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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Sea battle}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
|conflict=Bali Strait Incident<br />
|partof=the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]<br />
|image=<br />
|caption=<br />
|date=28 January 1797<br />
|place=[[Bali Strait]], [[Dutch East Indies]]<br />
|result=East India Company victory<br />
|combatant1={{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|size=30x20px|link=East India Company}} [[East India Company]]<br />
|combatant2={{flagcountry|First French Republic}}<br />
|commander1=Captain James Farquharson {{Cref2|Note A}}<br />
|commander2=[[Contre-amiral]] [[Pierre César Charles de Sercey]]<br />
|strength1=Six East Indiamen<br />
|strength2=Six frigates<br />
|casualties1=None<br />
|casualties2=None<br />
|campaignbox={{East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Bali Strait Incident''' was an encounter between a squadron of six [[French Navy]] [[frigates]] and six British [[East India Company]] (EIC) [[East Indiamen]] in the [[Bali Strait]] on 28 January 1797. The incident took place amidst the [[East Indies]] campaign of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] {{mdash}} repeated French attempts to disrupt the highly valuable British trade routes with [[British India]] and [[Qing Dynasty]] [[China]].<br />
<br />
In 1796, a large squadron of French frigates arrived in the [[Indian Ocean]] under the command of [[Contre-amiral]] [[Pierre César Charles de Sercey]]. In July this force sailed on a [[commerce raiding]] cruise off [[British Ceylon]], but a subsequent attack into the [[Straits of Malacca]] was driven off in [[Action of 9 September 1796|an inconclusive engagement]] with two British [[ships of the line]] off Northeastern [[Sumatra]]. Forced to make repairs, Sercey took his squadron to the allied [[Batavian Republic|Batavian]] city of [[Batavia (Dutch East Indies)|Batavia]], sheltering there until January 1797.<br />
<br />
As Sercey left Batavia he turned eastward along the northern coast of [[Java]] to avoid the British commander in the region, Admiral [[Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)|Peter Rainier]], who was escorting four ships through the Straits of Malacca to the west. However six East Indiamen were sailing to transit the Bali Strait on their way to China. On 28 January, at the entrance to the Strait, Sercey's squadron and the East Indiamen met. The EIC Commodore, James Farquharson, captain of {{ship||Alfred|1790 EIC ship|2}}, knew that if he fled the French would rapidly overwhelm his ships so he decided to try a bluff. He would attempt to lead Sercey into believing that the convoy was formed not from lightly armed East Indiamen, but from the powerful ships of the line that the Indiamen resembled. Farquharson ordered his ships to advance in line of battle.<br />
<br />
Sercey, under orders not to risk his squadron, and fearing that he was facing a superior force, retreated, declining to risk a battle. Sercey did momentarily reconsider when the British ships equally declined to attack the temporarily disabled frigate [[French frigate Forte (1794)|''Forte'']], but eventually withdrew completely. He retired to his base at [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Île de France]] (now [[Mauritius]]), where he learned of his error. The East Indiamen reached [[Whampoa Anchorage]] having lost only one ship, which wrecked in the [[Flores Sea]] in a storm the day after the encounter.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Trade through the [[East Indies]] was a vital component of the economy of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] during the late eighteenth century. The [[East India Company]], which maintained trading ports throughout the region, most notably in [[British India]] at [[Bombay]], [[Madras]], and [[Calcutta]], had a legal monopoly on the trade between the region and Britain. The bulk of this trade was carried on large merchant ships known as [[East Indiamen]],<ref name= "RG101">{{harvnb|Gardiner|2001b|p=101}}</ref> which had burthens between 500 and 1200 tons ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]]), and carried up to 36 [[cannon]]. Due to their size and weaponry they could be mistaken for [[ships of the line]], standard large warships of the period, a deception usually augmented by paintwork and [[Quaker Gun|dummy cannon]].<ref name="SM190">{{harvnb|Maffeo|2000|p=190}}</ref> Despite their appearance however they could not fight off an enemy [[frigate]] or ship of the line as their guns were lighter in weight and weight of shot than those of similarly sized warships, and their crew smaller and less well trained than those on a naval ship,<ref name="WLCV:337">{{harvnb|Clowes|1997b|loc=Vol. V, p. 337}}</ref> and largely composed of [[lascars]].<br />
<br />
An important component of the East India trade was an annual convoy from [[Guangzhou|Canton]], [[Qing Dynasty]] [[China]]. Each year, a large [[convoy]] of East Indiamen would gather at Canton, in order to sail in convoy through the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Atlantic]] to Britain. The value of the trade carried in this convoy, nicknamed the "China Fleet", was enormous: one convoy in 1804 was reported to be carrying goods worth over £8 million in contemporary values (the equivalent of £{{Formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|8000000|1804|r=-8}}|0}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK}}<ref name= "RG32">{{harvnb|Gardiner|2001b|p=32}}</ref><br />
<br />
By 1797, Britain and the new [[First French Republic|French Republic]] had been engaged in the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] for nearly four years. Although there had been significant fighting in Europe, the East Indies had remained largely under British control. French forces in the region were limited, and apart from a few raiding cruises the French squadron in the region had been under intermittent [[blockade]] at [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Île de France]].<ref name="CNP84">{{harvnb|Parkinson|1954|p=84}}</ref> The [[Royal Navy]], commanded in Eastern waters by Rear-Admiral [[Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)|Peter Rainier]] had focused on commerce protection and the elimination of the colonies of the French-allied [[Batavian Republic]], capturing [[Dutch Ceylon]], the [[Dutch Cape Colony]] and parts of the [[Dutch East Indies]] in 1795 and 1796.<ref name= "RG73">{{harvnb|Gardiner|2001a|p=73}}</ref> Rainier had been engaged in pacifying local uprisings around [[Malacca]] during the latter part of the campaign, and there had been few forces left in reserve to protect British interests in the Indian Ocean.<ref name="CNP101">{{harvnb|Parkinson|1954|p=101}}</ref><br />
<br />
In response to British activity in the region and the reluctance of the inhabitants of Île de France to follow orders from the [[National Convention]] abolishing [[slavery]], the French dispatched a squadron of frigates to the East Indies early in 1796.<ref name="WJ1:347">{{harvnb|James|2002a|loc=Vol. 1, p. 347}}</ref> This force, led by [[Contre-amiral]] [[Pierre César Charles de Sercey]], originally comprised three frigates, subsequently joined by three more vessels, forming a powerful raiding squadron. After resupplying on Île de France in July, Sercey's frigates cruised off the Ceylon coast, dissuaded from attacking the undefended ports of British India by false information fed to his scouts that a British battle squadron was at anchor in Calcutta.<ref name="CNP101">{{harvnb|Parkinson|1954|p=101}}</ref> Turning eastwards, Sercey hoped to raid [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] at [[Penang]], but was driven off in [[Action of 9 September 1796|an inconclusive engagement]] with a British squadron off [[Sumatra]] on 9 September. He spent the winter sheltering in [[Batavia (Dutch East Indies)|Batavia]] on [[Java]].<ref name="CNP104">{{harvnb|Parkinson|1954|p=104}}</ref><br />
<br />
==The encounter==<br />
Sercey's presence in the East Indies was known to the East India Company committee at Canton, who requested assistance from Rainier. In response, the British admiral sailed to [[Macau]] in his flagship, the 74-gun ship of the line {{HMS|Suffolk|1765|6}}, with the [[sloop]] {{HMS|Swift|1793|6}}, and on 30 December met with four East Indiamen and two smaller "country ships" used for regional trade. Rainier elected to sail immediately, without waiting for the remainder of the convoy to assemble, escorting his small convoy through the [[Straits of Malacca]] during January reaching first Penang and then Madras by 13 February.<ref name="CNP106">{{harvnb|Parkinson|1954|p=106}}.</ref> Malacca was thought to be the most likely point for an ambush by the French squadron, and orders were issued by the committee for the remainder of the convoy, commanded by Captain Lestock Wilson ({{ship||Exeter|1792 EIC ship|2}}), to sail through either the [[Sape Strait]], the [[Alas Strait]], or the [[Bali Strait]], which were thought to be safer than Malacca.<ref name="CNP105">{{harvnb|Parkinson|1954|p=105}}</ref> Homeward bound, ''Exeter'' crossed the [[Pearl River (China)|Second Bar]] on 1 January 1797, and was at Penang by 27 January.<ref>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114974 British Library: ''Exeter'' (3).]</ref><br />
<br />
Rainier did not meet Sercey, who had learned of the British plans and altered his own accordingly. Sailing from Batavia on 4 January, Sercey cruised the [[Java Sea]] in search of the China convoy, wary that Rainier might be searching for him in turn.<ref name="CNP106"/> On 28 January, as Sercey's ships passed southward through the [[Bali Strait]] in bad weather, sails were sighted.<ref name="WJ2:79">{{harvnb|James|2002b|loc=Vol. 2, p. 79}}</ref> Sercey immediately ordered the frigate [[French frigate Cybèle (1790)|''Cybèle'']] under Captain [[Pierre Julien Tréhouart]] to reconnoitre the approaching ships.<br />
<br />
The sails belonged to a convoy of Indiamen which had gathered in [[Colombo]] on [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] before sailing together to China. By choosing to come up through the Bali Strait rather than through the Straits of Malacca, Farquharson had inadvertently led his fleet directly into the path of a French squadron whose six frigates were easily more powerful than his six East Indiamen.<ref name="RW113">{{harvnb|Woodman|2001|p=114}}</ref> Farquharson was aware that he could not win a naval engagement with six frigates and so resolved instead to bluff the French into thinking his merchant convoy was a squadron of ships of the line. When he saw ''Cybèle'' approaching, Farquharson brought two ships forward to meet the frigate, gambling that in the low light Tréhouart might mistake the East Indiamen for warships.<ref name="WJ2:79"/> Farquharson compounded his ruse by raising Rainier's [[Blue ensign]] on ''Alfred'' and instructing the rest of the convoy to raise ensigns of their own.<ref name="RW114">{{harvnb|Woodman|2001|p=114}}</ref>{{Cref2|Note B}}<br />
<br />
The deception was so convincing that Tréhouart turned away well short of the British convoy, [[flag signal|signalling]] to Sercey that ''"L'ennemi est supérieur aux forces Français"'' ("The enemy is superior in force to the French").<ref name="WJ2:79"/> Sercey turned his squadron away, ''Cybèle'' passing close by the flagship [[French frigate Forte (1794)|''Forte'']], Tréhouart hailing that the British ships comprised a battle squadron of two ships of the line and four frigates. ''Forte'' had lost its main topmast in the early stages of the retreat, and Sercey had noted that the British ships were not pursuing with the fervour expected of a superior force encountering a weaker one, but Tréhouart's declaration convinced him he was outnumbered and he ordered his squadron to withdraw.<ref name="WJ2:79"/><br />
<br />
===Orders of battle===<br />
{| class="wikitable" width=100%<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
!colspan="11" bgcolor="white"|East India Company fleet [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|22px|link=East India Company|alt=]]<br />
|- valign="top"|- valign="top"<br />
!width=15%; align= center | Ship<br />
!width=5%; align= center | Guns<br />
!width=25%; align= center | Commander<br />
|width=15%; align= center | Arrived Colombo<br />
|width=15%; align= center | Arrived Whampoa<br />
!width=25%; align= center | Notes<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left | {{ship||Alfred|1790 EIC ship|2}}<ref name=Alfred>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114519 British Library: ''Alfred'' (2).]</ref><br />
|align= center |26<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |title=Letter of Marque, p.49 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|align= center | Captain James Farquharson<br />
|align=center | 28 November 1796<br />
|align=center | 8 April 1797<br />
|align= left | Commodore of the fleet<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left | {{ship||Boddam|1787 EIC ship|2}}'<ref name=Boddam>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114637 British Library: ''Boddam''.]</ref><br />
|align= center |32<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |title=Letter of Marque, p.53 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|align= center | Captain George Palmer<br />
|align= center| 30 November 1796<br />
|align= center| 8 April 1797<br />
|align= left |<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left | ''Canton''<ref name=Canton>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114706 British Library: ''Canton''.]</ref><br />
|align= center |26<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |title=Letter of Marque, p.56 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|align= center | Captain Abel Vyvyan<br />
|align= center | 29 November 1796 <br />
|align= center| 9 April 1797<br />
| align= left |<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left | {{ship||Ocean|1788 EIC ship|2}}<ref name=Ocean>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115487 British Library: ''Ocean'' (1).]</ref><br />
|align= center |26<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.htm |title="Register of Letters of Marque against France 1793-1815"; p.80 |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709083440/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.htm |archive-date=9 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|align= center | Captain Andrew Patton<br />
|align= center | 7 December 1796<br />
|aligne = center|<br />
|align= left | Wrecked on 1 February<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left |{{ship||Taunton Castle|1790 EIC ship|2}}<ref name=Taunton>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115821 'British Library: ''Taunton Castle''.]</ref><br />
|align= center |36<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |title=Letter of Marque, p.89 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|align= center | Captain Edward Studd<br />
|align= center| 9 December 1796<br />
|align=center| 8 April 1797<br />
|align= left |<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left |{{ship||Woodford|1790 EIC ship|2}}<ref name=Woodford>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115950 British Library: ''Woodford'' (1).]</ref><br />
|align= center |36<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |title=Letter of Marque, p.93 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|align= center | Captain Charles Lennox<br />
|align= center| 9 December 1796<br />
|align= center| 6 April 1797<br />
|align= left |<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|colspan="9" align="left"|Sources: {{Harvnb|Biden|1830|p=210}}, {{Harvnb|James|2002b|loc=Vol. 2, p.79}}, voyage records of the vessels, and [[letter of marque|letters of marque]] issued to the vessels.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" width=100%<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
!colspan="11" bgcolor="white"|Admiral Sercey's squadron {{flagicon|France}}<br />
|- valign="top"|- valign="top"<br />
!width=15%; align= center | Ship<br />
!width=10%; align= center | Guns<br />
!width=25%; align= center | Commander<br />
!width=30%; align= center | Notes<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left | [[French frigate Forte (1794)|''Forte'']]<br />
|align= center | 44<br />
|align= left | [[Contre-amiral]] [[Pierre César Charles de Sercey]]<br />Captain [[Hubert Le Loup de Beaulieu]]<br />
|align= left | Flagship; lost maintopmast during retreat<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left | [[French frigate Cybèle (1790)|''Cybèle'']]<br />
|align= center | 40<br />
|align= left | Captain [[Pierre Julien Tréhouart]]<br />
|align= left | Scouting frigate – made erroneous identification<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left | [[French frigate Régénérée (1794)|''Régénérée'']]<br />
|align= center | 40<br />
|align= left | Captain [[Jean-Baptiste Philibert Willaumez]]<br />
|align= left |<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left | [[French frigate Vertu (1794)|''Vertu'']]<br />
|align= center | 40<br />
|align= left | Captain [[Jean-Matthieu-Adrien Lhermitte]]<br />
|align= left |<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left | [[HMS Seine (1798)|''Seine'']]<br />
|align= center | 38<br />
|align= left | Lieutenant [[Julien-Gabriel Bigot]]<br />
|align= left |<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|align= left | [[French frigate Prudente (1790)|''Prudente'']]<br />
|align= center | 32<br />
|align= left | Captain [[Charles René Magon de Médine]]<br />
|align= left |<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|colspan="9" align="left"|Source: {{Harvnb|James|2002b|loc=Vol. 2, p.79}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
Clearing the strait, Farquharson turned the convoy into the [[Java Sea]], where a storm drove ''Ocean'' onto a reef at Pulau Kalaotoa in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] the day after the incident, wrecking the ship. Three men drowned during the evacuation, and the local [[Makassar people|Makassar]] inhabitants killed another seven in an attack on 15 February. The survivors departed on hired [[proas]] three days later, reaching [[Ambon, Maluku|Amboyna]] safely on 28 February.<ref name="TG48">{{harvnb|Grocott|2002|p=48}}</ref> The five surviving East Indiamen arrived at [[Whampoa Anchorage]] between 6 and 9 April, there taking on valuable cargo.<br />
<br />
On the homeward voyage from China, a storm damaged ''Taunton Castle'' and forced the ship to stop at Amboyna on 16 September 1797. There she embarked the survivors from ''Ocean''; ''Taunton Castle'' reached [[Great Yarmouth|Yarmouth]] on 7 February 1798,<ref name=Taunton/> in a disabled state.<ref name="CB143">{{harvnb|Biden|1830|p=143}}</ref> The EIC thanked Farquharson and awarded him 500 [[Guinea (coin)|guineas]].<ref name="CB210">{{harvnb|Biden|1830|p=210}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sercey retired with his frigates to Île de France, where he learned to his horror of the opportunity he had missed in the Bali Strait.<ref name="CNP106"/> His squadron required extensive repairs, but the Colonial Committee on Île de France remained rebellious over attempts to abolish slavery and denied his ships men and food supplies. Eventually Sercey was forced to disband his squadron, sending four frigates back to France.<ref name="CNP121">{{harvnb|Parkinson|1954|p=121}}</ref> Seven years after the Bali Strait Incident, in 1804, early in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], another strong French naval squadron encountered a much larger China Fleet at the [[Battle of Pulo Aura]]. As in 1797, [[Nathaniel Dance]], the EIC Commodore, managed to bluff the French admiral into believing there were warships among his convoy and the French retired after a brief exchange of gunfire.<ref name="WJ2:250">{{harvnb|James|2002c|loc=Vol. 3, p. 250}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=upper-alpha}}<br />
{{Cnote2|Note A|Most British histories, such as [[Edward Pelham Brenton|Brenton]],<ref name="EPB3:329">{{harvnb|Brenton|1837|at=Vol. 329, p. 329}}</ref> and [[William Laird Clowes|Clowes]],<ref name="WLCIV:506">{{harvnb|Clowes|1997a|loc=Vol. IV, p. 506}}</ref> follow [[William James (naval historian)|James]],<ref name="WJ2:79"/> in incorrectly naming Captain Charles Lennox of {{ship||Woodford|1790 EIC ship|2}} as the commander of this fleet. However Biden states that Lennox was confined below decks due to ill-health, and reports that Captain James Farquharson was the actual Commodore.<ref name="CB143"/>}}<br />
{{Cnote2|Note B|Some British histories, such as [[C. Northcote Parkinson|Parkinson]], who refers to the "homeward-bound China fleet",<ref name="CNP121"/> state that the EIC convoy was sailing ''from'' rather than ''to'' China. The accounts sourced in this article however demonstrate that this was an error, which appears to have been first published in 1827 by [[William James (naval historian)|James]], calling the convoy "homeward bound".<ref name="WJ2:79"/>}}<br />
{{Cnote2 End}}<br />
<br />
==Citations==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book | last = Biden | first =Christopher | year = 1830 | title = Naval Discipline: Subordination Contrasted with Insubordination | url = https://archive.org/details/navaldiscipline01bidegoog | page = [https://archive.org/details/navaldiscipline01bidegoog/page/n131 117] | publisher = J.M. Richardson| location = London }}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Brenton | first = Edward Pelham | author-link = Edward Pelham Brenton | year = 1837 | title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Vol. III | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-2cUAAAAQAAJ&q=edward+pelham+brenton | publisher = C. Rice | location = London}}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Clowes | first = William Laird | author-link = William Laird Clowes | year = 1997a | orig-year= 1900 | title = The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume IV | publisher = Chatham Publishing | location = London | isbn = 1-86176-013-2 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Clowes | first = William Laird | author-link = William Laird Clowes | year = 1997b | orig-year = 1900 | title = The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V | publisher = Chatham Publishing | isbn = 1-86176-014-0 }}<br />
* {{cite book | editor-last = Gardiner |editor-first=Robert | year = 2001a | orig-year= 1996 | title = Fleet Battle and Blockade | publisher = Caxton Editions | location = London | isbn = 1-84067-363-X}}<br />
* {{cite book | editor-last = Gardiner |editor-first=Robert | year = 2001b | orig-year = 1998 | title = The Victory of Seapower | publisher = Caxton Editions | isbn = 1-84067-359-1 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Grocott | first = Terence | year = 2002 | orig-year= 1997 | title = Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Era | publisher = Caxton Editions | isbn = 1-84067-164-5 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last = James | first = William | author-link = William James (naval historian) | year = 2002a | orig-year= 1827 | title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793–1796 | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | location = London | isbn = 0-85177-905-0 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last = James | first = William | author-link = William James (naval historian) | year = 2002b | orig-year= 1827 | title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 2, 1797–1799 | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | location = London | isbn = 0-85177-906-9 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last = James | first = William | author-link = William James (naval historian) | year = 2002c | orig-year= 1827 | title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 3, 1793–1820 | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | location = London }}<br />
<br />
<br />
* {{cite book | last = Maffeo | first =Steven E. | year = 2000 | title = Most Secret and Confidential: Intelligence in the Age of Nelson | publisher = Chatham Publishing | location = London | isbn = 1-86176-152-X }}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Parkinson | first = C. Northcote | author-link = C. Northcote Parkinson | year = 1954 | title = War in the Eastern Seas, 1793–1815 | url = https://archive.org/details/warineasternseas0000park | url-access = registration | publisher = George Allen & Unwin | location = London }}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Woodman | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Woodman | year = 2001 | title = The Sea Warriors | publisher = Constable Publishers | isbn = 1-84119-183-3 }}<br />
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{{coord missing|Indonesia}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1797]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving France]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving the British East India Company]]<br />
[[Category:History of Bali]]<br />
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]</div>Bot