Bengal roofs - Revision history

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	[[File:~~A close-up~~ of Hawa Mahal.jpg\|thumb\|~~right\|Details~~ of ''[[Hawa Mahal]]~~'' in~~ Jaipur]]		{{short description\|Architectural style}}
			[[File:Jhali of Hawa Mahal Jaipur details.jpg\|thumb\|[[Jali]] panels of [[Hawa Mahal]], [[Jaipur]]; topped with Bengal roofs]]
	[[File:Ananta Basudeba Temple1.JPG\|thumb\|[[Bansberia]] – ''Ananta Basudeba-Temple'' (1679)]]		[[File:Ananta Basudeba Temple1.JPG\|thumb\|[[Bansberia]] – ''Ananta Basudeba-Temple'' (1679)]]
	'''Bengal roofs''' are dome-shaped roofs with drawn-down corners associated with late [[Mughal architecture\|Mughal]] and [[Rajput]] architecture of [[Northern India]]. It is believed that stone roofs of this type did not emerge until the 16th century and can be traced back to rural models with straw or reed roofs in the rainy regions of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm\|title=Kamat's Potpourri: Temples of West Bengal\|website=www.kamat.com\|access-date=2019-10-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911043616/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm\|archive-date=2016-09-11\|url-status=dead}}</ref>		'''Bengal roofs''' are sloping dome-shaped roofs with drawn-down corners associated with late [[Mughal architecture\|Mughal]] and [[Rajput]] architecture of [[Northern India]]. It is believed that stone roofs of this type did not emerge until the 16th century and can be traced back to rural models with straw or reed roofs in the rainy regions of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm\|title=Kamat's Potpourri: Temples of West Bengal\|website=www.kamat.com\|access-date=2019-10-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911043616/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm\|archive-date=2016-09-11\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	==Description==		==Description==
	Characteristic features of the Bengal roofs are the broad partial dome-like shape of the roof with runners down the corners. There are several common types of Bengal roofs: the ''do-chala'' type has only two hanging roof tips on each side of a roof divided in the middle by a ridge; in the rare ''[[char-chala]]'' type, the two roof halves are fused into one unit and have a dome-like shape; the double-storey ''[[at-chala]]'' type has eight roof corners, four on each level.<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite web		Characteristic features of the Bengal roofs are the broad partial dome-like shape of the roof with runners down the corners. There are several common types of Bengal roofs: the ''do-chala'' type has only two hanging roof tips on each side of a roof divided in the middle by a ridge; in the rare ''[[char-chala]]'' type, the two roof halves are fused into one unit and have a dome-like shape; the double-storey ''[[at-chala]]'' type has eight roof corners, four on each level.<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite web
	\|url=~~http~~://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture		\|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture
	\|title=Architecture		\|title=Architecture
	\|publisher=Banglapedia		\|publisher=Banglapedia
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	==History==		==History==
	Such roof forms appeared for the first time in the 16th century.<ref>Michell, 156</ref> Early examples are in the Bengali ruined city of [[Gauḍa (city)\|Gaur]], including the [[Mausoleum of Fateh Khan]], the son of a general of the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].		Such roof forms appeared for the first time in the 16th century on royal architecture of Rajputs and Mughals.<ref>Michell, 156</ref> Early examples are in the Bengali ruined city of [[Gauḍa (city)\|Gaur]], including the [[Mausoleum of Fateh Khan]], the son of a general of the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].

	==Distribution==		==Distribution==
	Two of the first Mughal buildings with echoes of Bengal roof shapes are the two outbuildings of the private palace (''[[Khas Mahal (Red Fort)\|Khas Mahal]]'') built by [[Shah Jahan]] around 1635 for two of his daughters in the [[Red Fort of Agra]]. A few decades later, his son Aurangzeb constructed the roof of the [[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)\|Pearl Mosque]] (''Moti Masjid'') in the [[Red Fort\|Red Fort of Delhi]] in a similar manner.		Two of the first Mughal buildings with echoes of Bengal roof shapes are the two outbuildings of the private palace (''[[Khas Mahal (Red Fort)\|Khas Mahal]]'') built by [[Shah Jahan]] around 1635 for two of his daughters in the [[Red Fort of Agra]]. A few decades later, his son Aurangzeb constructed the roof of the [[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)\|Pearl Mosque]] (''Moti Masjid'') in the [[Red Fort\|Red Fort of Delhi]] in a similar manner.
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	== Gallery ==		== Gallery ==
	{{Panorama\|image=File:Bada-bagh.jpg\|caption=Bada Bagh – some of the memorial pavilions (''[[chhatri]]s'') of the local princely family and their relatives on a hill in [[Jaisalmer]] have Bengal roofs}}
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	~~Madan Mohan Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG\|[[Bishnupur subdivision\|Bishnupur]] – ''Madan-Mohan-Temple'' (1651)~~		File:Khas Mahal (Agra Fort)-1.jpg\|''Khas-Mahal'' in [[Rotes Fort of Agra\|Red Fort of Agra]] (in 1635)
	~~Antpur ChandiMandap.jpg\|[[Antpur]] Chandimandap~~		File:Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi Moti Masjid within the Palace.png\|''Moti Masjid'' in [[Red Fort of Delhi]] (1659)
	~~Antpur Radhagovindjiu Temple.jpg\|Antpur – ''Radhagovindjiu-Temple'' (1786)~~		File:Deeg Palace.jpg\|Palace in [[Deeg (India)\|Deeg]], Rajasthan (in 1750)
	Khas Mahal (Agra Fort)-1.jpg\|''Khas-Mahal'' in [[Rotes Fort of Agra\|Red Fort of Agra]] (in 1635)		File:Hamandir Sahib (Golden Temple).jpg\|[[Amritsar]] – ''[[Harmandir Sahib]]'' (in 1830)
	Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi Moti Masjid within the Palace.png\|''Moti Masjid'' in [[Red Fort of Delhi]] (1659)		File:Salim Singh ki Haveli 04.jpg\|[[Jaisalmer]] – ''Salim Singh ki Haveli'' (in 1880)
	Deeg Palace.jpg\|Palace in [[Deeg (India)\|Deeg]], Rajasthan (in 1750)		File:Bishnu temple at Garui in Paschim Bardhaman district 07.jpg\|Stone Temple (14th Century), Garui, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal
	Hamandir Sahib (Golden Temple).jpg\|[[Amritsar]] – ''[[Harmandir Sahib]]'' (in 1830)		File:Rasmancha - Bishnupur.jpg\|Rasmancha (1600),[[Bishnupur, Bankura]], West Bengal
	Salim Singh ki Haveli 04.jpg\|[[Jaisalmer]] – ''Salim Singh ki Haveli'' (in 1880)		File:Antpur ChandiMandap.jpg\|[[Antpur]] Chandimandap
	</gallery>		</gallery>
	{{Culture of Bengal}}		{{Culture of Bengal}}

	== See also ==		== See also ==
			* [[Architecture of Bengal]]
			* [[Bengal temple architecture]]
			* [[Architecture of Bangladesh]]
	* [[Indo-Islamic Architecture]]		* [[Indo-Islamic Architecture]]

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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	* [http://www.kamit.jp/04_jaisalmer/xban_eng.htm ''In Dorf Gulisa, West Bengal – photo'']		* [http://www.kamit.jp/04_jaisalmer/xban_eng.htm ''In Dorf Gulisa, West Bengal – photo'']
	* [~~http~~://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fath_Khan%E2%80%99s_Tomb ''Fath-Khan-Mausoleum in Gaur – photo + Infos''] (English)		* [https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fath_Khan%E2%80%99s_Tomb ''Fath-Khan-Mausoleum in Gaur – photo + Infos''] (English)
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202132857/http://aishee.org/monographs/medinipur/malancha/malancha.html ''Dakshineshwar Kali Temple – photo + Infos''] (English)		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202132857/http://aishee.org/monographs/medinipur/malancha/malancha.html ''Dakshineshwar Kali Temple – photo + Infos''] (English)
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191534/http://www.aishee.org/essays/essay_at_chala.html ''Bengali Temples in at-chala-Types – photo + Infos''] (English)		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191534/http://www.aishee.org/essays/essay_at_chala.html ''Bengali Temples in at-chala-Types – photo + Infos''] (English)
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170426105852/http://templenet.com/encbeng1.html ''Temples in West-Bengal – photo + List''] (English)		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170426105852/http://templenet.com/encbeng1.html ''Temples in West-Bengal – photo + List''] (English)

	[[Category:Architecture of India]]		[[Category:Architecture in India]]
	[[Category:Bengali architecture]]		[[Category:Bengali architecture]]

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[[File:A close-up of Hawa Mahal.jpg|thumb|right|Details of ''[[Hawa Mahal]]'' in Jaipur]]
[[File:Ananta Basudeba Temple1.JPG|thumb|[[Bansberia]] – ''Ananta Basudeba-Temple'' (1679)]]
'''Bengal roofs''' are dome-shaped roofs with drawn-down corners associated with late [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Rajput]] architecture of [[Northern India]]. It is believed that stone roofs of this type did not emerge until the 16th century and can be traced back to rural models with straw or reed roofs in the rainy regions of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm|title=Kamat's Potpourri: Temples of West Bengal|website=www.kamat.com|access-date=2019-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911043616/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm|archive-date=2016-09-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Description==
Characteristic features of the Bengal roofs are the broad partial dome-like shape of the roof with runners down the corners. There are several common types of Bengal roofs: the ''do-chala'' type has only two hanging roof tips on each side of a roof divided in the middle by a ridge; in the rare ''[[char-chala]]'' type, the two roof halves are fused into one unit and have a dome-like shape; the double-storey ''[[at-chala]]'' type has eight roof corners, four on each level.<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite web
|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture
|title=Architecture
|publisher=Banglapedia
|accessdate=6 September 2009
}}
</ref><ref name=aishee>{{citation |url=http://www.aishee.org/essays/classification.php |title=Classification of Terracotta Temples |author=Amit Guha |accessdate=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131235044/http://www.aishee.org/essays/classification.php |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Such roof forms appeared for the first time in the 16th century.<ref>Michell, 156</ref> Early examples are in the Bengali ruined city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], including the [[Mausoleum of Fateh Khan]], the son of a general of the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].
==Distribution==
Two of the first Mughal buildings with echoes of Bengal roof shapes are the two outbuildings of the private palace (''[[Khas Mahal (Red Fort)|Khas Mahal]]'') built by [[Shah Jahan]] around 1635 for two of his daughters in the [[Red Fort of Agra]]. A few decades later, his son Aurangzeb constructed the roof of the [[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Pearl Mosque]] (''Moti Masjid'') in the [[Red Fort|Red Fort of Delhi]] in a similar manner.

However, it is especially notable in the architecture of the Rajput princes and merchants of [[Rajasthan]], especially the countless jaroka-the roofs of the 1799 [[Hawa Mahal|Palace of the Winds]] (''Hawa Mahal'') in [[Jaipur]], and the roofs of the houses of rich merchants (''havelis'') in [[Jaisalmer]], Mandawa and elsewhere. Some of the later memorial pavillons (''chattris''), built in the 18th and 19th centuries on the incineration sites of the Hindu princes of Jaisalmer and their family members, are also covered with such roofs. Similarly, since the 19th century, the builders of many Sikh temples have used this element as the coronation of their [[gurdwara]], especially [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] at the [[Golden Temple of Amritsar]].

== Gallery ==
{{Panorama|image=File:Bada-bagh.jpg|caption=Bada Bagh – some of the memorial pavilions (''[[chhatri]]s'') of the local princely family and their relatives on a hill in [[Jaisalmer]] have Bengal roofs}}
<gallery>
Madan Mohan Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|[[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]] – ''Madan-Mohan-Temple'' (1651)
Antpur ChandiMandap.jpg|[[Antpur]] Chandimandap
Antpur Radhagovindjiu Temple.jpg|Antpur – ''Radhagovindjiu-Temple'' (1786)
Khas Mahal (Agra Fort)-1.jpg|''Khas-Mahal'' in [[Rotes Fort of Agra|Red Fort of Agra]] (in 1635)
Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi Moti Masjid within the Palace.png|''Moti Masjid'' in [[Red Fort of Delhi]] (1659)
Deeg Palace.jpg|Palace in [[Deeg (India)|Deeg]], Rajasthan (in 1750)
Hamandir Sahib (Golden Temple).jpg|[[Amritsar]] – ''[[Harmandir Sahib]]'' (in 1830)
Salim Singh ki Haveli 04.jpg|[[Jaisalmer]] – ''Salim Singh ki Haveli'' (in 1880)
</gallery>
{{Culture of Bengal}}

== See also ==
* [[Indo-Islamic Architecture]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Harle, J. C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent''. (Pelican History of Art.) 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Michell, George, (1977) ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms'', 1977, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-53230-1}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.kamit.jp/04_jaisalmer/xban_eng.htm ''In Dorf Gulisa, West Bengal – photo'']
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fath_Khan%E2%80%99s_Tomb ''Fath-Khan-Mausoleum in Gaur – photo + Infos''] (English)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202132857/http://aishee.org/monographs/medinipur/malancha/malancha.html ''Dakshineshwar Kali Temple – photo + Infos''] (English)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191534/http://www.aishee.org/essays/essay_at_chala.html ''Bengali Temples in at-chala-Types – photo + Infos''] (English)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170426105852/http://templenet.com/encbeng1.html ''Temples in West-Bengal – photo + List''] (English)

[[Category:Architecture of India]]
[[Category:Bengali architecture]]