Bareilly district - Revision history

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	The '''Bareilly district''' {{audio\|Bareilly.ogg\|pronunciation}} belongs to the state [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[States and territories of India\|northern India]]. Its capital is [[Bareilly]] city and it is divided in six [[administrative division]] or [[tehsils]]: [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh\|Aonla]], [[Baheri]], Bareilly city, [[Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh\|Faridpur]], [[Mirganj, Uttar Pradesh\|Mirganj]], and [[Nawabganj, Bareilly\|Nawabganj]]. The Bareilly district is a part of the [[Bareilly Division]] and occupies an area of 4120 km<sup>2</sup> with a population of 4,448,359 people (previously it was 3,618,589) according to the census of 2011.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0919_PART_B_DCHB_BAREILLY.pdf</ref>		The '''Bareilly district''' {{audio\|Bareilly.ogg\|pronunciation}} belongs to the state [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[States and territories of India\|northern India]]. Its capital is [[Bareilly]] city and it is divided in six [[administrative division]] or [[tehsils]]: [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh\|Aonla]], [[Baheri]], Bareilly city, [[Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh\|Faridpur]], [[Mirganj, Uttar Pradesh\|Mirganj]], and [[Nawabganj, Bareilly\|Nawabganj]]. The Bareilly district is a part of the [[Bareilly Division]] and occupies an area of 4120 km<sup>2</sup> with a population of 4,448,359 people (previously it was 3,618,589) according to the census of 2011.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0919_PART_B_DCHB_BAREILLY.pdf</ref>

	~~The region was a part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] before getting absorbed by the emerging [[Mughal Empire]].~~ The modern City of Bareilly was founded by [[Mukrand Rai]] in 1657. Later it became the capital of the [[Rohilkhand]] region before getting handed over to Nawab Vazir of Awadh and then to the [[East India Company]], becoming an integral part of [[India]].		The modern City of Bareilly was founded by [[Mukrand Rai]] in 1657. Later it became the capital of the [[Rohilkhand]] region before getting handed over to Nawab Vazir of Awadh and then to the [[East India Company]], becoming an integral part of [[India]].

	==History==		==History==
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	Among the Muslims the [[Rohilla\|Rohilla Pathans]] and [[Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh\|Shaikhs]] are the main communities.		Among the Muslims the [[Rohilla\|Rohilla Pathans]] and [[Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh\|Shaikhs]] are the main communities.

	Bareilly is a category "A" district i.e. having socio-economic and basic amenities parameters below the national average.<ref>[http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf MINUTES OF THE 34th MEETING OF EMPOWERED COMMITTEE TO CONSIDER AND APPROVE REVISED PLAN FOR BALANCE FUND FOR THE DISTRICTS OF GHAZIABAD, BAREILLY, BARABANKI, SIDDHARTH NAGAR, SHAHJANPUR, MORADABAD, MUZAFFAR NAGAR, BAHRAICH AND LUCKNOW (UTTAR PRADESH) UNDER MULTI-SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN MINORITY CONCENTRATION DISTRICTS HELD ON 22nd JULY, 2010 AT 11.00 A.M. UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF MINORITY AFFAIRS.]		Bareilly is a category "A" district i.e. having socio-economic and basic amenities parameters below the national average.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf \|title=MINUTES OF THE 34th MEETING OF EMPOWERED COMMITTEE TO CONSIDER AND APPROVE REVISED PLAN FOR BALANCE FUND FOR THE DISTRICTS OF GHAZIABAD, BAREILLY, BARABANKI, SIDDHARTH NAGAR, SHAHJANPUR, MORADABAD, MUZAFFAR NAGAR, BAHRAICH AND LUCKNOW (UTTAR PRADESH) UNDER MULTI-SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN MINORITY CONCENTRATION DISTRICTS HELD ON 22nd JULY, 2010 AT 11.00 A.M. UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF MINORITY AFFAIRS. \|access-date=29 May 2011 \|archive-date=30 September 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090010/http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf \|url-status=bot: unknown }} F. No. 3/64/2010-PP-I, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF MINORITY AFFAIRS</ref>

	===Religion ===		===Religion ===
			{{bar box \|title=Religion in Bareilly district<ref name="Tel">http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/521-bareilly.html Bareilly Religion Census 2011</ref> \|titlebar=#Fcd116\|left1=Religion \|right1=Percent \|float=right \|bars= {{bar percent\|[[Hinduism]]\|Orange\|63.64}} {{bar percent\|[[Islam in India\|Islam]]\|Green\|34.54}} {{bar percent\|[[Sikhism]]\|#9955BB\|0.63}} {{bar percent\|Others\|black\|1.16}} }}
	{{Cite web \|url=http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=29 May 2011 \|archive-date=30 September 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090010/http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf \|url-status=bot: unknown }} F. No. 3/64/2010-PP-I, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF MINORITY AFFAIRS</ref>{{bar box \|title=Religion in Bareilly district<ref name="Tel">http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/521-bareilly.html Bareilly Religion Census 2011</ref> \|titlebar=#Fcd116\|left1=Religion \|right1=Percent \|float=right \|bars= {{bar percent\|[[Hinduism]]\|Orange\|63.64}} {{bar percent\|[[Islam in India\|Islam]]\|Green\|34.54}} {{bar percent\|[[Sikhism]]\|#9955BB\|0.63}} {{bar percent\|Others\|black\|1.16}} }}
	[[Hindus]] form 63.6% of population.<ref name="Tel"/>		[[Hindus]] form 63.6% of population.<ref name="Tel"/>
	The Bareilly-based [[Madrasa]]s mobilized Islamic scholars across the country, to issue a joint [[Fatwa]] against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]].<ref>		The Bareilly-based [[Madrasa]]s mobilized Islamic scholars across the country, to issue a joint [[Fatwa]] against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]].<ref>
	http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/madrasas-run-a-fatwa-campaign-against-is-in-bareilly/article7896184.ece</ref>		{{cite web\| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/madrasas-run-a-fatwa-campaign-against-is-in-bareilly/article7896184.ece\| title = Madrasas run a fatwa campaign against IS in Bareilly - The Hindu}} </ref>
	There is a [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bareilly]].		There is a [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bareilly]].

>Tom.Reding: +{{Authority control}} (2 IDs from Wikidata), WP:GenFixes on

2021-05-26T12:39:19Z

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{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bareilly district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|District of Uttar Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Bareilly.svg
| map_caption = Location of Bareilly district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Bareilly
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bareilly division|Bareilly]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bareilly]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 4120
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4,448,359<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0919_PART_B_DCHB_BAREILLY.pdf</ref>
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 85%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly]], [[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aonla]] (partly)
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = http://bareilly.nic.in/
}}
The '''Bareilly district''' {{audio|Bareilly.ogg|pronunciation}} belongs to the state [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[States and territories of India|northern India]]. Its capital is [[Bareilly]] city and it is divided in six [[administrative division]] or [[tehsils]]: [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]], [[Baheri]], Bareilly city, [[Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh|Faridpur]], [[Mirganj, Uttar Pradesh|Mirganj]], and [[Nawabganj, Bareilly|Nawabganj]]. The Bareilly district is a part of the [[Bareilly Division]] and occupies an area of 4120 km2 with a population of 4,448,359 people (previously it was 3,618,589) according to the census of 2011.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0919_PART_B_DCHB_BAREILLY.pdf</ref>

The region was a part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] before getting absorbed by the emerging [[Mughal Empire]]. The modern City of Bareilly was founded by [[Mukrand Rai]] in 1657. Later it became the capital of the [[Rohilkhand]] region before getting handed over to Nawab Vazir of Awadh and then to the [[East India Company]], becoming an integral part of [[India]].

==History==

===Ancient period===
Historically, the region was the capital of the ancient kingdom of [[Panchala]]. The Panchalas occupied the country to the east of the [[Kuru (India)|Kurus]], between the upper Himalayas and the river [[Ganges River|Ganges]]. The country was divided into Uttara-Panchala and Dakshina-Panchala. The northern Panchala had its capital at '''Ahichatra''' (also known as Adhichhatra and Chhatravati, near present-day [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]]) tehsil of Bareilly district, while southern Panchala had it capital at Kampilya or [[Kampil]] in [[Farrukhabad district]]. The famous city of [[Kannauj]] or Kanyakubja was situated in the kingdom of Panchala. According to the epic [[Mahābhārata]], [[Bareilly]] region ([[Panchala]], in present - day Uttar Pradesh and nearby regions) is said to be the birthplace of [[Draupadi]], who was also referred to as 'Panchali'.

[[File:Map of Vedic India.png|thumb|350px|The position of the Panchala kingdom in [[Vedic civilization|Iron Age Vedic India]].]]
The last two Panchala clans, the Somakas and the Srinjayas are mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]]. King [[Drupada]], whose daughter [[Draupadi]] was married to the [[Pandava]]s belonged to the Somaka clan.<ref>Pargiter, F.E. (1972). ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.117</ref> However, the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]] consider the ruling clan of the northern Panchala as an offshoot of the [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] clan. Divodasa, Sudas, Srinjaya, Somaka and [[Drupada]] (also called Yajnasena) were the most notable rulers of this clan.<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972) ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.65–8.</ref>

During 176 – 166 BC, Panchala coins were minted at Bareilly and the surrounding areas. It was the Kushan and Gupta kings who established mints here. The city's continued status as a mint town since the beginning of the Christian era was helped by the fact that Bareilly was never a disturbed area (except at the time of the Indian Independence Struggle).{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Found at Ganga Ghati in abundance were the Adi Vigraha and Shree Vigraha coins of the Pratihara Kings that were minted here between the 4th to the 9th centuries. Dating to this period are also the silver coins – similar to those of Firoz Second – known as Indo-Sasanian.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/When-Bareilly-was-in-currency/articleshow/36674.cms#ixzz13Y8j1V7C | work=The Times of India| title=When Bareilly was in currency}}</ref>

===Medieval period===

After the fall of the Kingdom of Panchala, the city was under the rule of local rulers. In the twelfth century, it was ruled by different clans of Rajputs referred to by the general name of Katehriyas [[Rajputs]].<ref>When the Ain-i-Akbari was compiled (c 1595-6), Katiher was largely held by Rajputs of different clans such as Bachal, Gaur, Chauhan and Rathor. See Iqbal Husain, op. cit., p. 6.</ref>

According to British historian Matthew Atmore Sherring the district of Bareilly was formerly a dense jungle inhabited by a race of [[Ahir]]s and was called Tappa Ahiran.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/hindutribesandc00shergoog | page=[https://archive.org/details/hindutribesandc00shergoog/page/n266 237] | quote=Ahirs. |title = Hindu Tribes and Castes| publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company |last1 = Sherring|first1 = Matthew Atmore|year = 1872}}</ref><ref>Hindu Tribes and Castes, Volume 1 page 334</ref> In the beginning of the thirteenth century, when the [[Delhi Sultanate]] was firmly established, Katehr was divided into the provinces of Sambhal and Budaun. But the thickly forested country infested with wild animals provided just the right kind of shelter for rebels. And indeed, Katehr was famous for rebellions against imperial authority. During the Sultanate rule, there were frequent rebellions in Katehr. All were ruthlessly crushed. Sultan Balban (1266–1287) ordered vast tracts of jungle to be cleared so as to make the area unsafe for the insurgents.

The slightest weakening of the central authority provoked acts of defiance from the Katehriya Rajputs. Thus the Mughals initiated the policy of allotting lands for Afghan settlements in Katiher.<ref>Iqbal Husain, op. cit., p. 97.</ref> Afghan settlements continued to be encouraged throughout the reign of Aurangzeb (1658–1707) and even after his death. These Afghans, known as the Rohilla Afghans, caused the area to be known as Rohilkhand.<ref>Bahadur Khan Ruhela and Diler Khan Ruhela were important nobles at the court of the Mughal Emperor Shahjahan. As a reward for defeating the Katehriyas a perpetual grant of 14 villages was conferred upon Bahadur Khan who asked his brother Diler Khan to lay the foundations of a new city. Shahjahanpur was established in 1647. It became a strong Afghan township where 9,000 Afghans settled, migrating from Roh, the mountainous area south of Khaibar. The tract of land forming the subah or province of Rohilkhand was formerly called Katehr/Katiher. For more details, see Iqbal Husain, The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela Chieftaincies in 18th Century India, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994, chapter 1. "Katiher by and large consisted of the two sark¹rs Badaun and Sambhal. Najmul Ghani says that Katiher consisted of the modern districts of Bareilly, Muradabad and Badaun," p. 4, fn. 25.</ref>

The city of Bareilly was founded in 1537 by '''Basdeo''', a Katehriya Rajput. The city is mentioned in the histories for the first time by Budayuni, who he writes that Husain Quli Khan was appointed the governor of Bareilly and Sambhal in 1568. The divisions and revenue of the district fixed by Todar Mal were recorded by Abul Fazl in 1596. In 1658, Bareilly was made the headquarters of the province of Budaun.<ref name="library.upenn.edu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/sasia/crafts1820/introduc.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608011910/http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/sasia/crafts1820/introduc.html |archive-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The foundation of the 'modern' City of Bareilly was laid by [[Mukrand Rai]] in 1657.

The tract of land forming the subah or province of Rohilkhand was formerly called Katehr/Katiher.<ref>For more details, see Iqbal Husain, The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela Chieftaincies in 18th Century India, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994, chapter 1. "Katiher by and large consisted of the two sark¹rs Badaun and Sambhal. Najmul Ghani says that Katiher consisted of the modern districts of Bareilly, Muradabad and Badaun," p. 4, fn. 25.</ref>

The Mughal policy of encouraging Afghan settlements for keeping the Katehriyas in check worked only as long as the central government was strong. After Aurangzeb's death, the Afghans, having themselves become local potentates, began to seize and occupy neighbouring villages.
[[File:UP region map.gif|550px|thumb|Regions of [[Uttar Pradesh]] including [[Rohilkhand]](with Bareilly as its capital)]]

In 1623 two Afghan brothers of the [[Barech]] tribe, Shah Alam and Husain Khan, settled in the region, bringing with them many other Pashtun settlers. The Rohilla Daud Khan was awarded the ''Katehr'' region in the then northern India by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] Alamgir (ruled 1658–1707) to suppress [[Rajput]] uprisings, which had afflicted this region. Originally, some 20,000 soldiers from various [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] Tribes ([[Yusafzai]]s, Ghoris, [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodis]], [[Ghilzai]], Barech, [[Marwat]], [[Durrani]], [[Tanoli]], [[Tareen|Tarin]], [[Kakar]], [[Khattak]], [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridi]] and Baqarzai) were hired by Mughals to provide soldiers to the Mughal armies and this was appreciated by Aurangzeb Alamgir, an additional force of 25,000 men was given respected positions in Mughal army. However most of them settled in the [[Katehar]] region during [[Nadir Shah]]'s invasion of northern [[India]] in 1739 increasing their population up to 100,0000. Due to the large settlement of Rohilla [[Pashtun people|Afghans]], the [[Katehar]] region gained fame as Rohilkhand.

Meanwhile, Ali Muhammad Khan (1737–1749), grandson of Shah Alam, captured the city of Bareilly and made it his capital, later uniting the [[Rohilla]]s to form the state of 'Rohilkhand', between 1707 and 1720, making '''Bareilly''' his capital. He rapidly rose to power and got confirmed in possession of the lands he had seized. The Emperor made him a Nawab in 1737, and he was recognised as the governor of Rohilkhand in 1740. According to 1901 census of India, the total Pathan population in Bareilly District was 40,779, out of a total population of 1,090,117.<ref>Imperial Gazetteer of India by W M Hunter</ref> Their principal clans were the [[Yusafzai]]s, Ghoris, [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodis]], Ghilzai, Barech, [[Marwat]], [[Durrani]], [[Tanoli]], [[Tareen|Tarin]], [[Kakar]], [[Khattak]], Afridi and Baqarzai. Other important cities were [[Rampur (Uttar Pradesh)|Rampur]], [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Badaun District|Badaun]], and others.<ref>An Eighteenth Century History of North India: An Account of the Rise And Fall of the Rohilla Chiefs in Janbhasha By Rustam Ali Bijnori by Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui Manohar Publications</ref>

[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|250px|thumb|'''Hafiz Rahmat Khan''', standing right to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], who is shown on a brown horse.(during The '[[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Third battle of Panipat]]') 14 January 1761]]
Ali Muhammad was succeeded by [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] Barech (1749–1774), whom he appointed as the [[regent]] of Rohilkhand on his deathbed.<ref>[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/r/rampur.html Genealogy of Rampur princely state], [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html]</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2017}} Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech extended the power of Rohilkhand from [[Almora]] in the North to [[Etawah]] in the South-West. Under Rahmat Ali Khan, Rohillas' power continued to rise, though the area was torn by strife amongst the rival chieftains and continuous struggles with the neighbouring powers, particularly the Nawab Vazirs of Awadh,<ref>The Nawab Vazirs of Awadh who clashed with the Rohillas were: Saadat Khan Burhan-ul Mulk (1720–39), Safdar Jung (1739–56), Shuja-ud Daulah (1756–75). The combined forces of Shuja-ud Daulah and the British defeated Hafiz Rahmat Khan in 1774.</ref> the Bangash Nawabs<ref>Farrukhabad was the seat of the Bangash Nawabs. Muhammad Khan Bangash was the founder of the settlement. The jagir was conferred upon him by Farrukhsiyar (1713–19)in 1713 as reward for services rendered by him in the war of succession.</ref> and the Marathas.<ref>Nawab Safdar Jung of Awadh enlisted the help of the Marathas against the Bangash Nawabs. The Bangash Nawabs sought help from the Rohillasl. The latter were defeated in 1750. The Marathas again invaded Rohilla territory this time attacking Bijnor in 1759.</ref>

The term ''Rohilla'' is derived from the [[Pashtu]] ''Roh'', meaning ''mountain'', and literally means ''a mountain air'', and was used by the [[Baloch people|Baluch]] and [[Jat]]s of the [[Derajat]] region to refer to the Pashtun mountains tribes of [[Loralai]], [[Zhob]] and [[Waziristan]] regions. The [[Rohilla]]s and are men of a taller stature and a fairer complexion than the general inhabitants of the district. The Muslims in the area are chiefly the descendants of [[Yousafzai|Yousafzai Afghans]] tribe of Pashtuns, called the Rohilla Pathans of the [[Mandanh]] sub-section, (but other Pashtuns also became part of the community), who settled in the country about the year 1720.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bareilly |volume=3 |page=397}}</ref> Rohilla's [[Sardar]] like Daud Khan, Ali Muhammad Khan, and the legendary [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] Barech were from the renowned [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] tribe the [[Barech]], who were originally from the [[Kandahar Province]] of Afghanistan. In [[Uttar Pradesh]], it was used for all Pashtuns, except for the [[Shia]] [[Bangash]]es who settled in the [[Rohilkhand]] region, or men serving under Rohilla chiefs. Rohillas were distinguished by their separate language and culture. They spoke [[Pashto language|Pashto]] among each other but gradually lost their language over time and now converse in [[Urdu language|Urdu]].

Bishop Heber described them as follows – "The country is burdened with a crowd of lazy, profligate, self-called sawars (cavaliers), who, though many of them are not worth a rupee, conceive it derogatory to their gentility and Pathan blood to apply themselves to any honest industry, and obtain for the most part a precarious livelihood by sponging on the industrious tradesmen and farmers, on whom they levy a sort of blackmail, or as hangers-on to the wealthy and noble families yet remaining in the province. These men have no visible means of maintenance, and no visible occupation except that of lounging up and down with their swords and shields, like the ancient Highlanders, whom in many respects they much resemble."<ref name="EB1911"/>

Rohilkhand (under [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] Barech) was on the winning side at the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Third Battle of Panipat]] of 1761 and successfully blocked the expansion of the [[Maratha]] Empire into north India. In 1772 Rohilkhand was invaded by the [[Marathas]]; however the [[Nawabs of Awadh]] came to the aid of the [[Rohillas]] in repulsing the invasion. After the war Nawab [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] demanded payment for their help from the Rohilla chief, Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech. When the demand was refused the Nawab joined with the British under [[Governor-General of India|Governor]] [[Warren Hastings]] and his [[Commander-in-Chief]], [[Alexander Champion (East India Company officer)|Alexander Champion]], to invade Rohilkhand. The combined forces of Shuja-ud Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh and the company's forces led by Colonel Champion defeated Hafiz Rahmat Ali Khan in 1774.
Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech was killed in the ensuing battle at [[Miranpur, Uttar Pradesh|Miranpur Katra]] in 1774. His death finally closing the chapter of Rohilla rule.

Rohilkhand was handed over to the Nawab Vazir of Awadh. From 1774 to 1800, the province was ruled by the Nawabs of Awadh. By 1801, the subsidies due under the various treaties for support of a British force had fallen into hopeless arrears. To defray the debt, Nawab Saadat Ali Khan surrendered Rohilkhand to the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]] by the treaty of 10 November 1801.
<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019WDZ000000187U00000000 Hafiz] British Library.</ref>

During this period too, Bareilly retained its status as a mint. Emperor Akbar and his descendants minted gold and silver coins at mints in Bareilly. The Afghan conqueror Ahmed Shah Durani too minted gold and silver coins at the Bareilly mint.

During the time of Shah Alam II, Bareilly was the headquarters of Rohilla Sardar Hafiz Rehmat Khan and many more coins were issued. After that, the city was in possession of Awadh Nawab Asaf-ud-Daulah. The coins that he issued had '''Bareilly''', '''Bareilly Aasfabad''', and '''Bareilly kite and fish''' as identification marks. After that, the minting of coins passed on to the East India Company.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/When-Bareilly-was-in-currency/articleshow/36674.cms#ixzz13Y9RX8bT | work=The Times of India| title=When Bareilly was in currency}}</ref>

The Rohillas, after fifty years' precarious independence, were subjugated in 1774 by the confederacy of British troops with the Nawab of Oudh's army, which formed a charge against Warren Hastings. Their territory was in that year annexed to Oudh. In 1801 the Nawab of Oudh ceded it to the Company in commutation of the subsidy money.<ref name="EB1911"/>

===Modern period===
After the Rohillas, the change of the power structure did little to soothe the troubled strife torn area; rather the change had the effect to aggravate a precarious state of affairs. There was a general spirit of discontent throughout the district. In 1812, an inordinate enhancement in the revenue demand<ref>See Conybeare, op. cit. p. 677.</ref> and then in 1814 the imposition of a new house tax caused a lot of resentment against the British. "Business stood still, shops were shut and multitudes assembled near the courthouse to petition for the abolition of the tax." The Magistrate, Dembleton, already an unpopular man made things worse by ordering the assessment to be made by a Kotwal. In the skirmish that took place between the rebel masses and the sepoys under Captain Cunningham, three or four hundred people died. In 1818, Glyn was posted as Acting Judge, and the Magistrate of Bareilly, and the Joint Magistrate of Bulundshahr.

In a research ordered by Glyn asking Ghulam Yahya to write an account about 'craftsmen, the names of tools of manufacture and production and their dress and manners', eleven trades found out to be most popular means of livelihood in and around Bareilly in the 1820s were glass manufacture, manufacture of glass bangles, manufacture of lac bangles, crimping, gram parching, wire drawing, charpoy weaving, manufacture of gold and silver thread, keeping a grocer's shop, making jewellery and selling kab¹bs.<ref name="library.upenn.edu"/>

[[File:Indian Rebellion of 1857.jpg|250px|thumb|A 1912 map of 'Northern India The Revolt of 1857–59' showing the centres of rebellion including the principal ones: [[Meerut]], [[Delhi]], Bareilly, ([[Kanpur]]), [[Lucknow]], [[Jhansi]], and [[Gwalior]]]]

Bareilly ([[Rohilkhand]]) was a major centre during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (also known as India's First War of Independence).

It began as a [[mutiny]] of native soldiers ([[sepoy]]s) employed by the British [[East India Company]]'s army, against perceived race based injustices and inequities, on 10 May 1857, in the town of [[Meerut]], and soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions which were mainly centred on north central India along the several major river valleys draining the south face of the Himalayas [See red annotated locations on Map at right] but with local episodes extending both northwest to [[Peshawar]] on the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|north-west frontier]] with [[Afghanistan]] and southeast beyond Delhi.

There was a widespread popular revolt in many areas such as Awadh, Bundelkhand and Rohilkhand. The rebellion was therefore more than just a military rebellion, and it spanned more than one region. The communal hatred led to ugly communal riots in many parts of U.P. The green flag was hoisted and Muslims in Bareilly, Bijnor, Moradabad and other places the Muslims shouted for the revival of Muslim kingdom.<ref>[[R. C. Majumdar]]: Sepoy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857 (page 2303-31)</ref>

The main conflict occurred largely in the [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|upper Gangetic plain]] and [[central India]], with the major hostilities confined to present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], Bihar, northern [[Madhya Pradesh]], and the [[Delhi]] region.<ref name="intro-refs">{{Harvnb|Bandyopadhyay|2004|pp=169–172}} {{Harvnb|Bose|Jalal|2003|pp=88–103}} Quote: "The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|northern Indian Gangetic Plain]] and central India.", {{Harvnb|Brown|1994|pp=85–87}}, and {{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=100–106}}</ref> The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British East Indian Company power in that region,<ref>{{Harvnb|Bayly|1990|p=170}} Quote: "What distinguished the events of 1857 was their scale and the fact that for a short time they posed a military threat to British dominance in the Ganges Plain."</ref> and it was contained only with the fall of [[Gwalior]] on 20 June 1858.<ref name="intro-refs"/>  Some{{who|date=November 2010}} regard the rebellion as the first of several movements over ninety years to achieve independence, which was finally achieved in 1947.

During the Mutiny of 1857 the Rohillas took a very active part against the English, but since then they had been disarmed.<ref name="EB1911"/> During the First War of Indian Independence in 1857, Khan Bhadur Khan issued silver coins from Bareilly as an independent ruler. These coins are a novelty as far as the numismatist is concerned.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/When-Bareilly-was-in-currency/articleshow/36674.cms#ixzz13YA2UnkB | work=The Times of India| title=When Bareilly was in currency}}</ref>

The population in 1901 was 1,090,117. Bareilly, also, was the headquarters of a brigade in the 7th division of the eastern army corps in British period.<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Geography==
Bareilly is located at 28°10′N, 78°23′E, and lies in [[northern India]]. It borders [[Pilibhit]] and [[Shahjahanpur]] on East and [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] on west, [[Udham Singh Nagar]] ([[Uttarakhand]]) in North and [[Badaun]] in South. It is a level terrain, watered by many streams, the general slope being towards the south. The soil is fertile and highly cultivated, groves of noble trees abound, and the villages have a neat, prosperous look. A tract of forest jungle called the tarai stretches along the extreme north of the district and teems with large game such as tigers, bears, deer and wild pigs. The river Sarda or Gogra forms the eastern boundary of the district and is the principal stream. Next in importance is the [[Ramganga]], which receives as its tributaries most of the hill torrents of the Kumaon mountains. The Deoha is another great drainage artery and receives many minor streams. The [[Gomti River|Gomati]] or Gumti also passes through the district.<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=10,89,874|13=1911|14=10,94,419|15=1921|16=10,13,649|17=1931|18=10,72,140|19=1941|20=11,75,935|21=1951|22=12,68,950|23=1961|24=14,78,490|25=1971|26=17,79,867|27=1981|28=22,73,030|29=1991|30=28,34,616|31=2001|32=36,18,589|33=2011|34=44,48,359|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Bareilly district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 4,448,359,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Croatia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Croatia 4,483,804 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Louisiana 4,533,372 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 39th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 1084 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 23.4%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Bareilly has a [[sex ratio]] of 883 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 60.52%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

According to the 2005 census report of the Government of India, the total population of Bareilly City Region (Bareilly Municipal Corporation and Bareilly Cantt.) is 875,165 having distribution as 53% males and 47% females nearly. The area under the city region is 123.46 km2. The density of the population is among the highest in the country, almost 5000 per km2.

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 90.76% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]], 8.48% [[Urdu]] and 0.47% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as their first language.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

The main Hindu castes includes: Kurmis (Gangwars, Patels), Yadavas(Ahirs), Mauryas, [[Bania (caste)|Baniya]]s, others like Jatavs, Balmikis, [[Rajput|Thakur]]s, [[Kayastha]]s and [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] and [[Jat]] [[sikhs]].

Among the Muslims the [[Rohilla|Rohilla Pathans]] and [[Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh|Shaikhs]] are the main communities.

Bareilly is a category "A" district i.e. having socio-economic and basic amenities parameters below the national average.<ref>[http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf MINUTES OF THE 34th MEETING OF EMPOWERED COMMITTEE TO CONSIDER AND APPROVE REVISED PLAN FOR BALANCE FUND FOR THE DISTRICTS OF GHAZIABAD, BAREILLY, BARABANKI, SIDDHARTH NAGAR, SHAHJANPUR, MORADABAD, MUZAFFAR NAGAR, BAHRAICH AND LUCKNOW (UTTAR PRADESH) UNDER MULTI-SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN MINORITY CONCENTRATION DISTRICTS HELD ON 22nd JULY, 2010 AT 11.00 A.M. UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF MINORITY AFFAIRS.]

===Religion ===

{{Cite web |url=http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 May 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090010/http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }} F. No. 3/64/2010-PP-I, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF MINORITY AFFAIRS</ref>{{bar box |title=Religion in Bareilly district<ref name="Tel">http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/521-bareilly.html Bareilly Religion Census 2011</ref> |titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|Orange|63.64}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in India|Islam]]|Green|34.54}} {{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#9955BB|0.63}} {{bar percent|Others|black|1.16}} }}
[[Hindus]] form 63.6% of population.<ref name="Tel"/>
The Bareilly-based [[Madrasa]]s mobilized Islamic scholars across the country, to issue a joint [[Fatwa]] against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]].<ref>
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/madrasas-run-a-fatwa-campaign-against-is-in-bareilly/article7896184.ece</ref>
There is a [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bareilly]].

==Administrative divisions==
List of Tehsils in Bareilly district.

The Bareilly district has six Tehsils for administrative purposes listed.

[[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]], [[Baheri]], Bareilly (Sadar), [[Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh|Faridpur]], [[Mirganj, Uttar Pradesh|Meerganj]] and [[Nawabganj, Bareilly|Nawabganj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bareilly.nic.in/tehsil.html|title=Tehsils in Bareilly district|access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
[[M.J.P. Rohilkhand University|Rohilkhand University]] in Bareilly was established in 1975. In August 1997, it was renamed as Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University. Presently, 80 colleges are affiliated to it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mjpru.ac.in/ABOUTUS/UNIVERSITY.HTM |title=About the University |publisher=M.G.P. Rohilkhand University website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430044112/http://www.mjpru.ac.in/ABOUTUS/university.htm |archive-date=30 April 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Bareilly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://bareilly.nic.in Bareilly district official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Bareilly District
|North = [[Udham Singh Nagar district]], Uttar Pradesh
|Northeast =
|East = [[Pilibhit district]]
|Southeast = [[Shahjahanpur district]]
|South = [[Budaun district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Rampur district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Bareilly district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Bareilly division topics}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}

{{Coord|28|25|N|79|23|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd|display=title}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bareilly District}}
[[Category:Bareilly district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]