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{{Short description|Princely state of the British Raj}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|subdivision = Semi-autonomous domain
|native_name = {{lang|skr|{{nq|بہاولپور دی ریاست}}}}
|nation = [[Mughal Empire]], [[Durrani Empire]] and the [[British Indian Empire]]
|conventional_long_name = State of Bahawalpur
|common_name = Bahawalpur
|status_text = [[Princely state]] in [[subsidiary alliance]] with [[British India]] 1833–1947<br/>[[Princely states of Pakistan|Princely state of Pakistan]] 1947–55
|era = [[Early Modern Period]]
|government_type = Principality (1748–1955)
|event_start =
|date_start =
|year_start = 1748
|event_end = Merged into [[West Pakistan]]
|date_end = 14 October
|year_end = 1955
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event_post =
|date_post =
|p1 = Mughal Empire
|flag_p1 =
|s1 = West Pakistan
|flag_s1 = Flag_of_Pakistan.svg
|image_flag = Flag of State of Bahawalpur.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of State of Bahawalpur.svg
|image_map = NWIndia 1857 imperial gazeteer.jpg
|image_map_caption = Bahawalpur State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|motto = ''"Dost Sadiq"'' <br/> (Faithful Friend )
|capital = [[Bahawalpur]]
|leader1 = His Highness Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan Abbasi (first)
|leader2 = [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V|His Highness General Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V]] (last)
|year_leader1 =
|year_leader2 = 1907 to 1966
|title_leader = [[Nawab|Nawab Amir of Bahawalpur]]
|title_deputy = [[Prime Minister|Prime Minister of Bahawalpur]]
|deputy1 = Sir Richard Marsh Crofton
|year_deputy1 = 1942–1947
|deputy2 = Sir [[John Dring]]
|year_deputy2 = 1948–1952
|deputy3 = A.R. Khan
|year_deputy3 = 1952 – 14 October 1955
|today = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistan]]
}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| common_name = Bahawalpur
| conventional_long_name = Bahawalpur
| native_name =
| subdivision = [[Former administrative units of Pakistan|Subdivision]]
| nation = Pakistan
| image_flag = Flag_of_Bahawalpur.svg
| image_map = Bahawalpur Karte.png
| image_map_caption = Map of Pakistan with Bahawalpur highlighted
| capital = [[Bahawalpur]]
| stat_year1 =
| stat_area1 = 45911
| year_start = 1748
| year_end = 14 October 1955
| footnotes =
}}{{Former administrative units of Pakistan}}
'''Bahawalpur''' ([[Urdu]], {{lang-pa|{{nq|بہاولپُور}}}}) was a [[princely state]] in subsidiary alliance with [[British Raj]], and later [[Dominion of Pakistan]], that was a part of the [[Punjab States Agency]]. The state covered an area of {{cvt|45,911|km2}} and had a population of 1,341,209 in 1941. The capital of the state was the town of [[Bahawalpur]].<ref name=a/>

The state was founded in 1748 by Nawab Bahawal Khan Abbasi. On 22 February 1833, Abbasi III entered into a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the British, by which Bahawalpur was admitted as a princely state. When British rule ended in 1947 and British Raj was partitioned into [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], Bahawalpur joined the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. Bahawalpur remained an autonomous entity until 14 October 1955, when it was merged with the province of [[West Pakistan]].<ref name=a/>

==History==
The Kingdom of Bahawalpur was established by Bahawal Khan who migrated from [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]], [[Sindh]] in 1748.<ref name=k/> The Nawabs of Bahawalpur belonged to the [[Daudpotra]] tribe.<ref name=a>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJSS/Vol34No22014/PJSS-Vol34-No2-06.pdf|title=History of Bahawalpur State and its Culture |website=Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS)}}</ref> By the 18th century, Nawab of Bahawalpur had consolidated power by settling his Daudpotra kinsmen on new canal lands along Sutlej.<ref name=k>{{Cite book |last=Gilmartin |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ&dq=daudpotra+bahawalpur&pg=PA22 |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |date=2020-04-14 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan of Daudputra.jpeg|thumb|Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan, founder of the Bahawalpur state]]

As part of the 1809 [[Treaty of Amritsar (1809)|Treaty of Amritsar]], [[Ranjit Singh]] was confined to the right bank of the Sutlej. The first treaty with Bahawalpur was negotiated in 1833, the year after the treaty with Ranjit Singh for regulating traffic on the Indus. It secured the independence of the Nawab within his own territories and opened up the traffic on the Indus and Sutlej. The political relations of Bahawalpur with the [[British Raj]] were regulated by a treaty made in October 1838, when arrangements were in progress for the restoration of [[Shuja Shah Durrani|Shah Shuja]] to the Kabul throne.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2778833?searchWord=&backquery=[query=&originalquery=&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc&rpp=20&etal=0&start=100 |title=Treaty concluded between the East India Company, and Nawab Ruk-uddaulah of Bahawalpur (Original in Persian, with English translation) |publisher=Foreign Department, Government of India |year=1838 |location=Delhi |language=Persian |access-date=21 August 2022 |url-access=limited |via=National Archives of India}}</ref>

During the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]], the Nawab assisted the British with supplies and allowing passage and in 1847-8 he co-operated actively with Sir [[Herbert Edwardes]] in the expedition against [[Multan]]. For these services, he was rewarded by the grant of the districts of Sabzalkot and Bhung, together with a life-pension of a lakh. On his death, a dispute arose regarding succession. He was succeeded by his third son, whom he had nominated in place of his eldest son. The new ruler was, however, deposed by his elder brother, and obtained asylum in British territory, with a pension from the Bahawalpur revenues; he broke his promise to abandon his claims and was confined in the Lahore Fort, where he died in 1862.

In 1863 and 1866 insurrections broke out against the Nawab who successfully crushed the rebellions; but in March 1866, the Nawab died suddenly, not without suspicion of having been poisoned, and was succeeded by his son, Nawab [[Sadiq Muhammad Khan IV]], a boy of four. After several endeavors to arrange for the administration of the country without active interference on the part of the Government, it was found necessary, on account of disorganization and disaffection, to place the principality in British hands. In 1879, the Nawab was invested with full powers, with the advice and assistance of a council of six members. During the Afghan campaigns (1878–80) the Nawab placed the entire resources of his State at the disposal of the British Indian Government, and a contingent of his troops was employed in keeping open communications, and in guarding the Dera Ghazi Khan frontier. On his death in 1899 he was succeeded by Muhammad Bahawal Khan V, who attained his majority in 1900, and was invested with full powers in 1903. The Nawab of Bahawalpur was entitled to a salute of 17 guns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_203.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 197 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

===Independence of Pakistan===
[[File:Noor mahal.jpg|left|[[Noor Mahal]] palace, constructed in 1872 by [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan IV]]|thumb]]
The predominantly Muslim population supported [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and [[Pakistan Movement]]. After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the minority [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s migrated to [[India]] while the [[Muslim]] refugees from [[India]] settled in the Bahawalpur state. After the independence of Pakistan, the Nawab of Bahawalpur [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V]] proved to be very helpful and generous to the government of Pakistan. He gave seventy million rupees to the government and the salaries of all the government departments for a couple of months were also drawn from the treasury of Bahawalpur state. He donated his private property to the University of the Punjab, King Edward Medical College and the Mosque of Aitchison College, Lahore. At the time of independence, all the princely states of the [[British India]] were given a choice to join either Pakistan or India or to remain independent, outside both.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAQgNE1uSEgC&pg=PA313 |title=The Chamber of Princes |date=1991 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-005-5 |pages=313 |language=en}}</ref> On 5 October 1947 the Nawab signed an agreement with the government of Pakistan according to which Bahawalpur State [[Instrument of Accession|acceded to]] Pakistan, and the accession was accepted on 9 October. Thus the State of Bahawalpur was the first state to accede to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Long |first1=Roger D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ |title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |last3=Samad |first3=Yunas |last4=Talbot |first4=Ian |date=2015-10-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44820-4 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref>

== Demography ==

{{Historical populations
|1871 |
|1881 |573494
|1891 |650042
|1901 |720877
|1911|780641
|1921|781191
|1931|984612
|1941|1341209
}}

In 1941, Bahawalpur had a population of 1,341,209 of whom 737,474 (54.98%) were men and 603,735 (45.02%) were women. Bahawalpur had a literacy rate of 2.8% (5.1% for males and 0.1% for females) in 1901. The bulk of the population (two-thirds) lived on the fertile Indus River banks with the eastern desert tract being sparsely populated.

Between 1916 and 1941, the population had almost doubled due to the Sutlej Valley Project when vast amounts of Bahawalpur territory were opened to irrigation. There was a migration of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs to Bahawalpur from other parts of Punjab. These colonists were labelled non-Riyasatis as opposed to locals or "Riyasatis" and were systematically discriminated against in government appointments.

=== Religion ===
The state was predominantly Muslim. According to the 1941 census, Muslims made up 81.9% (1,098,814) of the state's population while Hindus numbered 174,408 (13%) and Sikhs numbered 46,945 (1.84%). While a majority of Muslims and Hindus had their origins in Bahawalpur, a considerable proportion of settlers were migrants from other parts of the Punjab. The Sikhs, on the other hand, were predominantly colonists who had migrated after the opening of canal colonies.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ ''Religion in Bahawalpur State''
|-
! Religion
! Population (1941)<ref name="BahawalpurState1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB PROVINCE|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|42}}
! Percentage (1941)
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 1,098,814
|{{Percentage | 1098814 | 1341209 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1941 census: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 174,408
|{{Percentage | 174408 | 1341209 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 46,945
|{{Percentage | 24680 | 1341209 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 3,048
|{{Percentage | 3048 | 1341209 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jainism]]
| 351
|{{Percentage | 351 | 1341209 | 2 }}
|-
| Others {{efn|Including [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], or not stated}}
| 17,643
|{{Percentage | 17643 | 1341209 | 2 }}
|-
| '''Total Population'''
| '''1,341,209'''
| '''{{Percentage | 1341209 | 1341209 | 2 }}'''
|}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Fort_side_view.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|[[Derawar Fort]] was a major fort for the Nawabs in the [[Cholistan Desert]]]]
The Nawabs gifted portions of their land in [[Lahore]] to [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]], while the mosque at [[Aitchison College]] was also gifted by the Nawab. The Bahawalpur Block of the [[King Edward Medical University|King Edward Medical College]] was also donated by the Nawab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burma |first=D. P. |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&pg=PA159&dq=Bahawalpur+block+king+edwards+medical+college&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD9crc_ayAAxX9TaQEHUUdBE8Q6AF6BAgNEAM |title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry |last2=Chakravorty |first2=Maharani |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3220-5 |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref>{{qn|date=July 2023}}

==Rulers==
[[File:DARBAR MAHAL BAHAWAL PUR.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Darbar Mahal]] palace, constructed in 1905 by [[Bahawal Khan V]]]]
The rulers of Bahawalpur took the title of [[Emir|Amir]] until 1740, when the title changed to [[Nawab]] Amir. Although the title was abolished in 1955 by the [[Government of Pakistan]], the current head of the House of Bahawalpur ([[Salah ud-Din Muhammad Khan]]) is referred to as the ''Amir''. From 1942, the Nawabs were assisted by Prime Ministers.
[[File:Bahawalpur Coin Gold.jpg|thumb|left|One Rupee gold coin of Sadeq Mohammad Khan V]]
20th century onwards, Sadeq Muhammad Khan V was the Nawab and later Emir of Bahawalpur State from 1907 to 1966. He became the Nawab on the death of his father, when he was only three years old. In 1955 he signed an agreement with the [[Governor-General of Pakistan]], [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]], under which Bahawalpur became part of the province of [[West Pakistan]], with effect from 14 October 1955, and the Ameer received a yearly [[privy purse]] of 32 lakhs of rupees, keeping his titles.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=The Role of Islam in the Legal System of Pakistan from 1947 to 1977|pages=5–30|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004149274|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004149274.i-250.5|title=The Role of Islam in the Legal System of Pakistan|year=2005}}</ref> Other members of the present day form of the royal family include: HH Nawab Brig. Muhammad Abbas Khan Abbasi (Last Nawab of Bahawalpur, former Governor of Punjab); [[Nawab Salahuddin Abbasi|Nawab Salahuddin Ahmed Abbasi]] ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: نواب صلاح الدین عباسی) who is a [[member of parliament]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Bahawalpur, Hh Muhammad Bahawal Khan Abbasi, Nawab of, (23 Oct. 1883–1907)|date=2007-12-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u183391|title=Who Was Who}}</ref> He is also the grandson of [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V]], who was the last ruling [[Nawab]] of the Princely State Bahawalpur.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hawkins|first1=Cynthia|last2=Croul|first2=Sidney|date=2011-10-03|title=Viruses and human brain tumors: cytomegalovirus enters the fray|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=121|issue=10|pages=3831–3833|doi=10.1172/jci60005|pmid=21968105|pmc=3195487|issn=0021-9738}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McKeith|first=Eimear|date=2008|title=Defining Space, Eimear McKeith, Original Print Gallery, Dublin, February – March 2008|journal=Circa|issue=124|pages=73–75|doi=10.2307/25564927|issn=0263-9475|jstor=25564927}}</ref> Prince Muhammad Bahawal (who studied at Aitchison College in Lahore, and graduated from King's College London with a degree in International Political Economy and joined PTI), Prince Falahuddin Abbasi (who died in London in April 2016 from cancer), Begum of Bahawalpur, Princess Aiysha Yasmien Abbasi and Princess Safia Nausheen Abbasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/05/24/prince-bahawal-abbas-khan-abbasi-joins-pti/|title=Prince Bahawal Abbas Khan Abbasi joins PTI|website=pakistantoday.com.pk|date=24 May 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/17-Aug-2016/prince-bahawal-graduates-from-king-s-college|title=Prince Bahawal graduates from King's College|date=2016-08-16|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1251134|title=Falahuddin Abbasi dies|last=Correspondent|first=A|date=2016-04-10|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Nawab Amir of Bahawalpur||Tenure
|-
| Bahawal Khan Abbasi I || 1748 – 1750
|-
| Mubarak Khan Abbasi II || 1750 – 1772
|-
| Bahawal Khan Abbasi II || 1772 – 1809
|-
| Sadeq Khan Abbasi II || 1809 – 1827
|-
| Bahawal Khan Abbasi III || 1827 – 1852
|-
| Sadeq Khan Abbasi III || 1852 – 1853
|-
| Fath Mohammad Khan Abbasi || 1853 – 1858
|-
| Rahim Yaar Khan Abbasi || 1858 – 1866
|-
| [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan IV|Sadeq Khan Abbasi IV]] || 1866 – 1899
|-
| [[Mohammad Bahawal Khan V|Bahawal Khan Abbasi V]] || 1899 – 1907
|-
| [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V|Sadeq Khan Abbasi V]] || 1907 – 1955
|-
! State Abolished ||
|-
| [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V|Sadeq Khan Abbasi V]] || 1955 – 1965
|-
| [[Abbas Abbasi|Abbas Khan Abbasi]] || 1965 – 1988
|-
| [[Nawab Salahuddin Abbasi|Salahuddin Ahmed Abbasi]] || 1988 – present
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure||Prime Minister of Bahawalpur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/6ecae5c6-1222-4c75-b04f-922edc816261 |title=UK National Archives |website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk | access-date=2022-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|1942 – 1947||[[Richard Marsh Crofton]]
|-
|1948 – 1952||[[John Dring]]
|-
|1952 – 14 October 1955||A.R. Khan
|-
|14 October 1955||State of Bahawalpur abolished
|}

==See also==
*[[History of Punjab]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

==Further reading==
*Nazeer 'Ali Shah, ''The History of the Bahawalpur State''. Lahore: Maktaba Jadeed, 1959.

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.mybahawalpur.com/bwp/nawabs.html Nawabs of Bahawalpur]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110201145710/http://infobwp.com/ Bahawalpur Information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100525151958/http://www.tmabwpcity.com/ TMA Bahawalpur City website]

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of Pakistan}}
{{Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|28|50|N|71|43|E|display=title|region:PK_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahawalpur}}
[[Category:Bahawalpur (princely state)| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of Pakistan]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1690]]
[[Category:Princely states of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1609 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1802 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1955 disestablishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Arab dynasties]]
[[Category:Gun salute princely states]]

Bahawalpur (princely state) - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article