ImportMaster: robot: Import article using Special:Import

2022-05-08T15:38:51Z

robot: Import article using Special:Import

New page

{{Short description|Sikh warrior}}{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Banda Singh Bahadur
| image = Banda Bahadur the Sikh Warrior ,.JPG
| caption = Statue of Baba Banda Bahadur at [[Battle of Chappar Chiri|Chappar Chiri]], near Mohali(Punjab)
| birth_name = Lachman Dev
| birth_date = {{birth-date|27 October 1670}}
| birth_place = [[Rajauri]], [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], present-day [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir, India]]<ref name=eos/>
| death_date = {{death-date and age|9 June 1716|27 October 1670}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| allegiance = * [[File:Nishan_Sahib.svg|26px]] [[Misl|Sikh Misl]]
* [[File:Sikh Akali flag.jpg|26px]] [[Khalsa]]
* [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[military|militia]]
| other_name = Madho Das Bairagi, Banda Bairagi
| serviceyears = 1708-1716
| spouse = Susheel Kaur
| children = Ajay Singh
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| teacher = [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
}}
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
[[File:Night view of Fateh Burj, Punjab, India.JPG|thumb|Night view of [[Fateh Burj]], [[Chappar Chiri]], [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar]], [[Punjab, India]].]]
'''Banda Singh Bahadur''' (born '''Lachman Dev''')<ref name="hello">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA117|title=Revenge and Reconciliation|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|year=1999|pages=117–18|isbn=9780140290455}}</ref><ref name=eos>{{cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/BANDA%20SINGH%20BAHADUR%20%281670-1716%29.html|last=Ganda Singh|title=Banda Singh Bahadur|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Patiala|access-date=27 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51460/Banda-Singh-Bahadur|title=Banda Singh Bahadur|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> (27 October 1670 – 9 June 1716), was a Sikh warrior and a commander of [[Khalsa]] army. At age 15, he left home to become an [[Asceticism|ascetic]], and was given the name '''Madho Das Bairagi'''. He established a monastery at [[Nanded|Nānded]], on the bank of the river [[Godavari|Godāvarī]]. In 1707, Guru Gobind Singh accepted an invitation to meet [[Bahadur Shah I]] in southern India. He visited Banda Singh Bahadur in 1708. Banda became disciple of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and was given a new name, Banda Singh Bahadur, after the Baptism Ceremony. He was given five arrows by the Guru as a blessing for the battles ahead. He came to [[Khanda, India|Khanda]] in [[Sonipat]] and assembled a fighting force and led the struggle against the [[Mughal Empire]].

His first major action was the sacking of the Mughal provincial capital, [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]], in November 1709.<ref name=eos/> After establishing his authority and [[Misl|Khalsa rule]] in [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|url=https://archive.org/stream/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty_djvu.txt}}</ref> Banda Singh Bahadur abolished the [[zamindari]] system, and granted property rights to the tillers of the land. Banda Singh was captured by the Mughals and tortured to death in 1715–1716.

==Early life==

[[File:1. Gorilla war strategy Historical landscape recreated.jpg|thumb|Shaheed Baba Banda Singh Bahadur memorial at Chhapar Chiri,near Mohali.]]
Banda Singh Bahadur was born in a [[Hindu]] family to farmer Ram Dev, at [[Rajouri]] (now in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]). Sources variously describe his father as a [[Rajput]] of Bhardwaj gotra<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbans Kaur Sagoo |title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh sovereignty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnPiAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Deep & Deep |page=112 |quote=His father, Ram Dev, was an ordinary ploughman, Rajput of the Bharadwaj clan}}</ref><ref name="JoSS_21_22"/> or a [[Dogra]] Rajput.<ref>{{cite book |author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |title=Muslim Rule in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLo9AAAAMAAJ |year=1965 |publisher=S. Chand |page=231 |quote=Banda Bahadur was a Dogra Rajput}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=H. S. Singha |title=Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fa6B20l9AeQC&pg=PA8 |year=2005 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-258-8 |page=8 |quote=Banda Singh Bahadur was born in 1670 AD at Rajouri in Jammu and Kashmir of Dogra Rajput parents.}}</ref> Hakim Rai's ''Ahwāl-i-Lachhmaṇ Dās urf Bandā Sāhib'' ("Ballad of Banda Bahadur") claims that his family belonged to the [[Sodhi]] sub-caste of the [[Khatri]]s.<ref name=eos/><ref>{{cite book |author=Ganda Singh |author-link=Ganda Singh (historian) |chapter=Banda Singh Bahadur, His Achievements and the Place of His Execution |title=The Panjab Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwhDAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |page=441 |quote="According to Hakim Rai's Ahwal Lachhman Das urf Banda Sahib Chela Guru Singh Sahib, he originally belonged to the Sodhi clan of the Khatris, while another account records him as a Panjabi Khatri (Kapur or Khana) of the Sialkot District."}}</ref> However, this claim appears to have been an attempt to portray him as Guru Gobind's successor, since the preceding [[Sikh Gurus]] were Sodhis.<ref name="JoSS_21_22">{{cite journal |author=Rai Jasbir Singh |title=Historical analysis of the ballad of Banda Bahadur |journal=Journal of Sikh Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3FRAAAAYAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |page=33 |quote=The poet wants to assert that Banda was the religious descendant of Guru Gobind Singh and the 11th guru of the Sikhs. For this purpose, he acclaimed that Banda was a Sodhi Khatri. Actually, Banda was Bhardwaj Rajput. The poet knows that only the Sodhi Khatri could be the guru of the Sikhs. He seems, to be aware of the Sikh tradition that the guruship would remain within the limit of the Sodhi's.}}</ref>

==Early conquests==

[[File:Places related with life of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur.png|thumb|right|Places related with life of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur]]
After meeting with [[Guru Gobind Singh]], he marched towards [[Khanda, India|Khanda]] and fought the Mughals with the help of the Sikh army in [[Battle of Sonipat]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7glAQAAIAAJ&q=battle+of+sonipat+banda+singh|title=The Sikh Review|date=2008|publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIL4xwcCmxkC&q=banda+singh+battle+of+sonipat|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans Kaur|date=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=9788176293006|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6oUAQAAMAAJ&q=banda+singh+khanda+sonipat|title=Census of India, 1991: Haryana|last=Haryana|first=India Director of Census Operations|date=1994|publisher=Govt. of Haryana|language=en}}</ref>

In 1709, he defeated Mughals in the [[Battle of Samana]] and captured the Mughal city of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]] (30 km southwest of [[Patiala]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=79}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dātā|first=Piārā|title=Banda Singh Bahadur|year=2006|publisher=National Book Shop|isbn=9788171160495|page=37}}</ref> Samana minted coins. With this treasury, the Sikhs became financially stable. The Sikhs soon seized [[Mustafabad, Haryana|Mustafabad]] (now Saraswati Nagar)<ref name="eos" /> and [[Sadaura]] (both places in present [[Yamunanagar district]], Northern eastern [[Haryana]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|location=Pennsylvania State University|page=128}}</ref> The Sikhs then captured the [[Cis-Sutlej]] areas of Punjab, including [[Malerkotla]] and [[Nahan]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

On 12 May 1710, in the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]], the Sikhs killed [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]], the Governor of [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] and Dewan Suchanand, who were responsible for the martyrdom of the two youngest sons of Guru Gobind Singh. Two days later, the Sikhs captured [[Sirhind]]. Banda Singh was now in control of territory from the [[Sutlej]] to the [[Yamuna]]. He ordered that the ownership of the land should be given to the farmers and to let them live in dignity and self-respect.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=8}}</ref>

==Military Invasions==
Banda Singh Bahadur developed the village of Mukhlisgarh and made it his capital. He then renamed it to [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh]] (fortress of steel) where he issued his own [[Mint (coin)|mint]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=J.S.|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521637640|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/83 83]|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/83}}</ref> The coin described Lohgarh: "Struck in the City of Peace, illustrating the beauty of civic life, and the ornament of the blessed throne".{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

He briefly established a state in Punjab for half a year. Banda Singh sent Sikhs to the [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Sikhs took over [[Saharanpur]], [[Jalalabad, Muzaffarnagar]] and other nearby areas.
[[File:Vir banda vairagi Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (44).JPG|thumb|Statue of Veer Banda Bairagi in Birla Mandir Delhi.]]

==Revolutionary==
Banda Singh Bahadur is known to have halted the [[Zamindar]]i and [[Taluqdar]]i system in the time he was active and gave the farmers [[Self-ownership|proprietorship]] of their own land.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789380213255|page=81}}</ref> It seems that all classes of government officers were addicted to extortion and corruption and the whole system of regulatory and order was subverted.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=9788176293006|page=158}}</ref>

Local tradition recalls that the people from the neighborhood of [[Sadaura]] came to Banda Singh complaining of the iniquities practices by their landlords. Banda Singh ordered Baj Singh to open fire on them. The people were astonished at the strange reply to their representation and asked him what he meant. He told them that they deserved no better treatment when being thousands in number they still allowed themselves to be cowed down by a handful of Zamindars. He defeated the Sayyids and Shaikhs in the [[Battle of Sadhaura]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=85}}</ref>

===Persecution from the Mughals===
The rule of the Sikhs over the entire [[East Punjab|Punjab]] east of Lahore obstructed the communication between [[Delhi]] and [[Lahore]], the capital of [[Punjab]], and this worried Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]] He gave up his plan to subdue rebels in [[Rajasthan]] and marched towards Punjab.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 6|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170102588|page=14}}</ref>

The entire [[Imperialism|Imperial]] force was organized to defeat and kill Banda Singh Bahadur.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbans|title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D|year=1995|publisher=Punjabi University|isbn=9788173801006|page=27}}</ref> All the generals were directed to join the Emperor's army. To ensure that there were no Sikh agents in the army camps, an order was issued on 29 August 1710 to all Hindus to shave off their beards.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bakshi|first=S. R.|title=Early Aryans to Swaraj|year=2005|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176255370|page=25}}</ref>

Banda Singh was in Uttar Pradesh when the Moghal army under the orders of Munim Khan<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=S.R.|title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material, Volume 2|year=1999|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9788171568185|page=627}}</ref> marched to Sirhind and before the return of Banda Singh, they had already taken Sirhind and the areas around it. The Sikhs therefore moved to Lohgarh for their final battle. The Sikhs defeated the army but reinforcements were called and they laid siege on the fort with 60,000 troops.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaques|first=Tony|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313335389|page=595}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari|title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708-1769 (3rd rev. ed.)|year=1978|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|location=the University of Virginia|page=19}}</ref> Gulab Singh dressed himself in the garments of Banda Singh and seated himself in his place.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ralhan|first=O. P.|title=The Great Gurus of the Sikhs: Banda Singh Bahadur, Asht Ratnas etc|year=1997|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd.|isbn=9788174884794|page=17}}</ref>

Banda Singh left the fort at night and went to a secret place in the hills and [[Chamba district|Chamba]] forests. The failure of the army to kill or catch Banda Singh shocked Emperor, Bahadur Shah and on 10 December 1710 he ordered that wherever a Sikh was found, he should be murdered.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Johar|first=Surinder|title=The Sikh Sword to Power|year=2002|publisher=Arsee Publishers|location=The University of Michigan|page=27}}</ref>

Banda Singh Bahadur wrote [[Hukamnama]]s to the Sikhs to reorganize and join him at once.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=91}}</ref> In 1712, the Sikhs gathered near [[Kiratpur Sahib]] and defeated Raja Ajmer Chand,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Sukhbir|title=The Ideal Man: The Concept of Guru Gobind Singh, the Tenth Prophet of the Sikhs|year=1988|publisher=Khalsa College London Press|location=The University of Virginia|page=177}}</ref> who was responsible for organizing all the Hill Rajas against Guru Gobind Singh and instigating battles with him. After Bhim Chand's dead the other Hill Rajas accepted their subordinate status and paid revenues to Banda Singh.
While Bahadur Shah's four sons were killing themselves for the throne of the Mughal Emperor,<ref>{{cite book|title=General Knowledge Digest 2010|year=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9780070699397|page=2.134}}</ref> Banda Singh Bahadur recaptured Sadhaura and Lohgarh. [[Farrukh Siyar]], the next Mughal Emperor, appointed Abdus Samad Khan as the governor of Lahore and Zakaria Khan, Abdus Samad Khan's son, the [[Faujdar]] of Jammu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=93}}</ref>

In 1713 the Sikhs left Lohgarh and Sadhaura and went to the remote hills of Jammu and where they built Dera Baba Banda Singh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Patwant|title=The Sikhs|year=2007|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc|isbn=9780307429339}}</ref> During this time Sikhs were being persecuted especially by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s in the [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=Kallidaikurichi|title=A Comprehensive History of India: 1712–1772|year=1978|publisher=Orient Longmans|location=the University of Michigan|page=243}}</ref>
Banda Singh came out and captured [[Kalanaur, Punjab|Kalanaur]] and [[Batala]](both places in modern [[Gurdaspur district]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gill|first=Pritam|title=History of Sikh nation: foundation, assassination, resurrection|year=1978|publisher=New Academic Pub. Co.|location=The University of Michigan|page=279}}</ref> which rebuked Farrukh Siyar to issue Mughal and Hindu officials and chiefs to proceed with their troops to Lahore to reinforce his army.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=94}}</ref>

==Siege in Gurdas Nangal==
{{See also|Battle of Gurdas Nangal}}
In March 1715, the army under the rule of [[Abd al-Samad Khan]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789380213255|page=82}}</ref> the Mughal governor of Lahore, drove Banda Bahadur and the Sikh forces into the village of Gurdas Nangal,6 km to the west of city [[Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and laid siege to the village.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth|title=The History of India|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=9781615302017|page=200}}</ref> The Sikhs defended the small fort for eight months under conditions of great hardship,<ref>{{cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5|year=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780852297605|page=157}}</ref> but on 7 December 1715 the Mughals broke into the starving garrison and captured Banda Singh and his companions.<ref name="eos" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.singhsabhacanada.com/?p=415|title=Banda Singh Bahadar – Bandai or Tatt Khalsa?|date=2 February 2011|newspaper=Singh Sabha Canada|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref>

== Excommunication and rivalry with Tat Khalsa ==
In 1714, a resolute effort was envisaged by Farrukh Siyar to suppress Banda's rebellion, who was evading capture despite significant Mughal endeavors and investment of resources. At first, Mata Sundari (Guru Gobind's widow) was asked to persuade Banda to stop his lawlessness and expedition against the Mughals in exchange for jagirs and recruitment for Sikh soldiers into the imperial army. Banda declined on account of his lack of trust in the government. The Emperor had then imprisoned both of Gobind's widows, prompting Sundari to write to Banda again to get him to submit. Banda had again declined, leading the Emperor to tighten the restrictions on the widows, culminating in the excommunication of Banda Singh Bahadur by Mata Sundari for refusing to submit to the Emperor as per her demands. She further accused him of reigning over the Sikhs as their "Guru". This lead to two separate factions of the contemporary Sikh community, the Tat Khalsa who was allied to Mata Sundari and the Bandais who were allied to Banda Singh Bahadur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ballantyne |first=Tony |title=Textures of the Sikh Past: New Historical Perspectives |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780195686630 |pages=80-84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-sikhs-v2/history-of-sikhs-v2.pdf |title=History of the Sikhs. Vol. II: Evolution of the Sikh Confederacies (1708–1769) |publisher=Munshiram Motilal Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-8121502481 |edition=3rd |pages=24-26 |author-link=Hari Ram Gupta |orig-date=1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W.H. |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofkhalsahis0000mcle/page/80/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Sikhs of the Khalsa: A History of the Khalsa Rahit |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |pages=80}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Muzaffar |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12757/page/n195/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and the Punjab 1707-1748 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1986 |pages=175}}</ref> Disputes between the Tat Khalsa and the Bandais primarily included topics including Banda's abandonment of the traditional blue robes in favor of red ones, Banda's insistence on vegetarianism, and Banda's replacement of the prescribed Sikh slogan with "Fateh Darshan" as well as concerns over excesses committed by Banda's troops during their campaign of retribution against the Mughals. Banda's excommunication impeded his ability to counter the Mughals and contributed to his eventual capture and execution.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Louis E. Fenech |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |author2=W.H. McLeod |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2014 |isbn=9781442236011 |pages=59, 296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhismguideforp0000mand/page/70/mode/2up?view=theater|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=6 June 2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4411-5366-1 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Cherished_Five_in_Sikh_History/mvYTEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA91&printsec=frontcover |title=The Cherished Five in Sikh History |date=14 January 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-753285-0 |pages=91 |language=en |quote=He nevertheless soon fell out of their favour, even drawing the ire of the Tenth Guru's widow Mata Sundari and actually managing to divide the Khalsa in its loyalties, between those who remained attached to the memory of the Tenth Guru (the Akalpurakhia) and those committed to Banda (Bandai), whom Mughal sources often refer to as the 'accursed guru' or confuse with Guru Gobind Singh.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jagdish Narayan |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12614/page/n331/mode/2up |title=A Study of Eighteenth Century India |publisher=Saraswat Library |year=1976 |pages=311 |quote=According to Sikh tradition, one of Guru Gobind's wives, Mata Sundari, wrote to Banda to stop his 'career of carnage and spoliation' as he had 'accomplished the mission imposed on him by the Guru'.}}</ref> Modern Sikh tradition speaks of at least two different Khalsas; the Tat Khalsa following the polity and dictates of Guru Gobind Singh precisely and the Bandais; those who adopted and augmented the principles of Banda Singh Bahadur. The Bandais were reprimanded by Mata Sundari in a [[Hukamnama|hukam-nama.]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Sikh_Studies/8I0NAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA242&printsec=frontcover |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=242 |language=en}}</ref>

==Execution==
[[File:Mehdiana 5.jpg|thumb|Shaheed Baba Banda Singh Bahadur is being executed at [[Delhi]],sculpture at
[[Mehdiana Sahib]],near [[Jagraon]] in [[Ludhiana district]], [[India]]]] Banda Singh Bahadur was put into an iron cage and the remaining Sikhs were chained.<ref>{{cite book|last=Duggal|first=Kartar|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms|year=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170174103|page=41}}</ref> The Sikhs were brought to Delhi in a procession with the 780 Sikh prisoners, 2,000 Sikh heads hung on spears, and 700 cartloads of heads of slaughtered Sikhs used to terrorise the population.<ref>{{cite book|last=Johar|first=Surinder|title=Guru Gobind Singh|year=1987|publisher=Enkay Publishers|location=The University of Michigan|isbn=9788185148045|page=208}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=Kallidaikurichi|title=A Comprehensive History of India: 1712–1772|year=1978|publisher=Orient Longmans|location=The University of Michigan|page=245}}</ref> They were put in the [[Red Fort|Delhi fort]] and pressured to give up their faith and become Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=12}}</ref>

The prisoners remained unmoved. On their firm refusal these non-converters were ordered to be executed. Every day 100 Sikh soldiers were brought out of the fort and murdered in public.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=9789380213255|page=89}}</ref> This continued for approximately seven days. <ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=97}}</ref> He was told to kill his four-year-old son, Ajai Singh, which he refused to do.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social Studies history and civics, class 10|publisher=PSEB|pages=72}}</ref> So, Ajai Singh was murdered, his heart was cut out, and thrust into Banda Bahdur's mouth. However, his resolution did not break under torture, and so he was martyred. After three months of confinement,<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Ganda|title=Life of Banda Singh Bahadur: Based on Contemporary and Original Records|year=1935|publisher=Sikh History Research Department|page=229}}</ref> on 9 June 1716, Banda Singh's eyes were [[Eye-gouging|gouged]] out, his limbs were severed, his skin removed, and then he was killed. <ref name=eos/><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Kulwant|title=Sri Gur Panth Prakash: Episodes 1 to 81|year=2006|publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies|isbn=9788185815282|page=415}}</ref>

== Battles fought by Banda Singh ==
[[File:Banda Bahadur Memorial.jpg|thumb|Banda Bairagi Memorial in [[Khanda, Sonipat|Khanda]], near Sonipat, Haryana]]
# [[Battle of Sonepat|Battle of Sonipat]]
# [[Battle of Samana]]
# [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]]<ref>{{cite book |title= Later Mughals |author= William Irvine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&q=firuz+mewati&pg=PA96 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distri |date= 1904 }}</ref>
# [[Battle of Sadhaura]]
# [[Battle of Lohgarh]]
# [[Battle of Jammu]]
# [[Battle of Rahon, (1710)]]
# [[Battle of Jalalabad (1710)]]
# [[Battle of Gurdas Nangal]] or [[Siege of Gurdaspur]]
# [[Battle of Sirhind]]

==Baba Banda Singh Bahadur War Memorial==
A war memorial was built where [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]] was fought, to glorify heroic Sikh soldiers. The 328 feet tall [[Fateh Burj]] was dedicated to Banda Singh Bahadur who led the army and defeated the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces. The [[Fateh Burj]] is taller than [[Qutab Minar]] and is an octagonal structure. There is a dome at the top of the tower with Khanda made of stainless steel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajitgarhonline.in/city-guide/baba-banda-singh-bahadur-war-memorial |title=Baba Banda Singh Bahadur War Memorial, Fateh Burj in Ajitgarh |website=Ajitgarhonline.in |date=30 November 2011 |access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the 300th Shaheedi Samagam of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Indian Punjab Chief Minister [[Parkash Singh Badal]] at the commemorative event to mark the 300th anniversary of the martyrdom of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur.|300x300px]]
*''Sarbans Dani Guru Gobind Singh'', a 1998 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language drama film directed by Ram Maheshwari. The film follows the Guru and Banda Singh Bahadur's struggle against the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA478|date=March 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=478}}</ref>
*''Rise of Khalsa'', a 2006 Indian animated historical drama film by Vismaad Mediatech.
*''[[Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur]]'', a 2016 Indian computer-animated film by Harry Baweja. A sequel to ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]'', it follows Banda Singh Bahadur's fight against the Mughals under the guidance of Guru Gobind Singh.
*''[[Guru Da Banda]]'', a 2018 Indian animated historical drama film by Jassi Chana.

==See also==

{{Wikiquote}}
*[[Sharan Kaur Pabla]]
*[[Nanua Bairagi]]
*[[Hari Singh Nalwa]]
*[[Sawan Mal]]
*[[Rattan Singh Bhangu]]
*[[Bhai Mani Singh]]
*[[Baba Darbara Singh]]
*[[Baba Binod Singh]]<ref>{{cite book |title= Later Mughals |author= William Irvine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&q=firuz+mewati&pg=PA96 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distri |date= 1904 }}</ref>
*[[Baj Singh]]
*[[Fateh Burj]]
*[[Rahon]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Sikhism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahadur, Banda Singh}}
[[Category:1716 deaths]]
[[Category:1670 births]]
[[Category: People from Nanded district]]
[[Category:Dogra people]]
[[Category:Sikh martyrs]]
[[Category:Sikh warriors]]
[[Category: History of Punjab]]
[[Category: People executed for refusing to convert to Islam]]
[[Category:Converts to Sikhism from Hinduism]]
[[Category: Executed Indian people]]
[[Category: People executed by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century executions]]
[[Category: Indian warriors]]

Banda Singh Bahadur - Revision history

Bot: Removing protection template from an unprotected page

Bot: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

ImportMaster: robot: Import article using Special:Import

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:09, 2 July 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Sikh warrior}}		{{Short description\|Sikh warrior}}
	~~{{pp-vandalism\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use British English\|date=March 2013}}		{{Use British English\|date=March 2013}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2022}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2022}}