Baul - Revision history

122.15.156.180: correct information

2026-03-29T05:37:07Z

correct information

Kamal Guha: /* Influence on Rabindranath Tagore */

2023-07-06T11:10:03Z

Influence on Rabindranath Tagore

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:40, 6 July 2023
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	==Influence on Rabindranath Tagore==		==Influence on Rabindranath Tagore==
	[[File:Baul Santiniketan.jpg\|left\|275px\|thumb\|Baul singers performing [[~~Santiniketan~~]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]]]		[[File:Baul Santiniketan.jpg\|left\|275px\|thumb\|Baul singers performing at [[Shantiniketan]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]]]

	The songs of the Bauls and their lifestyle influenced a large part of Bengali culture, but nowhere did it leave its imprint more powerfully than on the work of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who talked of Bauls in a number of speeches in Europe in the 1930s. An essay based on these was compiled into his English book ''[[The Religion of Man]]'':		The songs of the Bauls and their lifestyle influenced a large part of Bengali culture, but nowhere did it leave its imprint more powerfully than on the work of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who talked of Bauls in a number of speeches in Europe in the 1930s. An essay based on these was compiled into his English book ''[[The Religion of Man]]'':

Kamal Guha: Correction

2023-07-06T04:40:54Z

Correction

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:10, 6 July 2023
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	{{Infobox music genre		{{Infobox music genre
	\| name = Baul		\| name = Baul
	\| native_name =		\| native_name = বাউল
	\| image = File:Satyananda Baul.jpg		\| image = File:Satyananda Baul.jpg
	\| alt = ~~Satyanada Baul singing~~		\| alt =
	\| caption =		\| caption = Satyanada Baul singing
	\| stylistic_origins = ~~Bengali folk music~~		\| stylistic_origins = [[Culture of Bengal]]
	\| cultural_origins =		\| cultural_origins = Bengali folk music
	}}		}}
	[[File:Ektara player.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|A Baul from [[Lalon\|Lalon Shah's]] shrine in [[Kushtia District\|Kushtia]], [[Bangladesh]]]]		[[File:Ektara player.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|A Baul from [[Lalon\|Lalon Shah's]] shrine in [[Kushtia District\|Kushtia]], [[Bangladesh]]]]
	The '''Baul''' ({{lang-bn\|বাউল}}) are a group of mystic minstrels of mixed elements of [[Sufism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] from ~~[[Bangladesh]] and~~ the ~~neighboring~~ Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] ~~and~~ [[Assam]]'s [[Barak Valley]] and Meghalaya. Bauls constitute both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition. Bauls are a very heterogeneous group, with many sects, but their membership mainly consists of [[Vaishnavism\|Vaishnava Hindu]]s and [[Sufism\|Sufi Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Baul \|title=Baul (Indian music) \|date=18 June 2015 \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref><ref name="tt">{{cite news\|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-06/news-and-interviews/28126586_1_sound-barrier-dur-dalai-lama\|title=Bauled over\|date=6 Feb 2010\|work=The Times of India}}</ref> They can often be identified by their distinctive clothes and musical instruments. Lalon Shah is regarded as the most celebrated Baul saint in history.<ref>{{cite book\|title=World and its People: Eastern and Southern Asia\|year=2007\|publisher=Marshal Cavendish Corporation\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3\|page=480}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Paul \|first=Harendra Chandra \|chapter=Origin of the Bauls and their Philosophy \|year=1987 \|editor-last=Khan \|editor-first=Shamsuzzaman \|editor-link=Shamsuzzaman Khan \|title=Folklore of Bangladesh \|volume=1 \|location=Dhaka \|publisher=Bangla Academy \|page=257 \|quote=Faquir Lalan-Shah (1775–1891 A.D.), its greatest exponent}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last=Chowdhury\|first=Kabir\|title=Folk Poems From Bangladesh\|year=1985\|publisher=Bangla Academy\|location=Dhaka\|pages=ii}}</ref>		The '''Baul''' ({{lang-bn\|বাউল}}) are a group of mystic minstrels of mixed elements of [[Sufism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] from the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Assam\|Assam's]] [[Barak Valley]] and [[Meghalaya]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Bauls constitute both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition. Bauls are a very heterogeneous group, with many sects, but their membership mainly consists of [[Vaishnavism\|Vaishnava Hindu]]s and [[Sufism\|Sufi Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Baul \|title=Baul (Indian music) \|date=18 June 2015 \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref><ref name="tt">{{cite news\|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-06/news-and-interviews/28126586_1_sound-barrier-dur-dalai-lama\|title=Bauled over\|date=6 Feb 2010\|work=The Times of India}}</ref> They can often be identified by their distinctive clothes and musical instruments. Lalon Shah is regarded as the most celebrated Baul saint in history.<ref>{{cite book\|title=World and its People: Eastern and Southern Asia\|year=2007\|publisher=Marshal Cavendish Corporation\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3\|page=480}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Paul \|first=Harendra Chandra \|chapter=Origin of the Bauls and their Philosophy \|year=1987 \|editor-last=Khan \|editor-first=Shamsuzzaman \|editor-link=Shamsuzzaman Khan \|title=Folklore of Bangladesh \|volume=1 \|location=Dhaka \|publisher=Bangla Academy \|page=257 \|quote=Faquir Lalan-Shah (1775–1891 A.D.), its greatest exponent}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last=Chowdhury\|first=Kabir\|title=Folk Poems From Bangladesh\|year=1985\|publisher=Bangla Academy\|location=Dhaka\|pages=ii}}</ref>

	Although Bauls constitute only a small fraction of the Bengali population, their influence on the [[culture of Bengal]] is considerable. In 2005, the Baul tradition of Bangladesh was included in the list of [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=unesco>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30973&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]. UNESCO. 25 September 2005.</ref>		Although Bauls constitute only a small fraction of the Bengali population, their influence on the [[culture of Bengal]] is considerable. In 2005, the Baul tradition of Bangladesh was included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=unesco>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30973&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]. UNESCO. 25 September 2005.</ref>
	[[File:Sadhika Srijoni Tania.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Bauls of Bangladesh\|Baul Followers Sadhika Srijoni Tania singing with playing Dugi and Ektara.]]		[[File:Sadhika Srijoni Tania.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Bauls of Bangladesh\|Baul Followers Sadhika Srijoni Tania singing with playing Dugi and Ektara.]]

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	==History==		==History==
	The origin of Bauls is not known exactly, but the word "Baul" has appeared in Bengali texts as old as the 15th century. The word is found in the ''[[Chaitanya Bhagavata]]'' of [[Vrindavana Dasa Thakura]] as well as in the ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' of [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja]].<ref>Das Gupta, Shashibhusan (1946, reprint 1995). ''Obscure Religious Cults'', Calcutta: Firma KLM, {{ISBN\|81-7102-020-8}}, p.160ff</ref> Some scholars maintain that it is not clear when the word took its sectarian significance, as opposed to being a synonym for the word ''madcap, agitated''. Bauls are a part of the culture of rural [[Bengal]]. Many attempts have been made to ascertain the origin of Bauls but there is wide disagreement among scholars.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Openshaw\|first=Jeanne\|authorlink=Jeanne Openshaw\|title=Seeking Bauls of Bengal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGDWuQ-wjB8C&pg=PA58\|year=2002\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-81125-5\|page=58}}</ref> But they agree that no founders have been acknowledged either by Bauls themselves or others.<ref name="Seeking Bāuls of Bengal">{{cite book\|last=Openshaw\|first=Jeanne\|authorlink=Jeanne Openshaw\|title=Seeking Bauls of Bengal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGDWuQ-wjB8C&pg=PA56\|year=2002\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-81125-5\|page=56}}</ref> Bauls are divided into several named groups, each following a named Hindu or Muslim guru. Besides, there are other communities who later identified or affiliated themselves with Bauls, like ''Darbesi'', ''Nera'' and two sub-sects of [[Kartabhaja]]s — ''Aul'' and ''Sai''. The Bauls themselves attribute their lack of historical records to their reluctance to leave traces behind. Dr. Jeanne Openshaw writes that the music of the Bauls appears to have been passed down entirely in oral form until the end of the 19th century, when it was first transcribed by outside observers.<ref name="Seeking Bāuls of Bengal"/>		The origin of Bauls is not known exactly, but the word "Baul" has appeared in Bengali texts as old as the 15th century. The word is found in the ''[[Chaitanya Bhagavata]]'' of Vrindavana Dasa Thakura as well as in the ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' of [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja]].<ref>Das Gupta, Shashibhusan (1946, reprint 1995). ''Obscure Religious Cults'', Calcutta: Firma KLM, {{ISBN\|81-7102-020-8}}, p.160ff</ref> Some scholars maintain that it is not clear when the word took its sectarian significance, as opposed to being a synonym for the word ''madcap, agitated''. Bauls are a part of the culture of rural [[Bengal]]. Many attempts have been made to ascertain the origin of Bauls but there is wide disagreement among scholars.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Openshaw\|first=Jeanne\|authorlink=Jeanne Openshaw\|title=Seeking Bauls of Bengal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGDWuQ-wjB8C&pg=PA58\|year=2002\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-81125-5\|page=58}}</ref> But they agree that no founders have been acknowledged either by Bauls themselves or others.<ref name="Seeking Bāuls of Bengal">{{cite book\|last=Openshaw\|first=Jeanne\|authorlink=Jeanne Openshaw\|title=Seeking Bauls of Bengal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGDWuQ-wjB8C&pg=PA56\|year=2002\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-81125-5\|page=56}}</ref> Bauls are divided into several named groups, each following a named Hindu or Muslim guru. Besides, there are other communities who later identified or affiliated themselves with Bauls, like ''Darbesi'', ''Nera'' and two sub-sects of [[Kartabhaja]]s — ''Aul'' and ''Sai''. The Bauls themselves attribute their lack of historical records to their reluctance to leave traces behind. Dr. Jeanne Openshaw writes that the music of the Bauls appears to have been passed down entirely in oral form until the end of the 19th century, when it was first transcribed by outside observers.<ref name="Seeking Bāuls of Bengal"/>


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	==Concepts and practices==		==Concepts and practices==
	[[File:Fakir Lalon Shah.jpg\|left\|thumb\|175x175px\|[[Lalon]], the most celebrated Baul saint in history, by [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]], 1889]]		[[File:Fakir Lalon Shah.jpg\|left\|thumb\|175x175px\|Lalon, the most celebrated Baul saint in history, by [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]], 1889]]
	Baul music celebrates celestial love, but does this in very earthy terms, as in declarations of love by the Baul for his bosh-tomi or lifemate.		Baul music celebrates celestial love, but does this in very earthy terms, as in declarations of love by the Baul for his bosh-tomi or lifemate.
	With such a liberal interpretation of love, it is only natural that Baul devotional music transcends religion and some of the most famous baul composers, such as [[Lalon]], criticised the superficiality of religious divisions:		With such a liberal interpretation of love, it is only natural that Baul devotional music transcends religion and some of the most famous baul composers, such as Lalon, criticised the superficiality of religious divisions:

	{{blockquote\|Everyone asks: "Lalan, what's your religion in this world?"<br />		{{blockquote\|Everyone asks: "Lalan, what's your religion in this world?"<br />

Kamal Guha: Pic added in Infobox

2023-07-06T04:22:58Z

Pic added in Infobox

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:52, 6 July 2023
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	\| name = Baul		\| name = Baul
	\| native_name =		\| native_name =
	\| image =		\| image = File:Satyananda Baul.jpg
	\| alt =		\| alt = Satyanada Baul singing
	\| caption =		\| caption =
	\| stylistic_origins = Bengali folk music		\| stylistic_origins = Bengali folk music

Kamal Guha: Infobox changed

2023-07-06T04:16:29Z

Infobox changed

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:46, 6 July 2023
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	{{Short description\|Group of mystic, syncretic minstrels of Bengal}}		{{Short description\|Group of mystic, syncretic minstrels of Bengal}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2020}}
	{{Infobox ~~intangible heritage~~		{{Infobox music genre
	\| ~~Image = Ektara.JPG~~		\| name = Baul
	~~\| Caption = [[Ektara]], a common musical instrument of Bauls~~		\| native_name =
	~~\| ICH~~ = Baul ~~songs~~		\| image =
	\| ~~State Party = Bangladesh~~		\| alt =
	~~\| Domains~~ = ~~Social practices, rituals and festive events~~		\| caption =
	\| ~~Criteria~~ =		\| stylistic_origins = Bengali folk music
	\| ID = ~~00107~~		\| cultural_origins =
	\| ~~Region~~ = ~~APA~~
	\| ~~Year~~ = ~~2008~~
	~~\| Session = 3rd~~
	~~\| List = Representative~~
	~~\| Link = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/baul-songs-00107~~
	~~\| Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg\|100px]]~~
	\| ~~Note~~ =
	}}		}}
	[[File:Ektara player.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|A Baul from [[Lalon\|Lalon Shah's]] shrine in [[Kushtia District\|Kushtia]], [[Bangladesh]]]]		[[File:Ektara player.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|A Baul from [[Lalon\|Lalon Shah's]] shrine in [[Kushtia District\|Kushtia]], [[Bangladesh]]]]

Kamal Guha: Red links removed

2023-07-06T01:29:10Z

Red links removed

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:59, 6 July 2023
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	}}		}}
	[[File:Ektara player.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|A Baul from [[Lalon\|Lalon Shah's]] shrine in [[Kushtia District\|Kushtia]], [[Bangladesh]]]]		[[File:Ektara player.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|A Baul from [[Lalon\|Lalon Shah's]] shrine in [[Kushtia District\|Kushtia]], [[Bangladesh]]]]
	~~{{Culture of Bengal}}~~		The '''Baul''' ({{lang-bn\|বাউল}}) are a group of mystic minstrels of mixed elements of [[Sufism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] from [[Bangladesh]] and the neighboring Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]]'s [[Barak Valley]] and Meghalaya. Bauls constitute both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition. Bauls are a very heterogeneous group, with many sects, but their membership mainly consists of [[Vaishnavism\|Vaishnava Hindu]]s and [[Sufism\|Sufi Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Baul \|title=Baul (Indian music) \|date=18 June 2015 \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref><ref name="tt">{{cite news\|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-06/news-and-interviews/28126586_1_sound-barrier-dur-dalai-lama\|title=Bauled over\|date=6 Feb 2010\|work=The Times of India}}</ref> They can often be identified by their distinctive clothes and musical instruments. Lalon Shah is regarded as the most celebrated Baul saint in history.<ref>{{cite book\|title=World and its People: Eastern and Southern Asia\|year=2007\|publisher=Marshal Cavendish Corporation\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3\|page=480}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Paul \|first=Harendra Chandra \|chapter=Origin of the Bauls and their Philosophy \|year=1987 \|editor-last=Khan \|editor-first=Shamsuzzaman \|editor-link=Shamsuzzaman Khan \|title=Folklore of Bangladesh \|volume=1 \|location=Dhaka \|publisher=Bangla Academy \|page=257 \|quote=Faquir Lalan-Shah (1775–1891 A.D.), its greatest exponent}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last=Chowdhury\|first=Kabir\|title=Folk Poems From Bangladesh\|year=1985\|publisher=Bangla Academy\|location=Dhaka\|pages=ii}}</ref>
	~~{{Bengalis}}~~
	The '''Baul''' ({{lang-bn\|বাউল}}) are a group of mystic minstrels of mixed elements of [[Sufism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] from [[Bangladesh]] and the neighboring [[Indian states]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]]'s [[Barak Valley]] and Meghalaya. Bauls constitute both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition. Bauls are a very heterogeneous group, with many sects, but their membership mainly consists of [[Vaishnavism\|Vaishnava Hindu]]s and [[Sufism\|Sufi Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Baul \|title=Baul (Indian music) \|date=18 June 2015 \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref><ref name="tt">{{cite news\|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-06/news-and-interviews/28126586_1_sound-barrier-dur-dalai-lama\|title=Bauled over\|date=6 Feb 2010\|work=The Times of India}}</ref> They can often be identified by their distinctive clothes and musical instruments. ~~[[Lalon\|~~Lalon Shah]] is regarded as the most celebrated Baul saint in history.<ref>{{cite book\|title=World and its People: Eastern and Southern Asia\|year=2007\|publisher=Marshal Cavendish Corporation\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3\|page=480}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Paul \|first=Harendra Chandra \|chapter=Origin of the Bauls and their Philosophy \|year=1987 \|editor-last=Khan \|editor-first=Shamsuzzaman \|editor-link=Shamsuzzaman Khan \|title=Folklore of Bangladesh \|volume=1 \|location=Dhaka \|publisher=Bangla Academy \|page=257 \|quote=Faquir Lalan-Shah (1775–1891 A.D.), its greatest exponent}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last=Chowdhury\|first=Kabir\|title=Folk Poems From Bangladesh\|year=1985\|publisher=Bangla Academy\|location=Dhaka\|pages=ii}}</ref>

	Although Bauls constitute only a small fraction of the Bengali population, their influence on the [[culture of Bengal]] is considerable. In 2005, the Baul tradition of Bangladesh was included in the list of [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=unesco>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30973&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]. UNESCO. 25 September 2005.</ref>		Although Bauls constitute only a small fraction of the Bengali population, their influence on the [[culture of Bengal]] is considerable. In 2005, the Baul tradition of Bangladesh was included in the list of [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=unesco>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30973&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]. UNESCO. 25 September 2005.</ref>

Kamal Guha: /* India */ Link restored

2023-07-06T01:18:20Z

India: Link restored

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:48, 6 July 2023
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	===India===		===India===
	In the village of [[Jaydev Kenduli]] in [[Birbhum]] ~~district~~ of [[West Bengal]], a [[Mela]] (fair) is organised in memory of the poet [[Jayadeva]] on the occasion of [[Makar Sankranti]] in the month of [[Poush]]. So many Bauls assemble for the mela that it is also referred to as "Baul Fair".		In the village of [[Jaydev Kenduli]] in [[Birbhum district]] of [[West Bengal]], a [[Mela]] (fair) is organised in memory of the poet [[Jayadeva]] on the occasion of [[Makar Sankranti]] in the month of [[Poush]]. So many Bauls assemble for the mela that it is also referred to as "Baul Fair".

	In the village of [[Shantiniketan]] in [[West Bengal]] during [[Poush Mela]], numerous Bauls also come together to enthral people with their music.		In the village of [[Shantiniketan]] in [[West Bengal]] during [[Poush Mela]], numerous Bauls also come together to enthral people with their music.

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