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'''[[Bangalore]]''' is situated in the southeast of the [[South India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. It is positioned at 12.97° N 77.56° E and covers an area of {{convert|2190|km2}}. A [[landlocked]] city, Bangalore is located in the heart of the [[Mysore Plateau]] (a region of the larger [[Deccan Plateau]]) at an average elevation of {{convert|920|m}}. Bangalore district borders with [[Kolar]] and Chikkaballapur in the northeast, [[Tumkur]] in the northwest, [[Mandya]] and [[Ramanagaram]] in the southeast and [[Mysore]]

== Geography ==
[[File:Ulsoor Lake from a distance.JPG|thumb|right|Ulsoor lake, seen from Public Utility Building in MG Road.]]
[[Bangalore]] lies in the southeast of the [[South India]]n state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger [[Precambrian]] Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 920 m (3,020 ft). It is positioned at {{Coord|12.97|N|77.56|E|}} and covers an area of 1741 km2 (673 mi2). The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the [[Bangalore Urban]] district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the [[Bangalore Rural]] district. The region comprising the Bangalore Urban and Rural districts is known as the [[Bangalore (region)]]. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of [[Ramanagara]] from the old Bangalore Rural district.

In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet Bangalore's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the earlier half of 20th century, the Nandi Hills [[waterworks]] was commissioned by [[Mirza Ismail|Sir Mirza Ismail]] ([[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide water supply to the city. Currently, the river [[Kaveri]] provides around 80% of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20% being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta
reservoirs of the Arkavathi river.<ref name="watersup">{{cite web|url=http://bwssb.org/help_faq.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206121846/http://bwssb.org/help_faq.html|archive-date=6 February 2006|title=FAQ|access-date=2 July 2007}}</ref> Bangalore receives 800 million [[liters]] (211 million [[US gallon]]s) of water a day, more than any other Indian city.<ref name=bglrWater>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=8dc55aa2-693c-49f9-a954-28f811fb5d68 "Thirsty Bengalooru seeks divine help"]. Hindustan Times. 2006. HT Media Ltd. 9 June 2003. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223012502/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=8dc55aa2-693c-49f9-a954-28f811fb5d68 |date=23 December 2008 }}</ref>
However, Bangalore sometimes does face water shortages, especially during the summer season — more so in the years of low rainfall. A [[random sample|random sampling]] study of the [[air quality index]] (AQI) of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration.<ref name=EIA>{{cite web|url= http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2006-03-20 |title="Environmental Impact Analysis" }} {{small|(362 KB)}}. Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited.. 2006. Government of Karnataka. 2005.</ref>

Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and [[water tank]]s, the largest of which are Madivala tank, [[Hebbal Lake, Bangalore|Hebbal Lake]], [[Ulsoor Lake]] and [[Sankey Tank]]. Groundwater occurs in [[silt]]y to [[sand]]y layers of the [[alluvial]] sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes [[granite]]s, [[gneiss]]es and [[migmatite]]s, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red [[laterite]] and red, fine [[loam]]y to [[clay]]ey soils.<ref name="EIA"/>

[[Vegetation]] in the city is primarily in the form of large [[deciduous]] [[canopy (biology)|canopy]] and minority [[coconut]] trees. Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone III, it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 6.4.

=== Topography ===

[[Image:Nandi hillside.jpg|thumb|upright|The slopes of the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], located 60 km north of Bangalore.]]Bangalore has two unique [[Topography]] [[terrain]]s—North Bangalore [[taluk]] and the South Bangalore taluk. The North Bangalore taluk is a relatively more level plateau and lies between an average of 839 to 962 meters [[above sea level]]. The middle of the taluk has a prominent ridge running [[north-northeast|NNE]]-[[south-southwest|SSW]]. The highest point in the city, ''Doddabettahalli'', (962m) is on this ridge. There are gentle slopes and valleys on either side of this ridge. The low-lying area is marked by a series of [[water tank]]s varying in size from a small pond to those of considerable extent, but all fairly shallow.

The topography of Bangalore is undulating with a central [[ridge]] running [[NNE]]-[[South-southwest|SSW]]. The highest point is [[Doddabettahalli]], which is 962 m (3,156 ft) and lies on this ridge.<ref name=bglrGeo>[http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html "Studyarea- Bangalore"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716221547/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html |date=16 July 2012 }}. Centre for Ecological Sciences. 2006. Indian Institute of Science.</ref>
No major rivers run through the city, though the [[Arkavathy River|Arkavathi]] and [Dakshin Pinakini river] cross paths at the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], 60 km (37 mi.) to the north. [[River Vrishabhavathi]], a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's [[sewage]]. A [[sanitary sewer|sewerage]] system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km2 (133 mi2) of the city and connects with five [[sewage treatment]] centers located in the periphery of Bangalore.<ref name=sewage>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar112004/metro1.asp |title= Each drop of water counts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005340/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar112004/metro1.asp |archive-date=11 March 2007}}. Deccan Herald. 2006. The Printers (Mysore) Ltd. 11 March 2004</ref> Outflow from [[Bellandur lake]] and [[Varthur lake]] valleys go to [[Ponnaiyar river]] that flows towards [[Hosur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/244394/tn-now-lays-claim-city.html|title=TN now lays claim to City sewage|date=24 April 2012|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

The South Bangalore taluk has an uneven landscape with intermingling hills and valleys. The southern and western portions of the city consist of a topology of [[granite]] and [[gneiss]]ic masses. The eastern portion is a plane, with rare minor undulations.

There are no major rivers flowing through the city. However, rivers Arkavathi and [[Kaveri river|Kaveri]] merge within the proximity of [[Mekedatu]], which lie 60 km south of Bangalore. River Vrishabhavati, a [[tributary]] of Arkavathi, flows for a small stretch in the Bangalore North taluk and carries a bulk of the city's [[sewerage]]. The age old [[South Pennar]] river, also known as Dakshina Pinakini, used to run through the eastern side of the city. Now it is being considered for renewal and rejuvenation by the government. The city has a handful of [[freshwater]] lakes and [[water tank]]s such as Madivala tank, [[Hebbal Lake, Bangalore|Hebbal tank]], Ulsoor lake and [[Sankey Tank]]. Groundwater occurs in [[silt]]y to [[sand]]y layers of [[alluvial]] [[sediment]]s and jointed [[quartzite]].

The rock types prevalent in the district belong to the Saugar, Charnokite and Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) groups. The PGC is the dominant group of rocks and covers two-thirds of the area and includes [[granite]]s, gneisses and [[migmatite]]s. The soils in Bangalore vary from red [[laterite]] to [[clay]]ey soils.

== Climate ==
{{climate chart
|Bangalore
|15.1|27|2.7
|16.6|29|7.2
|19.2|32.4|4.4
|21.5|33.6|46.3
|21.2|32.7|119.6
|19.9|29.2|80.6
|19.5|27.5|110.2
|19.4|27.4|137
|19.3|28|194.8
|19.1|27.7|180.4
|17.2|27.6|64.5
|15.6|25.9|22.1
|12|22|1,683
|source=[http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00523.htm World Weather Information Service]
|float=right
|clear=right
}}

[[Image:Bangalore raintemp.png|thumb|right|Rainfall and temperature]]<nowiki>Due to its elevation, Bangalore enjoys a pleasant and equable climate throughout the year. However, due to deforestation, it is getting warmer in recent times. The new record is around 40 degrees Celsius.|date=December 2008}} Winter temperatures rarely drop below 14</nowiki> °C (52 °F) and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36 °C (97 °F)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/kkimd.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204222654/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/kkimd.htm |archive-date=4 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CPC">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_monitoring/temperature/tn43295_1yr.gif|format=GIF|title=Average Mean Daily Temperature Chart|website=Cpc.ncep.noaa.gov|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>
Bangalore receives about 970 mm of rain annually, with the wettest months being August, September, and October. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 159.7 mm recorded on 1 October 1997.

Most of the rainfall occurs during late afternoon/evening or night and rain before noon is infrequent. November 2015 (290.4 mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bangalore with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas, and closure of a number of organisations for over a couple of days.<ref name="CPC"/>

{{Weather box
| location = Bangalore (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 32.8
| Feb record high C = 35.9
| Mar record high C = 37.3
| Apr record high C = 38.3
| May record high C = 38.9
| Jun record high C = 38.1
| Jul record high C = 33.3
| Aug record high C = 33.3
| Sep record high C = 33.3
| Oct record high C = 32.4
| Nov record high C = 31.7
| Dec record high C = 31.1
|year record high C = 38.9
| Jan high C = 27.9
| Feb high C = 30.7
| Mar high C = 33.1
| Apr high C = 34.0
| May high C = 33.3
| Jun high C = 29.6
| Jul high C = 28.3
| Aug high C = 27.8
| Sep high C = 28.6
| Oct high C = 28.2
| Nov high C = 27.2
| Dec high C = 26.5
| year high C = 29.6
| Jan low C = 15.8
| Feb low C = 17.5
| Mar low C = 20.0
| Apr low C = 22.0
| May low C = 21.7
| Jun low C = 20.4
| Jul low C = 19.9
| Aug low C = 19.8
| Sep low C = 19.8
| Oct low C = 19.6
| Nov low C = 18.0
| Dec low C = 16.2
| year low C = 19.2
| Jan record low C = 7.8
| Feb record low C = 9.4
| Mar record low C = 11.1
| Apr record low C = 14.4
| May record low C = 16.7
| Jun record low C = 16.7
| Jul record low C = 16.1
| Aug record low C = 14.4
| Sep record low C = 15.0
| Oct record low C = 13.2
| Nov record low C = 9.6
| Dec record low C = 8.9
|year record low C = 7.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.9
| Feb rain mm = 5.4
| Mar rain mm = 18.5
| Apr rain mm = 41.5
| May rain mm = 107.4
| Jun rain mm = 106.5
| Jul rain mm = 112.9
| Aug rain mm = 147.0
| Sep rain mm = 212.8
| Oct rain mm = 168.3
| Nov rain mm = 48.9
| Dec rain mm = 15.7
|year rain mm = 986.9
| Jan rain days = 0.2
| Feb rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 1.1
| Apr rain days = 3.1
| May rain days = 6.7
| Jun rain days = 6.2
| Jul rain days = 7.2
| Aug rain days = 9.9
| Sep rain days = 9.8
| Oct rain days = 8.3
| Nov rain days = 3.8
| Dec rain days = 1.4
|year rain days = 58.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 41
| Feb humidity = 32
| Mar humidity = 29
| Apr humidity = 35
| May humidity = 47
| Jun humidity = 62
| Jul humidity = 65
| Aug humidity = 67
| Sep humidity = 64
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 61
| Dec humidity = 53
|year humidity = 52
| Jan sun = 262.3
| Feb sun = 247.6
| Mar sun = 271.4
| Apr sun = 257.0
| May sun = 241.1
| Jun sun = 136.8
| Jul sun = 111.8
| Aug sun = 114.3
| Sep sun = 143.6
| Oct sun = 173.1
| Nov sun = 190.2
| Dec sun = 211.7
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Bangalore/Bangaluru Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 81–84
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M88–M89
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[NOAA]] (sun: 1971–1990)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/43295.TXT
| title = Bangalore Climate Normals 1971–1990
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 24 December 2012}}</ref>
| date = August 2010
}}
{{Weather box
| location = [[Bangalore Airport]] (1981–2010, extremes 1949–2012)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C = 32.2
| Feb record high C = 35.0
| Mar record high C = 36.6
| Apr record high C = 38.3
| May record high C = 38.0
| Jun record high C = 37.5
| Jul record high C = 33.0
| Aug record high C = 32.2
| Sep record high C = 33.0
| Oct record high C = 32.5
| Nov record high C = 31.7
| Dec record high C = 30.3
|year record high C = 38.3
| Jan high C = 27.6
| Feb high C = 30.3
| Mar high C = 32.7
| Apr high C = 33.8
| May high C = 33.1
| Jun high C = 29.8
| Jul high C = 28.6
| Aug high C = 28.1
| Sep high C = 28.6
| Oct high C = 28.1
| Nov high C = 26.9
| Dec high C = 26.2
| year high C = 29.5
| Jan low C = 14.8
| Feb low C = 16.2
| Mar low C = 18.7
| Apr low C = 21.0
| May low C = 21.2
| Jun low C = 20.1
| Jul low C = 19.6
| Aug low C = 19.5
| Sep low C = 19.5
| Oct low C = 19.2
| Nov low C = 17.5
| Dec low C = 15.4
| year low C = 18.6
| Jan record low C = 8.8
| Feb record low C = 10.0
| Mar record low C = 11.7
| Apr record low C = 14.6
| May record low C = 16.7
| Jun record low C = 16.1
| Jul record low C = 16.1
| Aug record low C = 15.0
| Sep record low C = 15.6
| Oct record low C = 13.7
| Nov record low C = 10.5
| Dec record low C = 9.2
|year record low C = 8.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.4
| Feb rain mm = 5.7
| Mar rain mm = 15.5
| Apr rain mm = 42.7
| May rain mm = 94.5
| Jun rain mm = 91.1
| Jul rain mm = 97.7
| Aug rain mm = 122.2
| Sep rain mm = 183.5
| Oct rain mm = 155.9
| Nov rain mm = 50.6
| Dec rain mm = 13.8
|year rain mm = 874.6
| Jan rain days = 0.1
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Mar rain days = 1.0
| Apr rain days = 2.7
| May rain days = 5.5
| Jun rain days = 5.1
| Jul rain days = 7.0
| Aug rain days = 8.9
| Sep rain days = 9.2
| Oct rain days = 8.3
| Nov rain days = 4.1
| Dec rain days = 1.2
|year rain days = 53.5
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 41
| Feb humidity = 31
| Mar humidity = 28
| Apr humidity = 35
| May humidity = 46
| Jun humidity = 62
| Jul humidity = 65
| Aug humidity = 67
| Sep humidity = 63
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 61
| Dec humidity = 54
|year humidity = 52
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals/><ref name=IMDextremes/>
}}

==Seismicity==
Because it lies in the [[seismology|seismically]] stable region, Zone III (encompassing parts of Karnataka, [[Maharashtra]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]), Bangalore has been untouched by major seismic events. Only mild [[tremor]]s have been recorded in the city.

==Land use==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:250px; float:right; font-size:0.85em; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6;"
||'''Component'''
||'''PIU "ideal" Index'''
||'''Average Score'''
|-
|Air Quality
|395
|180
|-
|Water Quality
|130
|121
|-
|Land
|40
|37
|-
|Terrestrial [[ecosystem]]
|150
|143
|-
|Aquatic ecosystem
|15
|12.5
|-
|Socio-economic ([[traffic]], [[quality of life]], etc.)
|270
|49.5
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''1000'''
|'''542'''
|-
|colspan="3"|'''Table 1''': Adapted from Table 17 of ''"Environment Impact Analysis"'' (2003) conducted by [http://www.bmrtl.com/ Bangalore Mass Rapid Transport Limited (BMRTL)]
|}
According to data contained in the [[Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]] Master Plan, 40.4% of the land in the city is used for residential purposes. [[Transport]] uses 24.3% of the land, while land used for industrial, and [[commerce|commercial]] purposes comprise 6.9% and 2.7% respectively. As the city of Bangalore expands, the BMP expects the percentage of land used for industrial purposes to decrease, while it expects the percentages of land used for residential, commercial and public and semi-public purposes to increase.

==General metropolitan environment==
A [[random sample|random sampling]] study of the [[air quality index|air quality index (AQI)]] of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe [[air pollution]] around areas of traffic concentration. Major pollutants contributing to Bangalore's high AQI score include [[nitrogen oxide]], [[particulate|Suspended Particulate Matter]] (SPM) and [[carbon monoxide]].

The Bangalore metropolitan area, referred to as the [[Garden City of India]] has an abundance of [[fauna]] and [[flora]].But now this is gone due to deforestation. The city has two nationally renowned [[botanical garden]]s—Cubbon Park and [[Lal Bagh]]. A majority of the trees in the city are big to medium [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]] trees with [[Girth (geometry)|girths]] above 40 cm. [[Coconut]] trees form a large minority of the tree population in the city.

In 2003, the Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) index used to evaluate environmental components was used to rate Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters. The results are summarized in Table 1.

==See also==
* [[Geography of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Limited, Environmental Impact Analysis, 2003] last accessed 6 February 2006.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716221547/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html Indian Institute of Science, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Study Area: Bangalore] last accessed 6 February 2006.
* [http://thejeshgn.com/iloveblr/ Visualizing Bangalore weather]
* Singh. R.L. 1964. Bangalore - an urban survey. Tara Publications, Varanasi, First Edition.
* Venkatarayappa, K.N. 1957. Bangalore (A Socio-Ecological Study). Bombay University Press, Bombay.

{{Coord|12.97|N|77.56|E|source:enwiki-plaintext-parser|display=title}}

[[Category:Environment of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Bangalore|*]]

Bangalore geography and environment - Revision history

>Vijethnbharadwaj: Added link