Battle of Sindhuli - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 08:08, 27 October 2025
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	\| alt =		\| alt =
	\| caption = The ruins of Sindhuli Gadhi		\| caption = The ruins of Sindhuli Gadhi
	\| date = 6 November 1767 ~~\|Nepali calender]]: 24 Kartik 1824 BS)<ref name=":0" />~~		\| date = 6 November 1767
	\| place = [[Sindhuli Gadhi]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]] <br /> (present day [[Sindhuli District]], [[Bagmati Province]], [[Nepal]])		\| place = [[Sindhuli Gadhi]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]] <br /> (present day [[Sindhuli District]], [[Bagmati Province]], [[Nepal]])
	\| coordinates = {{coord\|27.2806\|N\|85.95501\|E\|source:wikidata\|display=title;inline}}		\| coordinates = {{coord\|27.2806\|N\|85.95501\|E\|source:wikidata\|display=title;inline}}
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	\| notes =		\| notes =
	\| campaignbox =		\| campaignbox =
	}}The '''Battle of Sindhuli''' ({{~~Lang-~~ne\|सिन्धुलीको युद्ध}}; also known as the '''Battle of Sindhuli Gadhi''') was fought on 6 November 1767 near [[Sindhuli Gadhi]]. The battle was part of the [[unification of Nepal]] led by [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], King of [[Gorkha Kingdom\|Gorkha]] (later [[King of Nepal]]).		}}The '''Battle of Sindhuli''' ({{Langx\|ne\|सिन्धुलीको युद्ध}}; also known as the '''Battle of Sindhuli Gadhi''') was fought on 6 November 1767 near [[Sindhuli Gadhi]]. The battle was part of the [[unification of Nepal]] led by [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], King of [[Gorkha Kingdom\|Gorkha]] (later [[King of Nepal]]).

	== Background ==		== Background ==
Line 44:		Line 44:
	=== Unification campaign ===		=== Unification campaign ===
	{{Main\|Unification of Nepal}}		{{Main\|Unification of Nepal}}
	Before the unification, Nepal was divided into many various [[petty kingdom]]s, notability [[Baise rajya]]s (22 kingdoms) in the west,{{Sfn\|Shrestha\|2017\|p=66}} [[Chaubisi Rajya]]s (24 kingdoms) in the [[Gandaki Zone\|Gandaki region]],{{Sfn\|Bista\|1991\|p=44}} [[Malla (Kathmandu Valley)\|Malla Kingdoms]] in the [[Kathmandu Valley]],{{Sfn\|Shrestha\|2017\|p=66}} and other kingdoms to extending to [[Sikkim]].{{Sfn\|Subba\|2008\|p=386}} [[Gorkha Kingdom\|Gorkha]], an Independent kingdom in Gandaki, was founded in 1559 by [[Dravya Shah]], the second son of [[Yasho Brahma Shah]], King of [[Kaski District\|Kaski]] and [[Lamjung]].{{sfn\|Rana\|2018\|p=1}} In 1739, King [[Nara Bhupal Shah]], launched an attack on [[Nuwakot, Bagmati Province\|Nuwakot]], a territory controlled by Malla kings and Gorkhalis lost the war.{{Sfn\|Sinha\|2018\|p=chapter 2}} Once again, he launched another attack with help from [[Kingdom of Kantipur\|Kantipur]] and [[Kingdom of Patan\|Patan]](now known as [[Kathmandu]], and [[Lalitpur, Nepal\|Lalitpur]] respectively), and Gorkhas were ultimately defeated.{{Sfn\|Sinha\|2018\|p=chapter 2}}		Before the unification, Nepal was divided into many various [[petty kingdom]]s, notability [[Baise rajya]]s (22 kingdoms) in the west,{{Sfn\|Shrestha\|2017\|p=66}} [[Chaubisi Rajya]]s (24 kingdoms) in the [[Gandaki Zone\|Gandaki region]],{{Sfn\|Bista\|1991\|p=44}} [[Malla (Kathmandu Valley)\|Malla Kingdoms]] in the [[Kathmandu Valley]],{{Sfn\|Shrestha\|2017\|p=66}} and other kingdoms to extending to [[Sikkim]].{{Sfn\|Subba\|2008\|p=386}} [[Gorkha Kingdom\|Gorkha]], an Independent kingdom in Gandaki, was founded in 1559 by [[Dravya Shah]], the second son of [[Yasho Brahma Shah]], King of [[Kaski District\|Kaski]] and because he did not see other ways to stop them [[Lamjung]].{{sfn\|Rana\|2018\|p=1}} In 1739, King [[Nara Bhupal Shah]], launched an attack on [[Nuwakot, Bagmati Province\|Nuwakot]], a territory controlled by Malla kings and Gorkhalis lost the war.{{Sfn\|Sinha\|2018\|p=chapter 2}} Once again, he launched another attack with help from [[Kingdom of Kantipur\|Kantipur]] and [[Kingdom of Patan\|Patan]](now known as [[Kathmandu]], and [[Lalitpur, Nepal\|Lalitpur]] respectively), and Gorkhas were ultimately defeated.{{Sfn\|Sinha\|2018\|p=chapter 2}}

	On 3 April 1743,{{Sfn\|Shrestha\|1997\|p=6}} 20-year-old, [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] ascended the throne of the Gorkha after the death of his father Nara Bhupal Shah.{{Sfn\|Sinha\|2018\|p=chapter 2}} Like his father, he attacked Nuwakot in 1742 and he suffered another defeat so Shah realised he needed more military technology and manpower to capture Nuwakot.{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=176}} Shah acquired weapons from [[Banaras]], created alliances with other kingdoms, increased the manpower, and [[Battle of Nuwakot\|started the assault on 26 September 1744]].{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=97}} This time Gorkhalis won the war which resulted in Nuwakot ceding from Malla Kings and subsequently started the [[unification of Nepal]] campaign.{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=99}} As Gorkhas were continuing their expansion, [[Jaya Prakash Malla]], King of Kantipur requested assistance from the [[East India Company]] ~~because he did not see other ways to stop them~~.{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=116}} [[Thomas Rumbold]], head of the company in [[Patna]] advised Shah to remove the blockade of Kantipur and abstain from attacking Malla or else it could result in a war.{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=116}} Rumbold not receiving any positive response from Prithvi Narayan Shah led to the Battle of Sindhuli.{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=116}}		On 3 April 1743,{{Sfn\|Shrestha\|1997\|p=6}} 20-year-old, [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] ascended the throne of the Gorkha after the death of his father Nara Bhupal Shah.{{Sfn\|Sinha\|2018\|p=chapter 2}} Like his father, he attacked Nuwakot in 1742 and he suffered another defeat so Shah realised he needed more military technology and manpower to capture Nuwakot.{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=176}} Shah acquired weapons from [[Banaras]], created alliances with other kingdoms, increased the manpower, and [[Battle of Nuwakot\|started the assault on 26 September 1744]].{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=97}} This time Gorkhalis won the war which resulted in Nuwakot ceding from Malla Kings and subsequently started the [[unification of Nepal]] campaign.{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=99}} As Gorkhas were continuing their expansion, [[Jaya Prakash Malla]], King of Kantipur requested assistance from the [[East India Company]] .{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=116}} [[Thomas Rumbold]], head of the company in [[Patna]] advised Shah to remove the blockade of Kantipur and abstain from attacking Malla or else it could result in a war.{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=116}} Rumbold not receiving any positive response from Prithvi Narayan Shah led to the Battle of Sindhuli.{{Sfn\|Hamal\|1995\|p=116}}

	=== Trade route ===		=== Trade route ===
	During the reign of Gorkha's [[Ram Shah]] and Kantipur's [[Pratap Malla]], both gained control of important areas in [[Tibet]]'s border crossing areas where most of the trans-[[Himalayas\|Himalayan]] trade occurred.{{Sfn\|Rose\|1971\|p=13}} Shah invaded Tibet around c. 1625-1630, the first attack was unsuccessful however the second strike proved to be successful which gained control of [[Gyirong Town\|Kerong]] and went far as Kukurghat, north of Kerong.{{Sfn\|Rose\|1971\|p=13}} War ended with Gorkha signing a treaty with Tibet which gave Shah access to the main trade route.{{Sfn\|Rose\|1971\|p=13}} This created a problem for [[Lhasa Newar\|Kantipur as their traders]] used the same route, Malla did not fight for Kerong but he gained access to [[Nyalam Town\|Kuti]], second important route.{{Sfn\|Rose\|1971\|p=13}} He also signed a treaty, which created a monopoly for their traders as the trade between India and Tibet was extremely profitable, and the king also profited from the coins minted for their government.{{Sfn\|Rose\|1971\|p=13}} [[East India Company]] carried their trades to Tibet and [[Qing dynasty\|China]] from Kathmandu, and they came in conflict with the Gorkhas because Prithvi Narayan Shah's [[Battle of Kathmandu\|blockade of Kantipur]] which affected them.<ref>{{Cite ~~web~~\|last=Basnyat\|first=Prem Singh\|title=The battle of Sindhuli\|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/72404/\|access-date=25 January 2021\|website=My Republica\|language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn\|Waller\|2014\|p=171}}		During the reign of Gorkha's [[Ram Shah]] and Kantipur's [[Pratap Malla]], both gained control of important areas in [[Tibet]]'s border crossing areas where most of the trans-[[Himalayas\|Himalayan]] trade occurred.{{Sfn\|Rose\|1971\|p=13}} Shah invaded Tibet around c. 1625-1630, the first attack was unsuccessful however the second strike proved to be successful which gained control of [[Gyirong Town\|Kerong]] and went far as Kukurghat, north of Kerong.{{Sfn\|Rose\|1971\|p=13}} War ended with Gorkha signing a treaty with Tibet which gave Shah access to the main trade route.{{Sfn\|Rose\|1971\|p=13}} This created a problem for [[Lhasa Newar\|Kantipur as their traders]] used the same route, Malla did not fight for Kerong but he gained access to [[Nyalam Town\|Kuti]], second important route.{{Sfn\|Rose\|1971\|p=13}} He also signed a treaty, which created a monopoly for their traders as the trade between India and Tibet was extremely profitable, and the king also profited from the coins minted for their government.{{Sfn\|Rose\|1971\|p=13}} [[East India Company]] carried their trades to Tibet and [[Qing dynasty\|China]] from Kathmandu, and they came in conflict with the Gorkhas because Prithvi Narayan Shah's [[Battle of Kathmandu\|blockade of Kantipur]] which affected them.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Basnyat\|first=Prem Singh\|title=The battle of Sindhuli\|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/72404/\|access-date=25 January 2021\|website=My Republica\|language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn\|Waller\|2014\|p=171}}

	=== Terrain ===		=== Terrain ===
	[[Sindhuli Gadhi]] is located 4,648 feet above the sea level and it is about 150-kilometre away from [[Kathmandu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite ~~web~~\|last=Basnet\|first=Rakshya\|title=Sindhuli Gadhi: History that deserves to be remembered\|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/100970/\|access-date=26 January 2021\|website=My Republica\|language=en}}</ref>		[[Sindhuli Gadhi]] is located 4,648 feet above the sea level and it is about 150-kilometre away from [[Kathmandu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news\|last=Basnet\|first=Rakshya\|title=Sindhuli Gadhi: History that deserves to be remembered\|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/100970/\|access-date=26 January 2021\|website=My Republica\|language=en}}</ref>

	==Battle==		==Battle==
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	[[Category:Gurkhas]]		[[Category:Gurkhas]]
	[[Category:Conflicts in 1767\|Sindhuli]]		[[Category:Conflicts in 1767\|Sindhuli]]
	~~[[Category:History of Nepal]]~~
	[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company\|Sindhuli]]		[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company\|Sindhuli]]
	[[Category:1767 in Nepal]]		[[Category:1767 in Nepal]]
	[[Category:History of Bagmati Province\|S]]		[[Category:History of Bagmati Province\|S]]

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{{short description|1767 war between Gorkha Kingdom and East India Company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Sindhuli
| width = 20
| partof = the [[Unification of Nepal]]
| image = Sindhuli Fort 01.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = The ruins of Sindhuli Gadhi
| date = 6 November 1767 |Nepali calender]]: 24 Kartik 1824 BS)<ref name=":0" />
| place = [[Sindhuli Gadhi]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]] <br /> (present day [[Sindhuli District]], [[Bagmati Province]], [[Nepal]])
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2806|N|85.95501|E|source:wikidata|display=title;inline}}
| map_type = Nepal Bagmati Province#Nepal
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label = Sindhuli Gadhi
| territory =
| result = Gorkhali victory
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Shreenath Company Flag (cropped).png|25px|border]] [[Gorkha Kingdom|Kingdom of Gorkha]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=|title=पृथ्वीनारायण शाहद्वारा स्थापित पाँच सैन्य एकाइ कुन हुन् र अहिले कहाँ छन्|language=ne|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-55617531|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
| combatant2 = {{flag|East India Company}} <br /> [[Kingdom of Kantipur]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]
| commander2 = [[Jaya Prakash Malla]] <br /> Captain Kinloch
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}The '''Battle of Sindhuli''' ({{Lang-ne|सिन्धुलीको युद्ध}}; also known as the '''Battle of Sindhuli Gadhi''') was fought on 6 November 1767 near [[Sindhuli Gadhi]]. The battle was part of the [[unification of Nepal]] led by [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], King of [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] (later [[King of Nepal]]).

== Background ==

=== Unification campaign ===
{{Main|Unification of Nepal}}
Before the unification, Nepal was divided into many various [[petty kingdom]]s, notability [[Baise rajya]]s (22 kingdoms) in the west,{{Sfn|Shrestha|2017|p=66}} [[Chaubisi Rajya]]s (24 kingdoms) in the [[Gandaki Zone|Gandaki region]],{{Sfn|Bista|1991|p=44}} [[Malla (Kathmandu Valley)|Malla Kingdoms]] in the [[Kathmandu Valley]],{{Sfn|Shrestha|2017|p=66}} and other kingdoms to extending to [[Sikkim]].{{Sfn|Subba|2008|p=386}} [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]], an Independent kingdom in Gandaki, was founded in 1559 by [[Dravya Shah]], the second son of [[Yasho Brahma Shah]], King of [[Kaski District|Kaski]] and [[Lamjung]].{{sfn|Rana|2018|p=1}} In 1739, King [[Nara Bhupal Shah]], launched an attack on [[Nuwakot, Bagmati Province|Nuwakot]], a territory controlled by Malla kings and Gorkhalis lost the war.{{Sfn|Sinha|2018|p=chapter 2}} Once again, he launched another attack with help from [[Kingdom of Kantipur|Kantipur]] and [[Kingdom of Patan|Patan]](now known as [[Kathmandu]], and [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]] respectively), and Gorkhas were ultimately defeated.{{Sfn|Sinha|2018|p=chapter 2}}

On 3 April 1743,{{Sfn|Shrestha|1997|p=6}} 20-year-old, [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] ascended the throne of the Gorkha after the death of his father Nara Bhupal Shah.{{Sfn|Sinha|2018|p=chapter 2}} Like his father, he attacked Nuwakot in 1742 and he suffered another defeat so Shah realised he needed more military technology and manpower to capture Nuwakot.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=176}} Shah acquired weapons from [[Banaras]], created alliances with other kingdoms, increased the manpower, and [[Battle of Nuwakot|started the assault on 26 September 1744]].{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=97}} This time Gorkhalis won the war which resulted in Nuwakot ceding from Malla Kings and subsequently started the [[unification of Nepal]] campaign.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=99}} As Gorkhas were continuing their expansion, [[Jaya Prakash Malla]], King of Kantipur requested assistance from the [[East India Company]] because he did not see other ways to stop them.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=116}} [[Thomas Rumbold]], head of the company in [[Patna]] advised Shah to remove the blockade of Kantipur and abstain from attacking Malla or else it could result in a war.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=116}} Rumbold not receiving any positive response from Prithvi Narayan Shah led to the Battle of Sindhuli.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=116}}

=== Trade route ===
During the reign of Gorkha's [[Ram Shah]] and Kantipur's [[Pratap Malla]], both gained control of important areas in [[Tibet]]'s border crossing areas where most of the trans-[[Himalayas|Himalayan]] trade occurred.{{Sfn|Rose|1971|p=13}} Shah invaded Tibet around c. 1625-1630, the first attack was unsuccessful however the second strike proved to be successful which gained control of [[Gyirong Town|Kerong]] and went far as Kukurghat, north of Kerong.{{Sfn|Rose|1971|p=13}} War ended with Gorkha signing a treaty with Tibet which gave Shah access to the main trade route.{{Sfn|Rose|1971|p=13}} This created a problem for [[Lhasa Newar|Kantipur as their traders]] used the same route, Malla did not fight for Kerong but he gained access to [[Nyalam Town|Kuti]], second important route.{{Sfn|Rose|1971|p=13}} He also signed a treaty, which created a monopoly for their traders as the trade between India and Tibet was extremely profitable, and the king also profited from the coins minted for their government.{{Sfn|Rose|1971|p=13}} [[East India Company]] carried their trades to Tibet and [[Qing dynasty|China]] from Kathmandu, and they came in conflict with the Gorkhas because Prithvi Narayan Shah's [[Battle of Kathmandu|blockade of Kantipur]] which affected them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnyat|first=Prem Singh|title=The battle of Sindhuli|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/72404/|access-date=25 January 2021|website=My Republica|language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Waller|2014|p=171}}

=== Terrain ===
[[Sindhuli Gadhi]] is located 4,648 feet above the sea level and it is about 150-kilometre away from [[Kathmandu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Rakshya|title=Sindhuli Gadhi: History that deserves to be remembered|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/100970/|access-date=26 January 2021|website=My Republica|language=en}}</ref>

==Battle==
{{Missing information|section|battle|date=January 2021}}
== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book|last=Bista|first=Dor Bahadur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzFROpFVYRAC|title=Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization|date=1991|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0188-1|location=|pages=44|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shrestha|first=Nanda R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZapDQAAQBAJ|title=Historical Dictionary of Nepal|date=8 February 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-7770-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Subba|first=J. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY4bVR9--XAC|title=History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim|date=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-0964-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|last=Rana|first=Ramji|date=14 October 2018|title=CoAS Thapa unveils statute of 16th-century monarch Yasho Brahma Shah|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/coas-thapa-unveils-statute-of-16th-century-monarch-yasho-brahma-shah/|access-date=18 January 2021|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Awadhesh C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfl0DwAAQBAJ|title=Dawn of Democracy in the Eastern Himalayan Kingdoms: The 20th Century|date=26 October 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-68568-2|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shrestha|first=Nanda R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx7yuCmp_iYC|title=In the Name of Development: A Reflection on Nepal|date=1997|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-0759-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hamal|first=Lakshman B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3RuAAAAMAAJ|title=Military History of Nepal|date=1995|publisher=Sharda Pustak Mandir|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pradhan|first=K. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC|title=Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806-1839|date=2012|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-813-2|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Rose|first1=Leo E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v07Vo3vAaKwC&dq=kathmandu+trade+to+tibet&pg=PA14|title=Nepal; Strategy for Survival|date=1971|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01643-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Waller|first=Derek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqkeBgAAQBAJ|title=The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia|date=11 July 2014|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4904-2|language=en}}

[[Category:Battles of the Unification of Nepal|Sindhuli]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1767|Sindhuli]]
[[Category:History of Nepal]]
[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company|Sindhuli]]
[[Category:1767 in Nepal]]
[[Category:History of Bagmati Province|S]]