Babur - Revision history

Bharatwiki Socrates at 03:11, 2 December 2023

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	[[File:Babur visiting the Urvah valley in Gwalior 1.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Babur encounters the Jain statues at the [[Siddhachal Caves\|Urvah valley]] in [[Gwalior]] in 1527. He ordered them to be destroyed<ref>"Gwalior Fort: Rock Sculptures", A Cunningham, ''Archaeological Survey of India'', pp. 364–70</ref>]]		[[File:Babur visiting the Urvah valley in Gwalior 1.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Babur encounters the Jain statues at the [[Siddhachal Caves\|Urvah valley]] in [[Gwalior]] in 1527. He ordered them to be destroyed<ref>"Gwalior Fort: Rock Sculptures", A Cunningham, ''Archaeological Survey of India'', pp. 364–70</ref>]]

	The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Babur and the [[Rajput]] ruler of [[Mewar]], [[Rana Sanga]] on 16 March 1527. [[Rana Sanga]] wanted to overthrow Babur, whom he considered to be a foreigner ruling in India, and also to extend the Rajput territories by annexing [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]]. He was supported by Afghan chiefs who felt Babur had been deceptive by refusing to fulfil promises made to them. Upon receiving news of Rana Sangha's advance towards Agra, Babur took a defensive position at [[Khanwa]] (currently in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]), from where he hoped to launch a counterattack later. According to K.V. Krishna Rao, Babur won the battle because of his "superior generalship" and modern tactics; the battle was one of the first in India that featured cannons and muskets. Rao also notes that Rana Sanga faced "treachery" when the Hindu chief [[Silhadi]] joined Babur's army with a garrison of 6,000 soldiers.<ref name="Rao">{{cite book\|first=K. V. Krishna \|last=Rao\|title=Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&pg=PA453\|isbn=978-81-7212-001-6\|publisher=Lancer Publishers\|page=453\|year=1991}}</ref>		The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Babur and the [[Rajput]] ruler of [[Mewar]], [[Rana Sanga]] on 16 March 1527. [[Rana Sanga]] wanted to overthrow Babur, whom he considered to be a foreigner ruling in India, and also to extend the Rajput territories by annexing [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]]. He was supported by Afghan chiefs who felt Babur had been deceptive by refusing to fulfil promises made to them.{{Citation needed}} Upon receiving news of Rana Sangha's advance towards Agra, Babur took a defensive position at [[Khanwa]] (currently in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]), from where he hoped to launch a counterattack later. According to K.V. Krishna Rao, Babur won the battle because of his "superior generalship" and modern tactics; the battle was one of the first in India that featured cannons and muskets. Rao also notes that Rana Sanga faced "treachery" when the Hindu chief [[Silhadi]] joined Babur's army with a garrison of 6,000 soldiers.<ref name="Rao">{{cite book\|first=K. V. Krishna \|last=Rao\|title=Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&pg=PA453\|isbn=978-81-7212-001-6\|publisher=Lancer Publishers\|page=453\|year=1991}}</ref>

	Babur recognised Sanga's skill in leadership, calling him one of the two greatest non-Muslim Indian kings of the time, the other being [[Krishnadevaraya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire\|Vijayanagara]].{{sfn\|Wink\|2012\|pp=157–58\|ps=. "Reflecting on challenges he faced in India in his memoris Babur described Rana Sanga as one of the two greatest infidel king of India along with Deva Raya of South. who had grown so great by his audacity and sword and whose territory was so large that it covered significant portion of North-Western India"}}		Babur recognised Sanga's skill in leadership, calling him one of the two greatest non-Muslim Indian kings of the time, the other being [[Krishnadevaraya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire\|Vijayanagara]].{{sfn\|Wink\|2012\|pp=157–58\|ps=. "Reflecting on challenges he faced in India in his memoris Babur described Rana Sanga as one of the two greatest infidel king of India along with Deva Raya of South. who had grown so great by his audacity and sword and whose territory was so large that it covered significant portion of North-Western India"}}

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	\|{{Marriage\|[[Masuma Sultan Begum]]\|1507\|1509\|end={{Abbr\|d.\|died}}}}		\|{{Marriage\|[[Masuma Sultan Begum]]\|1507\|1509\|end={{Abbr\|d.\|died}}}}
	\|{{Marriage\|[[Bibi Mubarika]]<br/>\|30 January 1519}}}}		\|{{Marriage\|[[Bibi Mubarika]]<br/>\|30 January 1519}}}}
	\| spouses-type = Wives <br /> ''[[#Consorts\|more... ]]''		\| spouses-type = Wives <br /> ''[[#Consorts\|more...]]''
	\| issue = {{plainlist\|		\| issue = {{plainlist\|
	*[[Fakhr-un-Nissa\|Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum]]		*[[Fakhr-un-Nissa\|Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum]]
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	During his rule in Kabul, when there was a time of relative peace, Babur pursued his interests in literature, art, music and gardening.{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=27–29}} Previously, he never drank alcohol and avoided it when he was in Herat. In Kabul, he first tasted it at the age of thirty. He then began to drink regularly, host wine parties and consume preparations made from [[opium]].{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=24–26}} Though religion had a central place in his life, Babur also approvingly quoted a line of poetry by one of his contemporaries: "I am drunk, officer. Punish me when I am sober". He quit drinking for health reasons before the Battle of Khanwa, just two years before his death, and demanded that his court do the same. But he did not stop chewing narcotic preparations, and did not lose his sense of irony. He wrote, "Everyone regrets drinking and swears an oath (of [[abstinence]]); I swore the oath and regret that."<ref>Pope, Hugh (2005). ''Sons of the Conquerors'', Overlook Duckworth, pp. 234–35.</ref>		During his rule in Kabul, when there was a time of relative peace, Babur pursued his interests in literature, art, music and gardening.{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=27–29}} Previously, he never drank alcohol and avoided it when he was in Herat. In Kabul, he first tasted it at the age of thirty. He then began to drink regularly, host wine parties and consume preparations made from [[opium]].{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=24–26}} Though religion had a central place in his life, Babur also approvingly quoted a line of poetry by one of his contemporaries: "I am drunk, officer. Punish me when I am sober". He quit drinking for health reasons before the Battle of Khanwa, just two years before his death, and demanded that his court do the same. But he did not stop chewing narcotic preparations, and did not lose his sense of irony. He wrote, "Everyone regrets drinking and swears an oath (of [[abstinence]]); I swore the oath and regret that."<ref>Pope, Hugh (2005). ''Sons of the Conquerors'', Overlook Duckworth, pp. 234–35.</ref>

	Babur was opposed to the blind obedience towards the [[Yassa\|Chinggisid laws]] and customs that were influential in Turco-Mongol society:<blockquote>"Previously our ancestors had shown unusual respect for the Chingizid code ({{lang\|mn-Latn\|törah}}). They did not violate this code sitting and rising at councils and court, at feasts and dinners. [However] Chingez Khan’s code is not a ''nass qati'' (categorical text) that a person must follow. Whenever one leaves a good custom, it should be followed. If ancestors leave a bad custom, however it is necessary to substitute a good one."</blockquote>Making clear that to him, the categorical text (i.e. the [[Quran]]) had displaced Genghis Khan's ''[[Yassa]]'' in moral and legal matters. <ref>{{Cite book\|last=F. Dale\|first=Stephen\|title=THE GARDEN OF THE EIGHT PARADISES: Babur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483-1530)\|publisher=Brill\|year=2004\|pages=171}}</ref>		Babur was opposed to the blind obedience towards the [[Yassa\|Chinggisid laws]] and customs that were influential in Turco-Mongol society:<blockquote>"Previously our ancestors had shown unusual respect for the Chingizid code ({{lang\|mn-Latn\|törah}}). They did not violate this code sitting and rising at councils and court, at feasts and dinners. [However] Chingez Khan’s code is not a ''nass qati'' (categorical text) that a person must follow. Whenever one leaves a good custom, it should be followed. If ancestors leave a bad custom, however it is necessary to substitute a good one."</blockquote>Making clear that to him, the categorical text (i.e. the [[Quran]]) had displaced Genghis Khan's ''[[Yassa]]'' in moral and legal matters.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=F. Dale\|first=Stephen\|title=THE GARDEN OF THE EIGHT PARADISES: Babur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483-1530)\|publisher=Brill\|year=2004\|pages=171}}</ref>

	== Poetry ==		== Poetry ==

Bharatwiki Socrates at 09:57, 10 November 2023

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	~~{{Short description\|First Mughal emperor, from 1526 to 1530}}~~
	~~{{About\|the Mughal Emperor\|the male given name\|Babar\|the amphipod crustacean\|Babr\|other uses\|Babur (disambiguation)}}~~

	~~{{Use Indian English\|date= July 2016}}~~
	~~{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}~~
	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\| image = Babur of India.jpg		\| image = Babur of India.jpg

Bharatwiki Socrates: Adding babur Empire map.

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Adding babur Empire map.

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	{{anchor\|Etymology\|Word}}		{{anchor\|Etymology\|Word}}

			[[File:Mughal Empire, 1530.png\|thumb\|Babur Empire at it's peak]]

	== Name ==		== Name ==

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	{{Short description\|First Mughal ~~Emperor~~ from 1526 to 1530}}		{{Short description\|First Mughal emperor, from 1526 to 1530}}
	{{About\|the Mughal Emperor\|the male given name\|Babar\|the amphipod crustacean\|Babr\|other uses\|Babur (disambiguation)}}		{{About\|the Mughal Emperor\|the male given name\|Babar\|the amphipod crustacean\|Babr\|other uses\|Babur (disambiguation)}}

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	Babur was born on 14 February 1483 in the city of [[Andijan]], [[Fergana Valley]], contemporary Uzbekistan. He was the eldest son of [[Umar Sheikh Mirza]],<ref>{{cite web \|quote=On the occasion of the birth of Babar Padishah (the son of Omar Shaikh) \|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rash1.html \|title=Mirza Muhammad Haidar \|work=Silk Road Seattle \|publisher=[[University of Washington]] \|access-date=7 November 2006}}</ref> ruler of the Fergana Valley, the son of [[Abu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)\|Abū Saʿīd Mirza]] (and grandson of [[Miran Shah]], who was himself son of [[Timur]]) and his wife [[Qutlugh Nigar Khanum]], daughter of [[Yunus Khan]], the ruler of [[Moghulistan]] (a descendant of [[Genghis Khan]]).<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Babur\|title=Babur Nama\|publisher=Penguin Books\|isbn=978-0-14-400149-1\|page=vii\|year=2006}}</ref>		Babur was born on 14 February 1483 in the city of [[Andijan]], [[Fergana Valley]], contemporary Uzbekistan. He was the eldest son of [[Umar Sheikh Mirza]],<ref>{{cite web \|quote=On the occasion of the birth of Babar Padishah (the son of Omar Shaikh) \|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rash1.html \|title=Mirza Muhammad Haidar \|work=Silk Road Seattle \|publisher=[[University of Washington]] \|access-date=7 November 2006}}</ref> ruler of the Fergana Valley, the son of [[Abu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)\|Abū Saʿīd Mirza]] (and grandson of [[Miran Shah]], who was himself son of [[Timur]]) and his wife [[Qutlugh Nigar Khanum]], daughter of [[Yunus Khan]], the ruler of [[Moghulistan]] (a descendant of [[Genghis Khan]]).<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Babur\|title=Babur Nama\|publisher=Penguin Books\|isbn=978-0-14-400149-1\|page=vii\|year=2006}}</ref>

	Babur hailed from the [[Barlas]] tribe, which was of [[Mongol]] origin and had embraced [[Turkic people\|Turkic]]<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Babur \|title=Bābur (Mughal emperor) \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica \|access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref> and Persian culture.<ref name="Iranica" /> They had also converted to Islam centuries earlier and resided in [[Turkestan]] and [[Greater Khorasan\|Khorasan]]. Aside from the Chaghatai language, Babur was equally fluent in Persian, the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the Timurid elite.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran/The-Timurids-and-Turkmen \|title=Iran: The Timurids and Turkmen \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica \|access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref> Some of Babur's relatives, such as his uncle [[Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan)]] and Ahmad Khan, continued to identify as Mongols, who loaned their nephews with Mongol troops to help him recover his fortunes in the turbulent years that followed.<ref>{{cite book \|url= https://~~www~~.google.ca/books~~/edition/Babur/xyluDwAAQBAJ~~?hl=~~en&gbpv=1~~&dq=dughlat+kashgar+mongol&pg=PA33~~&printsec=frontcover~~ \|page=35 \|title= Babur:Timurid Prince and Mughal Emperor, 1483-1530 \|author= Stephen F. Dale \|date=2018 }}</ref>		Babur hailed from the [[Barlas]] tribe, which was of [[Mongol]] origin and had embraced [[Turkic people\|Turkic]]<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Babur \|title=Bābur (Mughal emperor) \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica \|access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref> and Persian culture.<ref name="Iranica" /> They had also converted to Islam centuries earlier and resided in [[Turkestan]] and [[Greater Khorasan\|Khorasan]]. Aside from the Chaghatai language, Babur was equally fluent in Persian, the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the Timurid elite.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran/The-Timurids-and-Turkmen \|title=Iran: The Timurids and Turkmen \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica \|access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref> Some of Babur's relatives, such as his uncle [[Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan)]] and Ahmad Khan, continued to identify as Mongols, who loaned their nephews with Mongol troops to help him recover his fortunes in the turbulent years that followed.<ref>{{cite book \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xyluDwAAQBAJ&dq=dughlat+kashgar+mongol&pg=PA33 \|page=35 \|title= Babur:Timurid Prince and Mughal Emperor, 1483-1530 \|author= Stephen F. Dale \|date=2018 \|isbn=9781316996379 }}</ref>

	Hence, Babur, though nominally a Mongol (or ''Moghul'' in Persian language), drew much of his support from the local Turkic and Iranian people of Central Asia, and his army was diverse in its ethnic makeup. It included [[Persian people\|Persians]] (known to Babur as "[[Sart]]s" and "[[Tājik people\|Tajiks]]"), [[Pashtun people\|ethnic Afghans]], [[History of Arabs in Afghanistan\|Arabs]], as well as Barlas and Chaghatayid Turko-Mongols from Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Central Asia in Historical Perspective \|last=Manz \|first=Beatrice Forbes \|chapter=The Symbiosis of Turk and Tajik \|publisher=Boulder, Colorado & Oxford \|year=1994 \|page=58 \|isbn=0-8133-3638-4}}</ref>		Hence, Babur, though nominally a Mongol (or ''Moghul'' in Persian language), drew much of his support from the local Turkic and Iranian people of Central Asia, and his army was diverse in its ethnic makeup. It included [[Persian people\|Persians]] (known to Babur as "[[Sart]]s" and "[[Tājik people\|Tajiks]]"), [[Pashtun people\|ethnic Afghans]], [[History of Arabs in Afghanistan\|Arabs]], as well as Barlas and Chaghatayid Turko-Mongols from Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Central Asia in Historical Perspective \|last=Manz \|first=Beatrice Forbes \|chapter=The Symbiosis of Turk and Tajik \|publisher=Boulder, Colorado & Oxford \|year=1994 \|page=58 \|isbn=0-8133-3638-4}}</ref>
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	Babur still wanted to escape from the Uzbeks, and he chose India as a refuge instead of [[Badakhshan]], which was to the north of Kabul. He wrote, "In the presence of such power and potency, we had to think of some place for ourselves and, at this crisis and in the crack of time there was, put a wider space between us and the strong foeman."{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=27–29}} After his third loss of Samarkand, Babur gave full attention to the conquest of North India, launching a campaign; he reached the [[Chenab River]], now in [[Pakistan]], in 1519.<ref name="VDM0" /> Until 1524, his aim was to only expand his rule to [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], mainly to fulfill the legacy of his ancestor Timur, since it used to be part of his empire.{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=27–29}} At the time parts of North India were part of the Delhi Sultanate, ruled by Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty, but the sultanate was crumbling and there were many defectors. Babur received invitations from Daulat Khan Lodi, Governor of Punjab and Ala-ud-Din, uncle of Ibrahim.<ref name="RSCHMI">{{cite book \|last=Chaurasia \|first=Radhey Shyam \|title=History of medieval India : from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. \|year=2002 \|publisher=Atlantic Publ. \|location=New Delhi \|isbn=81-269-0123-3 \|pages=89–90 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&q=babur%20receiving%20invitations%20from%20Daulat%20Khan%20Lodi&pg=PA89}}</ref> He sent an ambassador to Ibrahim, claiming himself the rightful heir to the throne, but the ambassador was detained at [[Lahore]], Punjab, and released months later.<ref name="VDM0" />		Babur still wanted to escape from the Uzbeks, and he chose India as a refuge instead of [[Badakhshan]], which was to the north of Kabul. He wrote, "In the presence of such power and potency, we had to think of some place for ourselves and, at this crisis and in the crack of time there was, put a wider space between us and the strong foeman."{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=27–29}} After his third loss of Samarkand, Babur gave full attention to the conquest of North India, launching a campaign; he reached the [[Chenab River]], now in [[Pakistan]], in 1519.<ref name="VDM0" /> Until 1524, his aim was to only expand his rule to [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], mainly to fulfill the legacy of his ancestor Timur, since it used to be part of his empire.{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=27–29}} At the time parts of North India were part of the Delhi Sultanate, ruled by Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty, but the sultanate was crumbling and there were many defectors. Babur received invitations from Daulat Khan Lodi, Governor of Punjab and Ala-ud-Din, uncle of Ibrahim.<ref name="RSCHMI">{{cite book \|last=Chaurasia \|first=Radhey Shyam \|title=History of medieval India : from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. \|year=2002 \|publisher=Atlantic Publ. \|location=New Delhi \|isbn=81-269-0123-3 \|pages=89–90 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&q=babur%20receiving%20invitations%20from%20Daulat%20Khan%20Lodi&pg=PA89}}</ref> He sent an ambassador to Ibrahim, claiming himself the rightful heir to the throne, but the ambassador was detained at [[Lahore]], Punjab, and released months later.<ref name="VDM0" />
	[[File:Babur at Mughal Dastarkhan, 1590 CE.jpg\|thumb\|Babur at Mughal Dastarkhan in 1590]]
			[[File:Babur at Mughal Dastarkhan, 1590 CE.jpg\|thumb\|Babur at Mughal Dastarkhan in 1507 in a painting from c.1590]]
	Babur started for Lahore in 1524 but found that Daulat Khan Lodi had been driven out by forces sent by Ibrahim Lodi.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Chandra \|first=Satish \|year=2009 \|title=Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals \|volume=2 \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Har-Anand \|page=27 \|isbn=978-81-241-1268-7}}</ref> When Babur arrived at Lahore, the Lodi army marched out and his army was routed. In response, Babur burned Lahore for two days, then marched to Dibalpur, placing Alam Khan, another rebel uncle of Lodi, as governor.<ref>{{harvtxt\|Chandra\|2009\|pp=27–28}}</ref> Alam Khan was quickly overthrown and fled to Kabul. In response, Babur supplied Alam Khan with troops who later joined up with Daulat Khan Lodi, and together with about 30,000 troops, they besieged Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{harvtxt\|Chandra\|2009\|p=28}}</ref> The sultan easily defeated and drove off Alam's army, and Babur realised that he would not allow him to occupy the Punjab.<ref name="autogenerated1" />		Babur started for Lahore in 1524 but found that Daulat Khan Lodi had been driven out by forces sent by Ibrahim Lodi.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Chandra \|first=Satish \|year=2009 \|title=Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals \|volume=2 \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Har-Anand \|page=27 \|isbn=978-81-241-1268-7}}</ref> When Babur arrived at Lahore, the Lodi army marched out and his army was routed. In response, Babur burned Lahore for two days, then marched to Dibalpur, placing Alam Khan, another rebel uncle of Lodi, as governor.<ref>{{harvtxt\|Chandra\|2009\|pp=27–28}}</ref> Alam Khan was quickly overthrown and fled to Kabul. In response, Babur supplied Alam Khan with troops who later joined up with Daulat Khan Lodi, and together with about 30,000 troops, they besieged Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{harvtxt\|Chandra\|2009\|p=28}}</ref> The sultan easily defeated and drove off Alam's army, and Babur realised that he would not allow him to occupy the Punjab.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

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	Babur did not initially know old [[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]; however, his Turkic poetry indicates that he picked up some of its vocabulary later in life.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Rahman\|first=Tariq\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/731974235\|title=From Hindi to Urdu : a social and political history\|date=2011\|isbn=978-0-19-906313-0\|location=Karachi\|pages=73–74\|oclc=731974235}}</ref>		Babur did not initially know old [[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]; however, his Turkic poetry indicates that he picked up some of its vocabulary later in life.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Rahman\|first=Tariq\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/731974235\|title=From Hindi to Urdu : a social and political history\|date=2011\|isbn=978-0-19-906313-0\|location=Karachi\|pages=73–74\|oclc=731974235}}</ref>

	Unlike his father, he had [[:wikt:ascetic\|ascetic]] tendencies and did not have any great interest in women. In his first marriage, he was "bashful" towards [[Aisha Sultan Begum]], later losing his affection for her.<ref>{{cite book \|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03501050%26ct%3D0 \|title=Memoirs of Zehīr-ed-Dīn Muhammed Bābur Emperor of Hindustan, Written by himself, in the Chaghatāi Tūrki \|others=Translated by John Leyden and William Erskine, Annotated and Revised by Lucas King \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=1921 \|chapter=The Memoirs of Babur, Volume 1, chpt. 71 \|chapter-url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03501051%26ct%3D70%26rqs%3D187%26rqs%3D196 \|quote=Āisha Sultan Begum, the daughter of Sultan Ahmed Mirza, to whom I had been betrothed in the lifetime of my father and uncle, having arrived in [[Khujand]], I now married her, in the month of Shābān. In the first period of my being a married man, though I had no small affection for her, yet, from modesty and bashfulness, I went to her only once in ten, fifteen, or twenty days. My affection afterwards declined, and my shyness increased; in so much, that my mother the Khanum, used to fall upon me and scold me with great fury, sending me off like a criminal to visit her once in a month or forty days. \|access-date=2 April 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205161213/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03501050%26ct%3D0 \|archive-date=5 December 2008 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> Babur showed similar shyness in his interactions with [[Baburi Andijani\|Baburi]], a boy in his camp with whom he had an infatuation around this time, recounting that: "Occasionally Baburi came to me, but I was so bashful that I could not look him in the face, much less converse freely with him. In my excitement and agitation I could not thank him for coming, much less complain of his leaving. Who could bear to demand the ceremonies of fealty?"<ref>{{harvtxt\|Babur, Emperor of Hindustan\|2002\|p=89}}</ref> However, Babur acquired several more wives and concubines over the years, and as required for a prince, he was able to ensure the continuity of his line.		Unlike his father, he had [[:wikt:ascetic\|ascetic]] tendencies and did not have any great interest in women. In his first marriage, he was "bashful" towards [[Aisha Sultan Begum]], later losing his affection for her.<ref>{{cite book \|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03501050%26ct%3D0 \|title=Memoirs of Zehīr-ed-Dīn Muhammed Bābur Emperor of Hindustan, Written by himself, in the Chaghatāi Tūrki \|others=Translated by John Leyden and William Erskine, Annotated and Revised by Lucas King \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=1921 \|chapter=The Memoirs of Babur, Volume 1, chpt. 71 \|chapter-url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03501051%26ct%3D70%26rqs%3D187%26rqs%3D196 \|quote=Āisha Sultan Begum, the daughter of Sultan Ahmed Mirza, to whom I had been betrothed in the lifetime of my father and uncle, having arrived in [[Khujand]], I now married her, in the month of Shābān. In the first period of my being a married man, though I had no small affection for her, yet, from modesty and bashfulness, I went to her only once in ten, fifteen, or twenty days. My affection afterwards declined, and my shyness increased; in so much, that my mother the Khanum, used to fall upon me and scold me with great fury, sending me off like a criminal to visit her once in a month or forty days. \|access-date=2 April 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205161213/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03501050%26ct%3D0 \|archive-date=5 December 2008 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> Babur showed similar shyness in his interactions with [[Baburi Andijani\|Baburi]], a boy in his camp with whom he had an infatuation around this time, recounting that: {{Blockquote\|"Occasionally Baburi came to me, but I was so bashful that I could not look him in the face, much less converse freely with him. In my excitement and agitation I could not thank him for coming, much less complain of his leaving. Who could bear to demand the ceremonies of fealty?"<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Babur \|first1=Emperor of Hindustan \|last2=Beveridge \|first2=Annette Susannah \|title=The Babur-nama in English (Memoirs of Babur) \|date=1922 \|publisher=London, Luzac \|page=120 \|url=https://archive.org/details/baburnamainengli01babuuoft/page/120/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt\|Babur, Emperor of Hindustan\|2002\|p=89}}</ref>}}
			However, Babur acquired several more wives and concubines over the years, and as required for a prince, he was able to ensure the continuity of his line.

	[[File:Babur crossing the Indus in the heat of battle.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Babur crossing the [[Indus River]]]]		[[File:Babur crossing the Indus in the heat of battle.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Babur crossing the [[Indus River]]]]
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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	~~{{Wikiquote}}{{Commons category}}~~
	* {{Gutenberg author \| id=42838}}		* {{Gutenberg author \| id=42838}}
	* {{Internet Archive author}}		* {{Internet Archive author}}
	* {{worldcat id\|lccn-n50-53659}}

	{{s-start}}		{{s-start}}
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	[[Category:1530 in India]]		[[Category:1530 in India]]
	[[Category:Timurid dynasty]]		[[Category:Timurid dynasty]]
	~~[[Category:Indian people of Turkic descent]]~~
	[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]		[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
	[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]		[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
	~~[[Category:Turkic rulers]]~~
	[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]		[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
	[[Category:Muslim monarchs]]		[[Category:Muslim monarchs]]

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	{{Short description\|First Mughal Emperor from 1526 to 1530}}		{{Short description\|First Mughal Emperor from 1526 to 1530}}
	{{About\|the Mughal Emperor\|the male given name\|Babar\|the amphipod crustacean\|Babr\|other uses\|Babur (disambiguation)}}		{{About\|the Mughal Emperor\|the male given name\|Babar\|the amphipod crustacean\|Babr\|other uses\|Babur (disambiguation)}}
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← Older revision		Revision as of 08:41, 2 December 2023
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	[[File:Babur visiting the Urvah valley in Gwalior 1.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Babur encounters the Jain statues at the [[Siddhachal Caves\|Urvah valley]] in [[Gwalior]] in 1527. He ordered them to be destroyed<ref>"Gwalior Fort: Rock Sculptures", A Cunningham, ''Archaeological Survey of India'', pp. 364–70</ref>]]		[[File:Babur visiting the Urvah valley in Gwalior 1.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Babur encounters the Jain statues at the [[Siddhachal Caves\|Urvah valley]] in [[Gwalior]] in 1527. He ordered them to be destroyed<ref>"Gwalior Fort: Rock Sculptures", A Cunningham, ''Archaeological Survey of India'', pp. 364–70</ref>]]

	The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Babur and the [[Rajput]] ruler of [[Mewar]], [[Rana Sanga]] on 16 March 1527. [[Rana Sanga]] wanted to overthrow Babur, whom he considered to be a foreigner ruling in India, and also to extend the Rajput territories by annexing [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]]. He was supported by Afghan chiefs who felt Babur had been deceptive by refusing to fulfil promises made to them. Upon receiving news of Rana Sangha's advance towards Agra, Babur took a defensive position at [[Khanwa]] (currently in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]), from where he hoped to launch a counterattack later. According to K.V. Krishna Rao, Babur won the battle because of his "superior generalship" and modern tactics; the battle was one of the first in India that featured cannons and muskets. Rao also notes that Rana Sanga faced "treachery" when the Hindu chief [[Silhadi]] joined Babur's army with a garrison of 6,000 soldiers.<ref name="Rao">{{cite book\|first=K. V. Krishna \|last=Rao\|title=Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&pg=PA453\|isbn=978-81-7212-001-6\|publisher=Lancer Publishers\|page=453\|year=1991}}</ref>		The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Babur and the [[Rajput]] ruler of [[Mewar]], [[Rana Sanga]] on 16 March 1527. [[Rana Sanga]] wanted to overthrow Babur, whom he considered to be a foreigner ruling in India, and also to extend the Rajput territories by annexing [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]]. He was supported by Afghan chiefs who felt Babur had been deceptive by refusing to fulfil promises made to them.{{Citation needed}} Upon receiving news of Rana Sangha's advance towards Agra, Babur took a defensive position at [[Khanwa]] (currently in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]), from where he hoped to launch a counterattack later. According to K.V. Krishna Rao, Babur won the battle because of his "superior generalship" and modern tactics; the battle was one of the first in India that featured cannons and muskets. Rao also notes that Rana Sanga faced "treachery" when the Hindu chief [[Silhadi]] joined Babur's army with a garrison of 6,000 soldiers.<ref name="Rao">{{cite book\|first=K. V. Krishna \|last=Rao\|title=Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&pg=PA453\|isbn=978-81-7212-001-6\|publisher=Lancer Publishers\|page=453\|year=1991}}</ref>

	Babur recognised Sanga's skill in leadership, calling him one of the two greatest non-Muslim Indian kings of the time, the other being [[Krishnadevaraya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire\|Vijayanagara]].{{sfn\|Wink\|2012\|pp=157–58\|ps=. "Reflecting on challenges he faced in India in his memoris Babur described Rana Sanga as one of the two greatest infidel king of India along with Deva Raya of South. who had grown so great by his audacity and sword and whose territory was so large that it covered significant portion of North-Western India"}}		Babur recognised Sanga's skill in leadership, calling him one of the two greatest non-Muslim Indian kings of the time, the other being [[Krishnadevaraya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire\|Vijayanagara]].{{sfn\|Wink\|2012\|pp=157–58\|ps=. "Reflecting on challenges he faced in India in his memoris Babur described Rana Sanga as one of the two greatest infidel king of India along with Deva Raya of South. who had grown so great by his audacity and sword and whose territory was so large that it covered significant portion of North-Western India"}}

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	\|{{Marriage\|[[Masuma Sultan Begum]]\|1507\|1509\|end={{Abbr\|d.\|died}}}}		\|{{Marriage\|[[Masuma Sultan Begum]]\|1507\|1509\|end={{Abbr\|d.\|died}}}}
	\|{{Marriage\|[[Bibi Mubarika]]<br/>\|30 January 1519}}}}		\|{{Marriage\|[[Bibi Mubarika]]<br/>\|30 January 1519}}}}
	\| spouses-type = Wives <br /> ''[[#Consorts\|more... ]]''		\| spouses-type = Wives <br /> ''[[#Consorts\|more...]]''
	\| issue = {{plainlist\|		\| issue = {{plainlist\|
	*[[Fakhr-un-Nissa\|Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum]]		*[[Fakhr-un-Nissa\|Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum]]
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	During his rule in Kabul, when there was a time of relative peace, Babur pursued his interests in literature, art, music and gardening.{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=27–29}} Previously, he never drank alcohol and avoided it when he was in Herat. In Kabul, he first tasted it at the age of thirty. He then began to drink regularly, host wine parties and consume preparations made from [[opium]].{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=24–26}} Though religion had a central place in his life, Babur also approvingly quoted a line of poetry by one of his contemporaries: "I am drunk, officer. Punish me when I am sober". He quit drinking for health reasons before the Battle of Khanwa, just two years before his death, and demanded that his court do the same. But he did not stop chewing narcotic preparations, and did not lose his sense of irony. He wrote, "Everyone regrets drinking and swears an oath (of [[abstinence]]); I swore the oath and regret that."<ref>Pope, Hugh (2005). ''Sons of the Conquerors'', Overlook Duckworth, pp. 234–35.</ref>		During his rule in Kabul, when there was a time of relative peace, Babur pursued his interests in literature, art, music and gardening.{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=27–29}} Previously, he never drank alcohol and avoided it when he was in Herat. In Kabul, he first tasted it at the age of thirty. He then began to drink regularly, host wine parties and consume preparations made from [[opium]].{{sfn\|Eraly\|2007\|pp=24–26}} Though religion had a central place in his life, Babur also approvingly quoted a line of poetry by one of his contemporaries: "I am drunk, officer. Punish me when I am sober". He quit drinking for health reasons before the Battle of Khanwa, just two years before his death, and demanded that his court do the same. But he did not stop chewing narcotic preparations, and did not lose his sense of irony. He wrote, "Everyone regrets drinking and swears an oath (of [[abstinence]]); I swore the oath and regret that."<ref>Pope, Hugh (2005). ''Sons of the Conquerors'', Overlook Duckworth, pp. 234–35.</ref>

	Babur was opposed to the blind obedience towards the [[Yassa\|Chinggisid laws]] and customs that were influential in Turco-Mongol society:<blockquote>"Previously our ancestors had shown unusual respect for the Chingizid code ({{lang\|mn-Latn\|törah}}). They did not violate this code sitting and rising at councils and court, at feasts and dinners. [However] Chingez Khan’s code is not a ''nass qati'' (categorical text) that a person must follow. Whenever one leaves a good custom, it should be followed. If ancestors leave a bad custom, however it is necessary to substitute a good one."</blockquote>Making clear that to him, the categorical text (i.e. the [[Quran]]) had displaced Genghis Khan's ''[[Yassa]]'' in moral and legal matters. <ref>{{Cite book\|last=F. Dale\|first=Stephen\|title=THE GARDEN OF THE EIGHT PARADISES: Babur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483-1530)\|publisher=Brill\|year=2004\|pages=171}}</ref>		Babur was opposed to the blind obedience towards the [[Yassa\|Chinggisid laws]] and customs that were influential in Turco-Mongol society:<blockquote>"Previously our ancestors had shown unusual respect for the Chingizid code ({{lang\|mn-Latn\|törah}}). They did not violate this code sitting and rising at councils and court, at feasts and dinners. [However] Chingez Khan’s code is not a ''nass qati'' (categorical text) that a person must follow. Whenever one leaves a good custom, it should be followed. If ancestors leave a bad custom, however it is necessary to substitute a good one."</blockquote>Making clear that to him, the categorical text (i.e. the [[Quran]]) had displaced Genghis Khan's ''[[Yassa]]'' in moral and legal matters.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=F. Dale\|first=Stephen\|title=THE GARDEN OF THE EIGHT PARADISES: Babur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483-1530)\|publisher=Brill\|year=2004\|pages=171}}</ref>

	== Poetry ==		== Poetry ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:08, 2 July 2023
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	{{Short description\|First Mughal Emperor from 1526 to 1530}}		{{Short description\|First Mughal Emperor from 1526 to 1530}}
	{{About\|the Mughal Emperor\|the male given name\|Babar\|the amphipod crustacean\|Babr\|other uses\|Babur (disambiguation)}}		{{About\|the Mughal Emperor\|the male given name\|Babar\|the amphipod crustacean\|Babr\|other uses\|Babur (disambiguation)}}
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	{{Use Indian English\|date= July 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date= July 2016}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}