall curvilinear ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'', akin to the [[Kalinga architecture\|Odishan]] style. Another type that is similar to styles in Odisha is the ''pirha''.<ref name="mccutchion"/>		The temples of the pre-Muslim period have nearly all disappeared and from the few that are there the predominant is the tall curvilinear ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'', akin to the [[Kalinga architecture\|Odishan]] style. Another type that is similar to styles in Odisha is the ''pirha''.<ref name="mccutchion"/>

	“Between the earlier and later Hindu periods astonishing religious changes took place in Bengal: the worship of [[Vishnu]] gave way to that of [[Radha Krishna\|Radha-Krishna]], of Chamunda to that of [[Kali]]; [[Surya]] fell entirely out of favour; curious folk cults like that of [[Dharmathakur\|Dharmaraja]] or Dakshina Raya arose.” There have also been changes in temple architecture. The ''rekha deul'' continues, the ''pirha'' has become rare, other old forms have disappeared. Two new styles are predominant – the hut (''chala'') style similar to the mud hut with a thatched roof and the pinnacled (''ratna'') style which is closest to Islamic traditions. <ref name="mccutchion"/><gallery>		“Between the earlier and later Hindu periods astonishing religious changes took place in Bengal: the worship of [[Vishnu]] gave way to that of [[Radha Krishna\|Radha-Krishna]], of Chamunda to that of [[Kali]]; [[Surya]] fell entirely out of favour; curious folk cults like that of [[Dharmathakur\|Dharmaraja]] or Dakshina Raya arose.” There have also been changes in temple architecture. The ''rekha deul'' continues, the ''pirha'' has become rare, other old forms have disappeared. Two new styles are predominant – the hut (''chala'') style similar to the mud hut with a thatched roof and the pinnacled (''ratna'') style which is closest to Islamic traditions.<ref name="mccutchion"/><gallery>
	File:Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 12.jpg\|Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 1		File:Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 12.jpg\|Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 1

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	==Rekha deul==		==Rekha deul==
	The traditional ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'' is predominant in the western districts of Bengal. Some are smooth curvilinear, and others are ridged curvilinear. In the smooth type, the ''sikhara'' is free of horizontal bars and in ridged type, it is closely ridged with bars. The ''ratha'' projections are generally deep and spaced, and sometimes decorated. The crowning ''[[amalaka]]'' is generally large and flat. There are large and small types of deuls. Many of the very small types dispense with the complicated styling. It went on developing from the late 7th century or early 8th century to around the 12th century, increasing its complexity and height but retaining its basic features. <ref name="mccutchion"/>		The traditional ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'' is predominant in the western districts of Bengal. Some are smooth curvilinear, and others are ridged curvilinear. In the smooth type, the ''sikhara'' is free of horizontal bars and in ridged type, it is closely ridged with bars. The ''ratha'' projections are generally deep and spaced, and sometimes decorated. The crowning ''[[amalaka]]'' is generally large and flat. There are large and small types of deuls. Many of the very small types dispense with the complicated styling. It went on developing from the late 7th century or early 8th century to around the 12th century, increasing its complexity and height but retaining its basic features.<ref name="mccutchion"/>

	The Odisha temple is considered remarkable for its plan and elevation. The base is normally square in [[Hindu temple architecture]]. The structure of the temple is marked by vertical offset projections called ''rathas'' (on plan) and ''pagas'' (on elevation). The main temple (the rekha deul) rests on a high platform called pista. The assembly hall is called ''[[Jaga mohan\|jagamohan]]'', through which the devotees reach the main temple. The deity is placed in the ''[[garbhagriha]]'', over which the ''sikhara'' rises. <ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.slideshare.net/SumathiMariappan/unit-v-63053026 \| title = Temple Architecture – Northern Indian\| publisher = SlideShare\|access-date = 26 August 2020}} </ref>		The Odisha temple is considered remarkable for its plan and elevation. The base is normally square in [[Hindu temple architecture]]. The structure of the temple is marked by vertical offset projections called ''rathas'' (on plan) and ''pagas'' (on elevation). The main temple (the rekha deul) rests on a high platform called pista. The assembly hall is called ''[[Jaga mohan\|jagamohan]]'', through which the devotees reach the main temple. The deity is placed in the ''[[garbhagriha]]'', over which the ''sikhara'' rises.<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.slideshare.net/SumathiMariappan/unit-v-63053026 \| title = Temple Architecture – Northern Indian\| publisher = SlideShare\|access-date = 26 August 2020}}</ref>
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:KITLV 88210 - Unknown - Temples at Barakhar in British India - 1897.tif\|Barakar temples at [[Barakar]] in Paschim Bardhaman district. Photograph by Joseph David Beglar in 1897. Possibly, the earliest rekha deuls still standing.		File:KITLV 88210 - Unknown - Temples at Barakhar in British India - 1897.tif\|Barakar temples at [[Barakar]] in Paschim Bardhaman district. Photograph by Joseph David Beglar in 1897. Possibly, the earliest rekha deuls still standing.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:34, 7 August 2023
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	File:Hakanda temple of Moynapur in Bankura district 01.jpg\|Hakanda temple at [[Maynapur]], Bankura district, built in the 18th century and badly damaged.		File:Hakanda temple of Moynapur in Bankura district 01.jpg\|Hakanda temple at [[Maynapur]], Bankura district, built in the 18th century and badly damaged.
	File:Stone Deul at Ambikanagar, Bankura - DSC 3949.jpg\|Stone deul at [[Ambikanagar, Bankura\|Ambikanagar]], Bankura district, was originally a Jain temple some 800–900 years old.		File:Stone Deul at Ambikanagar, Bankura - DSC 3949.jpg\|Stone deul at [[Ambikanagar, Bankura\|Ambikanagar]], Bankura district, was originally a Jain temple some 800–900 years old.
	File:Main Temple of Dhakeswari.jpg\| ~~Dhakeswari~~ Temple at [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh		File:Main Temple of Dhakeswari.jpg\| [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] at [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh
	File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 02.jpg\|The domed Shiva temple at [[Baneswar]] in Cooch Behar district		File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 02.jpg\|The domed Shiva temple at [[Baneswar]] in Cooch Behar district
	File:Sonarong Jora Moth (25).JPG\|Sonarang Twin Temples at Sonarang village in Munshiganj district, Bangladesh		File:Sonarong Jora Moth (25).JPG\|Sonarang Twin Temples at Sonarang village in Munshiganj district, Bangladesh

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:28, 7 August 2023
Line 70:		Line 70:
	File:Hakanda temple of Moynapur in Bankura district 01.jpg\|Hakanda temple at [[Maynapur]], Bankura district, built in the 18th century and badly damaged.		File:Hakanda temple of Moynapur in Bankura district 01.jpg\|Hakanda temple at [[Maynapur]], Bankura district, built in the 18th century and badly damaged.
	File:Stone Deul at Ambikanagar, Bankura - DSC 3949.jpg\|Stone deul at [[Ambikanagar, Bankura\|Ambikanagar]], Bankura district, was originally a Jain temple some 800–900 years old.		File:Stone Deul at Ambikanagar, Bankura - DSC 3949.jpg\|Stone deul at [[Ambikanagar, Bankura\|Ambikanagar]], Bankura district, was originally a Jain temple some 800–900 years old.
	File:Main Temple of Dhakeswari.jpg\|[[Dhakeswari Temple]] at [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh		File:Main Temple of Dhakeswari.jpg\| Dhakeswari Temple at [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh
	File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 02.jpg\|The domed Shiva temple at [[Baneswar]] in Cooch Behar district		File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 02.jpg\|The domed Shiva temple at [[Baneswar]] in Cooch Behar district
	File:Sonarong Jora Moth (25).JPG\|[[Sonarang Twin Temples]] at Sonarang village in Munshiganj district, Bangladesh		File:Sonarong Jora Moth (25).JPG\|Sonarang Twin Temples at Sonarang village in Munshiganj district, Bangladesh
	</gallery>		</gallery>

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:13, 7 August 2023
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	<!-- The pictures used in the article are meant only to be examples of the architecture. IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO INCLUDE ALL/OTHER temple pictures -->		<!-- The pictures used in the article are meant only to be examples of the architecture. IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO INCLUDE ALL/OTHER temple pictures -->
	'''Bengal temple architecture''' is about temple styles developed and used in Bengal, particularly the ''chala'', ''ratna'' and ''dalan'' temples.		'''Bengal temple architecture''' is about temple styles developed and used in Bengal, particularly the ''chala'', ''ratna'' and ''dalan'' temples.
	~~{{Bengalis}}~~

	==Background==		==Background==
	According to ~~[[David McCutchion\|~~David J. McCutchion]], historically the religious architecture in Bengal may be divided into three periods: the early Hindu period (up to the end of the 12th century, or may be a little later in certain areas), the Sultanate period (14th to early 16th century), the Hindu revival period (16th to 19th century). “The coming of the Muslims at the beginning of the 13th century marked a sharp break with the past. After an initial century of anarchy and consolidation, marked by iconoclastic destruction and militant ‘sufi’ proselytiising, Hindu chiefs and Muslim overlords settled down to some sort of compromise in a common front against Delhi... Bengal, as we know it today, became an independent entity for the first time. During the following two centuries a distinctive Bengali culture took shape.”<ref name="mccutchion">McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 1-14, 19-22. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN\| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>		According to David J. McCutchion, historically the religious architecture in Bengal may be divided into three periods: the early Hindu period (up to the end of the 12th century,or may be a little later in certain areas), the Sultanate period (14th to early 16th century), the Hindu revival period (16th to 19th century). “The coming of the Muslims at the beginning of the 13th century marked a sharp break with the past. After an initial century of anarchy and consolidation, marked by iconoclastic destruction and militant ‘sufi’ proselytiising, Hindu chiefs and Muslim overlords settled down to some sort of compromise in a common front against Delhi... Bengal, as we know it today, became an independent entity for the first time. During the following two centuries a distinctive Bengali culture took shape.”<ref name="mccutchion">McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 1-14, 19-22. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN\| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>

	The temples of the pre-Muslim period have nearly all disappeared and from the few that are there the predominant is the tall curvilinear ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'', akin to the [[Kalinga architecture\|Odishan]] style. Another type that is similar to styles in Odisha is the ''pirha''.<ref name="mccutchion"/>		The temples of the pre-Muslim period have nearly all disappeared and from the few that are there the predominant is the tall curvilinear ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'', akin to the [[Kalinga architecture\|Odishan]] style. Another type that is similar to styles in Odisha is the ''pirha''.<ref name="mccutchion"/>

	“Between the earlier and later Hindu periods astonishing religious changes took place in Bengal: the worship of [[Vishnu]] gave way to that of [[Radha Krishna\|Radha-Krishna]], of [[Chamunda]] to that of [[Kali]]; [[Surya]] fell entirely out of favour; curious folk cults like that of [[Dharmathakur\|Dharmaraja]] or Dakshina Raya arose.” There have also been changes in temple architecture. The ''rekha deul'' continues, the ''pirha'' has become rare, other old forms have disappeared. Two new styles are predominant – the hut (''chala'') style similar to the mud hut with a thatched roof and the pinnacled (''ratna'') style which is closest to Islamic traditions.<ref name="mccutchion"/><gallery>		“Between the earlier and later Hindu periods astonishing religious changes took place in Bengal: the worship of [[Vishnu]] gave way to that of [[Radha Krishna\|Radha-Krishna]], of Chamunda to that of [[Kali]]; [[Surya]] fell entirely out of favour; curious folk cults like that of [[Dharmathakur\|Dharmaraja]] or Dakshina Raya arose.” There have also been changes in temple architecture. The ''rekha deul'' continues, the ''pirha'' has become rare, other old forms have disappeared. Two new styles are predominant – the hut (''chala'') style similar to the mud hut with a thatched roof and the pinnacled (''ratna'') style which is closest to Islamic traditions. <ref name="mccutchion"/><gallery>
	File:Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 12.jpg\|Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 1		File:Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 12.jpg\|Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 1

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	==Chala temple==		==Chala temple==
	The ''ek-bangla'' or ''do-chala'' consists of a hut with two sloping roofs, following the pattern of huts, mostly in East Bengal villages. It was first adopted in Muslim architecture, a prominent example being the Maosoleum of Fateh Khan at [[Gauda ~~(city)~~\|Gauda]]. Two such huts, one forming a [[porch]] in front and the other being the shrine at the back constitutes the ''jor-bangla'' – “Bengal's most distinctive contribution to temple design”.<ref name="mccutchion"/><ref name="amitguha">{{cite web \| url = https://amitguha.blog/2017/11/15/terracotta-temples-of-bengal/ \| title = Bengal Temple Architecture \| first = Amit \| last = Guha \| publisher = Amit Guha \| access-date = 26 August 2020 \| archive-date = 2018-09-04 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180904091003/https://amitguha.blog/2017/11/15/terracotta-temples-of-bengal/ \| url-status = dead }}</ref>		The ''ek-bangla'' or ''do-chala'' consists of a hut with two sloping roofs, following the pattern of huts, mostly in East Bengal villages. It was first adopted in Muslim architecture, a prominent example being the Maosoleum of Fateh Khan at [[Gauda Kingdom\|Gauda]]. Two such huts, one forming a porch in front and the other being the shrine at the back constitutes the ''jor-bangla'' – “Bengal's most distinctive contribution to temple design”.<ref name="mccutchion"/><ref name="amitguha">{{cite web \| url = https://amitguha.blog/2017/11/15/terracotta-temples-of-bengal/ \| title = Bengal Temple Architecture \| first = Amit \| last = Guha \| publisher = Amit Guha \| access-date = 26 August 2020 \| archive-date = 2018-09-04 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180904091003/https://amitguha.blog/2017/11/15/terracotta-temples-of-bengal/ \| url-status = dead }}</ref>

	In West Bengal, the hut roof generally has four sides and the ''char-chala'' temple is built on this model. When a miniature is built on the roof, it becomes an ''at-chala''. The ''char-chala'' temples started coming up around the 17th century. Apart from the main shrines, ''nahabatkhana'' or entrance gateways also have ''char-chala'' roof.<ref name="mccutchion"/>		In West Bengal, the hut roof generally has four sides and the ''char-chala'' temple is built on this model. When a miniature is built on the roof, it becomes an ''at-chala''. The ''char-chala'' temples started coming up around the 17th century. Apart from the main shrines, ''nahabatkhana'' or entrance gateways also have ''char-chala'' roof.<ref name="mccutchion"/>
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:The Tomb of Fateh Khan, Gaur, WB.jpg\|''Do-chala'' tomb of Fateh Khan at [[Gauda ~~(city)~~\|Gauda]], Malda district – example of Muslim use of this style		File:The Tomb of Fateh Khan, Gaur, WB.jpg\|''Do-chala'' tomb of Fateh Khan at [[Gauda Kingdom\|Gauda]], Malda district – example of Muslim use of this style
	File:Terracotta panels of Char Bangla group of temples of Azimganj in Murshidabad district of West Bengal. 56.jpg\|Char Bangla group of temples at [[Baranagar~~, Murshidabad\|Baranagar]]~~ in Murshidabad district are examples of ''ek-bangla'' temples		File:Terracotta panels of Char Bangla group of temples of Azimganj in Murshidabad district of West Bengal. 56.jpg\|Char Bangla group of temples at Baranagar in Murshidabad district are examples of ''ek-bangla'' temples
	File:Bishnupur IMG 0951.jpg\|''Jor Bangla'' temple at [[Bishnupur, Bankura\|Bishnupur]], Bankura district		File:Bishnupur IMG 0951.jpg\|''Jor Bangla'' temple at [[Bishnupur, Bankura\|Bishnupur]], Bankura district
	File:Terracotta Temple at Palpara.jpg\|''Char-chala'' temple at [[Palpara]], Nadia district		File:Terracotta Temple at Palpara.jpg\|''Char-chala'' temple at [[Palpara]], Nadia district
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	The curved roof of a ''ratna'' temple “is surmounted by one or more towers or pinnacles called ''ratna'' (jewel). The simplest form has a single central tower (''eka-ratna''), to which may be added four more at the corners (''pancha-ratna'')”. The number of towers or pinnacles can be increased up to a maximum of twentyfive. The ''ratna'' style came up in the 15th-16th century. Muslim domed temples are very rare, except possibly in Cooch Behar.<ref name="mccutchion"/>		The curved roof of a ''ratna'' temple “is surmounted by one or more towers or pinnacles called ''ratna'' (jewel). The simplest form has a single central tower (''eka-ratna''), to which may be added four more at the corners (''pancha-ratna'')”. The number of towers or pinnacles can be increased up to a maximum of twentyfive. The ''ratna'' style came up in the 15th-16th century. Muslim domed temples are very rare, except possibly in Cooch Behar.<ref name="mccutchion"/>

	“Ratna style temples are the composite type of architecture… The lower part of the temple has all the features of the curved cornices and a short pointed spire crowns the roof and this will be adorned with the introduction of ''ratnas'' or kiosks.”<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Temple_Architecture \| title = Temple architecture\| first= Nasreen\| last= Akhter\| publisher = Banglapedia \|access-date = 26 August 2020}}</ref>		“Ratna style temples are the composite type of architecture… The lower part of the temple has all the features of the curved cornices and a short, pointed spire crowns the roof and this will be adorned with the introduction of ''ratnas'' or kiosks.”<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Temple_Architecture \| title = Temple architecture\| first= Nasreen\| last= Akhter\| publisher = Banglapedia \|access-date = 26 August 2020}}</ref>
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:Ram Chandraji temple of Guptipara in Hooghly district 01.jpg\|''Ek-ratna'' Ramchandraji temple at [[Guptipara]], Hooghly district		File:Ram Chandraji temple of Guptipara in Hooghly district 01.jpg\|''Ek-ratna'' Ramchandraji temple at [[Guptipara]], Hooghly district
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	File:Shyam Rai Temple, Bankura.JPG\|''Pancha-ratna'' Shyam Rai temple at [[Bishnupur, Bankura\|Bishnupur]], Bankura district		File:Shyam Rai Temple, Bankura.JPG\|''Pancha-ratna'' Shyam Rai temple at [[Bishnupur, Bankura\|Bishnupur]], Bankura district
	File:Radhabinod temple of Joydeb Kenduli in Birbhum district 03.jpg\|''Nava-ratna'' Radha Binode temple at [[Jaydev Kenduli]], Birbhum district		File:Radhabinod temple of Joydeb Kenduli in Birbhum district 03.jpg\|''Nava-ratna'' Radha Binode temple at [[Jaydev Kenduli]], Birbhum district
	File:Haneswari and Vasudev temples3.jpg\|With 13 minars [[Hangseshwari temple]] has a distinct identity, at [[Bansberia]], Hooghly district		File:Haneswari and Vasudev temples3.jpg\|With 13 minars Hangseshwari temple has a distinct identity, at [[Bansberia]], Hooghly district
	File:17 pinnacled Parbatinath Temple in Raghunathpur area at Chandrakona Town In Paschim Medinipur district 13.jpg\|''Saptadasa-ratna'' [[Parvatinatha Temple]] at [[Chandrakona]], Paschim Medinipur district with 17 pinnacles		File:17 pinnacled Parbatinath Temple in Raghunathpur area at Chandrakona Town In Paschim Medinipur district 13.jpg\|''Saptadasa-ratna'' [[Parvatinatha Temple]] at [[Chandrakona]], Paschim Medinipur district with 17 pinnacles
	File:Gopalbari Temple Kalna.jpg\|''Panchavimsati-ratna'' Gopalbari temple at [[Kalna City]], Purba Bardhaman district, with 25 pinnacles		File:Gopalbari Temple Kalna.jpg\|''Panchavimsati-ratna'' Gopalbari temple at [[Kalna City]], Purba Bardhaman district, with 25 pinnacles
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	File:Radha Binoda temple at Panchrol under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 07.jpg\|''Dalan'' temple with ''rekha deul'' superstructure, Radha Binoda temple at [[Panchrol]], Purba Medinipur district		File:Radha Binoda temple at Panchrol under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 07.jpg\|''Dalan'' temple with ''rekha deul'' superstructure, Radha Binoda temple at [[Panchrol]], Purba Medinipur district
	File:Madan Mohan Bari Cooch Behar.jpg\|Flat roofed ''dalan'' with dome, Madan Mohan Bari, [[Cooch Behar]]		File:Madan Mohan Bari Cooch Behar.jpg\|Flat roofed ''dalan'' with dome, Madan Mohan Bari, [[Cooch Behar]]
	File:Shiva temple at Puthia, Rajshahi.JPG\|Flat roofed ''dalan'' with ''pancha-ratna'' superstructure in the [[Puthia Temple Complex]] at [[Puthia ~~Upazila]]~~, Rajshahi ~~district~~, Bangladesh		File:Shiva temple at Puthia, Rajshahi.JPG\|Flat roofed ''dalan'' with ''pancha-ratna'' superstructure in the Puthia Temple Complex at Puthia, Rajshahi District, Bangladesh
	</gallery>		</gallery>

	==Rekha deul==		==Rekha deul==
	The traditional ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'' is predominant in the western districts of Bengal. Some are smooth curvilinear and others are ridged curvilinear. In the smooth type, the ''[[sikhara]]'' is free of horizontal bars and in ridged type, it is closely ridged with bars. The ''~~[[Ratha (architecture)\|~~ratha]]'' projections are generally deep and spaced, and sometimes decorated. The crowning ''[[amalaka]]'' is generally large and flat. There are large and small types of deuls. Many of the very small types dispense with the complicated styling. It went on developing from the late 7th century or early 8th century to around the 12th century, increasing its complexity and height but retaining its basic features.<ref name="mccutchion"/>		The traditional ''[[Deula\|rekha deul]]'' is predominant in the western districts of Bengal. Some are smooth curvilinear, and others are ridged curvilinear. In the smooth type, the ''sikhara'' is free of horizontal bars and in ridged type, it is closely ridged with bars. The ''ratha'' projections are generally deep and spaced, and sometimes decorated. The crowning ''[[amalaka]]'' is generally large and flat. There are large and small types of deuls. Many of the very small types dispense with the complicated styling. It went on developing from the late 7th century or early 8th century to around the 12th century, increasing its complexity and height but retaining its basic features. <ref name="mccutchion"/>

	The Odisha temple is considered remarkable for its plan and elevation. The base is normally square in [[Hindu temple architecture]]. The structure of the temple is marked by vertical offset projections called ''~~[[Ratha (architecture)\|~~rathas]]'' (on plan) and ''pagas'' (on elevation). The main temple (the rekha deul) rests on a high platform called pista. The assembly hall is called ''[[Jaga mohan\|jagamohan]]'', through which the devotees reach the main temple. The deity is placed in the ''[[garbhagriha]]'', over which the ''sikhara'' rises.<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.slideshare.net/SumathiMariappan/unit-v-63053026 \| title = Temple Architecture – Northern Indian\| publisher = SlideShare\|access-date = 26 August 2020}}</ref>		The Odisha temple is considered remarkable for its plan and elevation. The base is normally square in [[Hindu temple architecture]]. The structure of the temple is marked by vertical offset projections called ''rathas'' (on plan) and ''pagas'' (on elevation). The main temple (the rekha deul) rests on a high platform called pista. The assembly hall is called ''[[Jaga mohan\|jagamohan]]'', through which the devotees reach the main temple. The deity is placed in the ''[[garbhagriha]]'', over which the ''sikhara'' rises. <ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.slideshare.net/SumathiMariappan/unit-v-63053026 \| title = Temple Architecture – Northern Indian\| publisher = SlideShare\|access-date = 26 August 2020}} </ref>
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:KITLV 88210 - Unknown - Temples at Barakhar in British India - 1897.tif\|Barakar temples at [[Barakar]] in Paschim Bardhaman district. Photograph by Joseph David Beglar in 1897. Possibly, the earliest rekha deuls still standing.		File:KITLV 88210 - Unknown - Temples at Barakhar in British India - 1897.tif\|Barakar temples at [[Barakar]] in Paschim Bardhaman district. Photograph by Joseph David Beglar in 1897. Possibly, the earliest rekha deuls still standing.
	File:Siddheshwara Temple at Bahulara, Bankura.jpg\|[[Bahulara Ancient Temple]], Bankura district, 8th-11th century		File:Siddheshwara Temple at Bahulara, Bankura.jpg\|[[Bahulara Ancient Temple]], Bankura district, 8th-11th century
	File:Sat Deul 6.jpg\|[[Sat Deul]], Purba Bardhaman district, 10th century		File:Sat Deul 6.jpg\|[[Sat Deul]], Purba Bardhaman district, 10th century
	File:Jatar Deul - WB.jpg~~\|[[Jatar Deul]]~~, South 24 Parganas, 11th century		File:Jatar Deul - WB.jpg, South 24 Parganas, 11th century
	File:Deul at Banda, Purulia WLM2016-0207.jpg\|[[Banda Deul]], Purulia district, 11th century		File:Deul at Banda, Purulia WLM2016-0207.jpg\|[[Banda Deul]], Purulia district, 11th century
	File:Temple of Ichai Ghosh.jpg~~\|[[Ichhai Ghosher Deul]]~~ at [[Gourangapur]], Paschim Bardhaman district, 16-17th century		File:Temple of Ichai Ghosh.jpg at [[Gourangapur]], Paschim Bardhaman district, 16-17th century
	</gallery>		</gallery>