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{{Short description|Conflict during the Vijayanagar wars in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Second Battle of Kalyani (1549)
| partof = Deccani–Vijayanagar wars
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| date = 1549
| place = [[Basavakalyan]], [[India]]
| result = Vijayanagar–Ahmednagar victory
| territory =
| combatant1 = [[Vijayanagar Empire]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Bijapur Sultanate]] [[Bidar Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Rama Raya]] [[Siege of Adavani|Venkatadri]] Sadasiva Nayaka {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} Shaik Jafar {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} Qasim Beg {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} Bhopal Rai
| commander2 = [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]{{Surrender}} Rai Chaitpal{{Executed}} [[Ali Barid Shah I]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
}}

The '''Battle of Kalyani (1549)''' was a conflict fought between the allied forces of [[Vijayanagar]] and [[Ahmednagar]] against the sultanates of [[Bidar]] and [[Bijapur]]. As the combined armies of Vijayanagar and Ahmednagar laid siege to the fort of [[Basavakalyan|Kalyani]], the Sultan of Bidar [[Ali Barid Shah I]] sought assistance from [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur. In response, Ibrahim marched to relieve the fort and confront the besieging forces. However, the Bijapuri forces were defeated by the allied army in a surprise attack. Following this victory, the fort of Kalyani surrendered.<ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

==Background==
Following the failure of his schemes during Abdulla's rebellion, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] sought to strengthen his position by forming an alliance with [[Rama Raya]] of Vijayanagar. After the death of Asad Khan Burhan sent ambassadors bearing gifts to Rama Raya proposing a confederacy. In response Rama Raya reciprocated with gifts and assurances of friendship. However [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur alarmed by this developing alliance openly insulted the [[Vijayanagar]] ambassadors residing at his court. Their treatment was so severe that they abandoned [[Bijapur]] in anger reporting to [[Rama Raya]] that they feared for their lives had they remained any longer.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=GOPAL |first=M. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385/page/n219/mode/1up?view=theater |title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1 |date=1956 |pages=200–201|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY}}</ref><ref name="efs">{{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189197/page/n86/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Rise Of The Mahomedan Power In India Vol.3 |date=1829|pages=62–63}}</ref><ref name="hps">{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |url=https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofd0000eato/mode/1up?view=theater |title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: eight Indian lives |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|page=96}}</ref>

Outraged by the disrespect shown to his ambassadors at Bijapur, [[Rama Raya]] urged Burhan Nizam Shah to take action against [[Ali Barid Shah I]], who had aligned himself with [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]. Rama Raya advised Burhan that it was an opportune moment to seize Kalyani from Ali Barid. In line with their newly formed alliance, Vijayanagar forces supported Burhan's campaign by participating in the siege of Kalyani.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="efs"/><ref name="fps">{{Cite book |last=B. G. Kunte |url=https://archive.org/details/medieval-history-of-maharashtra-bg-kunte/page/95/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Medieval History of Maharashtra (B.G. Kunte) |date=1967|page=95}}</ref><ref name="gps">{{Cite book |last=S.K. Sinha |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174781/page/n61/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Medieval History Of The Deccan |date=1968|pages=43–44}}</ref><ref name="hps"/>

==Battle==
[[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] began his campaign by laying siege to [[Sholapur]] but, acting on the advice of Rama Raya, he shifted his focus to the strategically important fort of Kalyani. The joint forces of [[Ahmadnagar]] and [[Vijayanagar]] marched on Kalyani, pressing the siege with determination. In response to the siege of Kalyani by Burhan Nizam Shah, Ibrahim Adil Shah, at the urgent request of his ally [[Ali Barid Shah I]] mobilized his forces and marched to relieve the besieged fort. When [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur attempted to relieve the fort, the allied armies defeated him, forcing him to flee the battlefield. With Ibrahim's forces in disarray, the allies successfully cut off all communications between the garrison at Kalyani and the outside world, eventually pushing the defenders to the brink of starvation.<ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=Shyam |first=Radhey |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.118595/page/89/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Kingdom Of Ahmadnagar |date=1966 |pages=89–90|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=Wolseley Coloneal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72241/page/n74/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The History Of The Nizam Shahi Kings Of Ahmadnagar |pages=71–73|date=1923 |location=Bombay |publisher=The British Indian Press}}</ref><ref name="dps">{{Cite book |last=Husbandmen |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.235970/page/n372/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Gazetteer Bombay Presidency Ahmadnagar |volume=i |date=1884|page=70}}</ref><ref name="efs"/><ref name="gps"/>

Determined to relieve the besieged garrison at Kalyani, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] once again marched with his forces and set up camp within sight of the allied armies. [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] resolute in his desire to capture the fort, fortified his siege lines and pressed on with the attack. In response, Ibrahim deployed his light [[Maratha]] cavalry to disrupt the besiegers, launching swift raids that cut off the allies' supply lines. As the harassment continued, scarcity of food and resources began to take its toll, causing distress and weakening the resolve of the besieging army.<ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="efs"/>

As the siege of Kalyani dragged on and supplies dwindled, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] convened a council of war to decide the next course of action. While some nobles advocated for lifting the siege and retreating to [[Ahmadnagar]] others, including Shaikh Jafar and Qasim Beg proposed a surprise attack on [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]'s forces. This plan was supported by [[Vijayanagar]] commander Sadasiva Nayak and Bhopal Rai, emboldened by earlier victories over the Bijapuri troops. Acting on this strategy, Saifuddin Ain-ul-Mulk led a sudden assault on the [[Bijapur]] camp, catching the enemy off guard and inflicting significant damage.<ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="efs"/><ref name="gps"/>

[[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]'s camp was thrown into chaos by a sudden attack led by Saifuddin Ain-ul-Mulk. Caught off guard while bathing, Ibrahim fled in panic towards Bid and then [[Paranda]] abandoning his camp in disarray. His army scattered in all directions, leaving behind tents, baggage, and supplies.<ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/><ref name="efs"/><ref name="fps"/><ref name="gps"/><ref name="hps"/>

Among the prisoners taken after the battle of Kalyani was Rai Chaitpal, a prominent defector who had once served [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] but later joined the service of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]. To serve as a stern warning to others who might consider treachery, Burhan ordered his execution. Rai Chaitpal was executed.<ref name="cps"/>

==Aftermath==
The defeat of Bijapuri army struck fear into the commandant of Kalyani who, realizing the hopelessness of his situation, sent a plea to [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]]. In exchange for the safety of his life and property, he agreed to surrender the fort. Burhan accepted the terms, securing a significant victory for Allied Army.<ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="efs"/>
==See also==
* [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]
* [[Bijapur Sultanate]]
* [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1549]]

Battle of Kalyani (1549) - Revision history

Basavaraj: new basic article needs work