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{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Lộc vừng.jpg
|image_caption = A ''Barringtonia acutangula'' tree at [[Hoan Kiem Lake]]
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |date=2019 |title=''Barringtonia acutangula'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T61533369A61533372 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T61533369A61533372.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Barringtonia
|species = acutangula
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=313389 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228033559/https://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=313389 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |title=''Barringtonia acutangula'' |work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] (WCSP) |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] }}</ref>
|synonyms = *''Barringtonia rubra'' Baill. ex Laness. [Illegitimate] 
*''Butonica acutangula '' (L.) Lam. 
*''Caryophyllus acutangulus'' (L.) Stokes 
*''Eugenia acutangula'' L. 
*''Huttum acutangulum'' (L.) Britten 
*''Michelia acutangula'' (L.) Kuntze 
*''Stravadium acutangulum'' (L.) Sweet 
*''Stravadium acutangulum '' (L.) Miers 
}}

'''''Barringtonia acutangula''''' is a species of ''[[Barringtonia]]'' native to coastal [[wetland]]s in southern [[Asia]] and northern [[Australasia]], from [[Afghanistan]] east to the [[Philippines]], [[Queensland]] and the [[Northern Territory]]. Common names include '''freshwater mangrove''', '''itchytree''' and '''mango-pine'''.<ref name=grin>{{GRIN |access-date= 29 December 2017}}</ref>

==Description==
This plant is a big tree that grows to about 8–15 meters high. Its leaves are thick, smooth and oval in shape, about 8–12 centimeters long and 4–5 cm wide, with reddish petioles about 0.5–1.0 cm long. The plant has drooping [[raceme]] of up to 50 cm long, with numerous large, white flowers. Its fruit is oval-shaped and about 3 cm long, with one seed inside.<ref name="Yoshitaka">{{ cite book | first1=Yoshitaka | last1=Tanaka | first2=Nguyen | last2=Van Ke | date=2007 | title=Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden | location=Thailand|publisher=Orchid Press | isbn=978-974-524-089-6 | page=88}}</ref>

==Uses==

===Food===
The young leaves of this plant are consumed as food, such as in Vietnam where they are eaten fresh with other vegetables, meat and shrimp.<ref name="Yoshitaka" />

===Medicinal===
Research on this plant has reported a number of medicinal uses, including antitumor (seed extract),<ref>{{ cite journal | title=Identification and quantification of the active component quercetin 3-O-rutinoside from Barringtonia racemosa, targets mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in acute lymphoblastic leukemia | author1=Samanta S.K. | author2=Bhattacharya K. |author3=Mandal C. | author4=Pal B.C. | journal=Journal of Asian Natural Products Research | volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=639–48 |date=2010 | doi=10.1080/10286020.2010.489040| pmid=20706898 | s2cid=41871403 }}</ref> antibiotic,<ref>{{ cite journal |title=Antimicrobial activities of Barringtonia acutangula |author1=Rahman MM |author2=Polfreman D. |author3=MacGeachan J. |author4=Gray AI |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=543–5 |date=2005 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1341|pmid=16114086 |s2cid=30494225 |doi-access=free }}</ref> inhibition of growth of ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'',<ref>{{ cite journal |title=Extracts of spice and food plants from Thai traditional medicine inhibit the growth of the human carcinogen ''Helicobacter pylori'' |author1=Bhamarapravati S |author2=Pendland SL |author3=Mahady GB |journal=In Vivo |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=541–4 |date=2003 |pmid=14758718 }}</ref> antinociceptive activity<ref>{{ cite journal | title=Antinociceptive effect and toxicological study of the aqueous bark extract of Barringtonia racemosa on rats |author1=Deraniyagala SA |author2=Ratnasooriya WD |author3=Goonasekara CL |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=21–6 |date=2003 |doi=10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00015-1|pmid=12686437 }}</ref> and antifungal activity.<ref>{{ cite journal | title=Antibacterial and antifungal screening on various leaf extracts of Barringtonia acutangula | author1=Vijaya Bharathi R. |author2=Jerad Suresh A. |author3=Thirumal M. |author4=Sriram L. |author5=Geetha Lakshmi S. |author6=Kumudhaveni B. | journal=International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences |date=2010 | volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=407–410 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | title=Antifungal activity of Barringtonia acutangula against selected human pathogenic fungi | author1=Sahoo S. |author2=Panda P.K. |author3=Behera P.S. |author4=Mishra S.R. |author5=Ellaiah P. | journal=Indian Drugs | date=2008 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=26–30 }}</ref>

The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' records that "In India an extract or juice is obtained from the leaves of this tree which, when mixed with oil, is used in native [sic.] practice for eruptions of the skin. The kernels powdered and prepared with sago and butter, are used in diarrhoea; mixed with milk they produce vomiting (Treasury of Botany). The root is bitter, and is said to be similar to Cinchona, but also cooling and aperient. (Drury)."<ref>{{cite book | author=J. H. Maiden | year=1889 | title=The useful native plants of Australia: Including Tasmania | publisher= Turner and Henderson, Sydney | url=https://primo-slnsw.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21105097830002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
Its bark contains potent painkillers, structurally unrelated to known opioid painkillers [http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1138407.htm]

Also 3,3'-dimethoxy ellagic acid, [[dihydromyricetin]], [[gallic acid]], [[bartogenic acid]] and [[stigmasterol]],<ref>Chemical constituents of mangrove plant Barringtonia racemosa]. [Chinese] Sun HY. Long LJ. Wu J. Zhong Yao Cai. 29(7):671-2, 2006 Jul.</ref> triterpenoids, olean-18-en-3beta-O-E-coumaroyl ester and olean-18-en-3beta-O-Z-coumaroyl ester<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang Y, Deng Z, Proksch P, Lin W | year = 2006 | title = Two new 18-en-oleane derivatives from marine mangrove plant, Barringtonia racemosa | journal = Pharmazie | volume = 61 | issue = 4| pages = 365–6 | pmid = 16649558 }}</ref> 12, 20(29)-lupadien-3-o<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rahman MM, Polfreman D, MacGeachan J, Gray AI | year = 2005 | title = Antimicrobial activities of Barringtonia acutangula | journal = Phytotherapy Research | volume = 19 | issue = 6| pages = 543–5 | doi=10.1002/ptr.1341| pmid = 16114086 | s2cid = 30494225 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Oleanane]]-type isomeric [[triterpenoid]]s:- [[racemosol A]] (1) [22alpha-acetoxy-3beta,15alpha,16alpha,21beta-tetrahydroxy-28-(2-methylbutyryl)olean-12-ene] and isoracemosol A (2) [21beta-acetoxy-3beta,15alpha,16alpha,28-tetrahydroxy-22alpha-(2-methylbutyryl)olean-12-ene].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gowri PM, Radhakrishnan SV, Basha SJ, Sarma AV, Rao JM | year = 2009 | title = Oleanane-type isomeric triterpenoids from Barringtonia racemosa | journal = Journal of Natural Products | volume = 72 | issue = 4| pages = 791–5 | doi=10.1021/np8007396| pmid = 19388709 | url = https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/2861632 | url-access = subscription }}</ref>

[[Saponin]]s,:<ref>Pal BC. Chaudhuri T. Yoshikawa K. Arihara S 1994 Saponins from Barringtonia acutangula. ''Phytochemistry'' 35(5):1315-8,</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Mills C. | author2 = Carroll A.R. | author3 = Quinn R.J. | year = 2005 | title = Acutangulosides A-F, monodesmosidic saponins from the bark of Barringtonia acutangula | journal = Journal of Natural Products | volume = 68 | issue = 3| pages = 311–318 | doi=10.1021/np049741u| pmid = 15787427 }}</ref> barringtoside A, 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->3)-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2)]-beta-D- glucuronopyranosyl barringtogenol C; barringtoside B, 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->3)-]beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2)]-beta-D- glucuronopyranosyl-21-O-tigloyl-28-O-isobutyryl barringtogenol C; barringtoside C, 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-->3)-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2 )]-beta-D - glucuronopyranosyl barringtogenol C.

==Photos==
<gallery>
File:Barringtonia acutangula (Freshwater Mangrove) in Kolkata W IMG 8539.jpg|in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
File:Barringtonia acutangula (Freshwater Mangrove) fruits in Kolkata W IMG 8547.jpg|fruits in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
File:Barringtonia acutangula (Freshwater Mangrove) fruits in Kolkata W IMG 8545.jpg|fruits in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
File:Barringtonia acutangula (Freshwater Mangrove) flower buds in Kolkata W IMG 8546.jpg|flower buds in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
File:Barringtonia acutangula (Freshwater Mangrove) in Hyderabad W IMG 8323.jpg|Tree in [[Hyderabad, India]].
File:Barringtonia acutangula (Freshwater Mangrove) in Hyderabad W IMG 8321.jpg|Flowers in [[Hyderabad, India]].
File:Barringtonia acutangula (Freshwater Mangrove) in Hyderabad W IMG 8320.jpg|Flowers in [[Hyderabad, India]].
File:Barringtonia acutangula (Freshwater Mangrove) in Hyderabad W IMG 8318.jpg|Flower buds in [[Hyderabad, India]].
File:Barringtonia acutangula (Freshwater Mangrove) in Hyderabad W IMG 8316.jpg|Flowers in [[Hyderabad, India]].
File:Barringtonia acutangula flower.jpg| Flowers in [[Dombivli, India]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Barringtonia acutangula}}
*{{cite web |title=''Barringtonia acutangula'' (L.) Gaertn. |work=Atlas of Living Australia |url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2899118}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2248481}}

[[Category:Barringtonia|acutangula]]
[[Category:Ericales of Australia]]
[[Category:Eudicots of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Mangroves]]

Barringtonia acutangula - Revision history

Danger Pandit Ankit: Done