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{{Short description|1745 battle part of Afghan insurrections in Bengal Subah}}
{{aI-generated|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Jagdishpur
| place = Karhani village near [[Jagdishpur]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25|28|N|84|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| partof = [[Afghan insurrections in Bengal Subah]]
| map_type = Bihar#India
| map_size = 320
| map_relief = yes
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg
| map_marksize = 12
| map_label = '''Battle at Jagdishpur'''
| result = [[Bengal Subah]] victory<ref name=":3" />
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| combatant2 = '''Afghan rebels'''
| commander1 = [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan]] Shah Din Muhammad Raham Khan Ruleha Raja Kirat Chand Ahmad Khan Qureshi Daud Khan{{KIA}} Khadem Husain Khan{{WIA}} Mahdi Nisar Khan Naqi Ali Khan Shah Jahan Yar Raja Sundar Singh Raham Khan Ruhela Karam Khan Raja Ram Narain Hashim Ali Khan
| commander2 = Mustafa Khan{{KIA}} Murtaza Khan
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| strength1 = 13,000–14,000<ref name=":0" />
| strength2 = 18,000 cavalry 15,000 infantry<ref name=":1" />
| date = 20 June 1745
}}

The '''Battle of Jagdishpur''' was a decisive engagement in 1745 during the [[Afghan insurrections in Bengal Subah|Afghan insurrections in Bengal]] (1745–1748), pitting the forces of the [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]], [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zain-ud-Din Ahmed Khan]], against the Afghan rebel Mustafa Khan. Depleted by his failed [[Battle of Patna (1745)|Patna campaign]], Mustafa Khan led another attempt to capture the Bihar province. In a fierce battle near Jagdishpur, Mustafa Khan was shot dead by musket fire; his head was severed and displayed on a spear atop his elephant, causing the Afghan army to flee under his son Murtaza.

== Background ==
{{Further|Battle of Patna (1745)}}
Following Mustafa Khan's defeat at the [[Battle of Patna (1745)|battle of Patna]], determined to capture Bihar, decided to assault once more time. He promptly repaired his artillery and arms and recruited fresh troops from various regions.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n149/mode/1up 127]}}</ref> Within three months, before the rains began, he assembled an army of 18,000 [[cavalry]] and 15,000 [[infantry]].<ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n149/mode/1up 127]}} "In course of three months, before the rains set in, he [Mustafa Khan] had been able to assemble a large army of 18,000 cavalry and 15,000 infantry."</ref>

Mustafa Khan left Chunar before the [[monsoon]] of 1745, entered [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]], and allied with [[zamindar]] Udwant Singh Ujjainia of [[Jagdishpur]], who had been hostile to [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zain-ud-Din]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n97/mode/1up 73]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=385}}</ref>

== Battle ==
On June 2, 1745, Zain-ud-Din promptly departed from Patna at the head of an army of 13,000–14,000 men,<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n97/mode/1up 72]}} "Zain-ud-din promptly issued from Patna at the head of 13,000 men "{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n150/mode/1up 128]}} "Zainuddin started from Patna on the 2nd June, 1743, at the head of 13,000 or 14,000 soldiers."</ref> accompanied by generals like Shah Din Muhammad, Raham Khan Ruleha and others. They then forded the [[Sone River]] at Koilwar, and next day advanced 12 miles south-west by south to Karhani (in Shahabad) on the edge of the jungle of Jagdishpur. Two miles beyond this village the enemy were sighted and the battle joined on June 20, 1745.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n97/mode/1up 72]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n150/mode/1up 128]}}</ref>

Mustafa's forces and equipment had been severely depleted due to his financial exhaustion following the failed Patna campaign, which had consumed his treasury.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n97/mode/1up 72]}}</ref> Raja Kyretchand,{{Efn|Spelled Kirat Chand{{Sfn|Thakur|1958|p=385}}}} mounted on an elephant, commanded the right flank of Zain ud-Din's army with 5,000 cavalry and several thousand infantry, reinforced by Ahmad Khan Qureshi and Jaswantnagar with their troops. Mustafa Khan chased and routed Zain ud-Din's vanguard under Kirat Chand, killing Daud Khan and several young soldiers. Khadem Husain Khan was also wounded. Mustafa Khan seized his guns.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n150/mode/1up 128]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=385}}</ref>

Mustafa Khan launched a desperate charge at Zain-ud-Din. Abdul Ali Khan resolved to make a bold stand once more. He was soon reinforced by Mahdi Nisar Khan, Naqi Ali Khan, Shah Jahan Yar, Raja Sundar Singh, Raham Khan Ruhela, Karam Khan, and Raja Ram Narain, and advanced to oppose Mustafa Khan.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n151/mode/1up 129]}}</ref>

Mustafa routed the Nawab's vanguard; however, he was immediately struck by a musket ball on his chest and lost his consciousness. He soon regained his senses and renewed his charge against Zain ud-Din. Under the order of Zain ud-Din, Hashim Ali Khan mounted the rebel leader's elephant, beheaded Mustafa Khan, and displayed his head on a spear. The Afghan seeing their general's death collapsed into flight. Rajah Kirat Chand pursued the Afghan soldiers to their camp and captured their tents, horses and baggages. The Afghans retreated to the village of Magror{{Efn|14 miles west of [[Chainpur, Saharsa, Bihar]] on the bank of the [[Karmanasa River]]}} under the command of Mustafa's son, Murtaza Khan, and the surviving officers.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n97/mode/1up 72]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n151/mode/1up 129]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=386}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Mustafa Khan's decapitated body was taken to Patna, and was dissected into two halves. The bisected body was hung at the city's western and eastern gates before burial in [[Sher Shah Suri Mosque|Sher Shah's mosque]] compound, on Zainuddin's orders.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n150/mode/1up 129]}}</ref> This battle decisively ended first Afghan insurrection in Bengal. Zain ud-Din emerging victorious returned to Patna. The news of victory reached to Alivardi.<ref name=":3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n151/mode/1up 129]}} "Thus the first Afghan insurrection was fully suppressed and Zainuddin returned triumphantly to Patna."{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=386}} "The first Afghan insurrection was thus thoroughly suppressed and Zainuddin triumphantly returned to Patna. He reported about his victory to Alivardi."{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1978|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149767/page/n208/mode/1up 190]}} "To cheek him in time Zain-ud-din left Patna on 2 Tune 1745 and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Afghans at Jagdishpur (18 miles south-west of Arrah town) on 20 June. Mustafa Khan lost his life and his son. Murtaza Khan fled away with his followers to Magror (14 miles west of Chainpur on the bank of the Karamnasa river)."</ref> In the meantime, [[Raghuji I|Raghuji Bhonsle]] had invaded [[Odisha]], and [[Siege of Barabati (1745)|captured Cuttack]] with its governor Durlabhram.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n483/mode/1up 462]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Patna (1745)]]
* [[Battle of Bhagalpur (1745)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485 |title=Alivardi and His Times |date=1939 |publisher=University of Calcutta |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire 1739-1754 |publisher=Orient Longman Ltd |year=1964 |edition=3rd |volume=I |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiUKAQAAIAAJ |title=The History of Bengal |date=1943 |publisher=The University of Dhaka |volume=II |location=Ramna, Dhaka |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Upendra |date=1958 |title=Alivardi and the Afghans of Tirhut |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145227 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=21 |pages=376–392 |jstor=44145227 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: 1712-1772, edited by A. C. Banerjee and D. K. Ghase |date=1978 |publisher=People's Publishing House |editor-last=Banerjee |editor-first=A.C. |language=en |chapter=Bengal Subah (1707-1756) |editor-last2=Ghase |editor-first2=D. K.}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1745]]

Battle of Jagdishpur (1745) - Revision history

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