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'''Ayurveda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑː|j|ʊər|ˈ|v|eɪ|d|ə|,_|-|ˈ|v|iː|-}})<ref name="oxford2">{{cite web|title=Ayurveda|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ayurveda|work=Oxford University Press}}</ref> is an [[alternative medicine]] system from the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="HIML-intro2">{{cite book|title=A History of Indian Medical Literature|last1=Meulenbeld|first1=Gerrit Jan|date=1999|publisher=Egbert Forsten|isbn=978-90-6980-124-7|location=Groningen|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Ayurveda is [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Kaufman |editor-first1=Allison B. |editor-last2=Kaufman |editor-first2=James C. |title=Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science |year=2018 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-03742-6 |page=293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293|quote=Ayurveda, a traditional Indian medicine, is the subject of more than a dozen, with some of these "scholarly" journals devoted to Ayurveda alone..., others to Ayurveda and some other pseudoscience....Most current Ayurveda research can be classified as "tooth fairy science," research that accepts as its premise something not scientifically known to exist....Ayurveda is a long-standing system of beliefs and traditions, but its claimed effects have not been scientifically proven. Most Ayurveda researchers might as well be studying the tooth fairy. The German publisher Wolters Kluwer bought the Indian open-access publisher Medknow in 2011....It acquired its entire fleet of journals, including those devoted to pseudoscience topics such as ''An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda''.}}</ref><ref name="oxpsych">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=626fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|title=Chapter 1: Thinking about psychiatry|vauthors=Semple D, Smyth R|work=Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-19-879555-1|edition=4th|page=24|doi=10.1093/med/9780198795551.003.0001|quote=These pseudoscientific theories may...confuse metaphysical with empirical claims (e.g....Ayurvedic medicine)}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="Quack-2011">{{cite book|title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India|last=Quack|first=Johannes|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-981260-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TNbxUwhS5RUC&pg=PA213 213], [https://books.google.com/books?id=TNbxUwhS5RUC&pg=PA3 3]|quote=ordinary members told me how they practice some of these pseudosciences, either privately or as certified doctors themselves, most often Ayurveda.}}</ref> The [[Indian Medical Association]] (IMA) says the practice of [[modern medicine]] by Ayurveda is [[quackery]].<ref name="IMA2">{{cite web|title=IMA Anti Quackery Wing|url=https://www.ima-india.org/ima/free-way-page.php?pid=143|work=Indian Medical Association|quote=The purpose of this compendium of court orders and various rules and regulations is to acquaint doctors regarding specific provisions and orders barring quackery by unqualified people, practitioners of Indian & Integrated Medicine to practice Modern Medicine.}}</ref> Ayurvedic [[Writing|texts]] say that the [[gods]] of [[Hindu mythology]] gave [[medical]] knowledge to legendary [[Hindu philosophers]], who then gave the knowledge to human [[physicians]].<ref name="zysk-myth2">{{cite book|title=Categorisation and Interpretation|last1=Zysk|first1=Kenneth G.|date=1999|publisher=Meijerbergs institut för svensk etymologisk forskning, Göteborgs universitet|isbn=978-91-630-7978-8|editor1-last=Josephson|editor1-first=Folke|pages=125–145|chapter=Mythology and the Brāhmaṇization of Indian medicine: Transforming Heterodoxy into Orthodoxy}}</ref> The word "ayurveda" is from the {{lang-sa|[[:wikt:आयुर्वेद|आयुर्वेद]]}}, {{IAST|''Āyurveda''}}, and means knowledge of life and [[longevity]].<ref name="GregoryFields">{{cite book|title=Religious Therapeutics: Body and Health in Yoga, Ayurveda, and Tantra|author=Gregory P. Fields|date=2001|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-4915-8|page=36}}</ref>

In Ayurveda, the story is that [[Dhanvantari]], the Hindu god of Ayurveda, made himself into a human king by [[incarnation]]. He was king of [[Varanasi]], and taught Ayurvedic medicine to a group of physicians. One of these physicians, named Sushruta, wrote the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' (''Sushruta's Compendium''), an Ayurvedic text that has this story in it.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001#page/n103/mode/2up|title=An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita Based on Original Sanskrit text|last1=Bhishagratna|first1=Kaviraj Kunjalal|date=1907|publisher=K. K. Bhishagratna|location=Calcutta|page=1|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="britannica2">{{Cite web|title=Dhanvantari {{!}} Hindu mythology|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dhanvantari|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

Most Ayurvedic therapies are made from [[chemical compounds]] taken from plants, from [[minerals]], and from [[metals]]. In [[ancient India]], Ayurvedic texts gave explanations for [[surgeries]] and for the [[Stitches|stitching]] of [[wounds]] to help [[wound healing]]. The ancient Indians knew how to take out [[kidney stones]] and how to do [[rhinoplasty]] ([[plastic surgery]] for the nose).{{sfn|Wujastyk|2003a}}<ref name="mukh-surg2">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924012165522|title=The Surgical Instruments of the Hindus, with a Comparative Study of the Surgical Instruments of the Greek, Roman, Arab, and the Modern European Surgeons|last1=Mukhopadhyaya|first1=Girindranath|date=1913|publisher=Calcutta University|location=Calcutta|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> People have used many different Ayurvedic [[therapies]] through the [[history of India]]. Ayurveda has changed for more than two thousand years.<ref name="HIML-intro2" /> In the 1970s and 1980s, Ayurveda also changed for [[Consumption (economics)|consumption]] in the [[Western world]].

Some people say Ayurveda comes from [[Prehistory]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Pharma Forestry A Field Guide To Medicinal Plants|author=Dinesh Kumar Tyagi|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|year=2005|page=34|quote=Ayurveda, the organised and classic system of traditional medicine had known to the Indians from prehistoric times.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comprehensive medicinal chemistry: the rational design, mechanistic study & therapeutic application of chemical compounds|last1=Hansch|first1=Corwin|last2=Sammes|first2=Peter George|last3=Kennewell|first3=Peter D.|author4=John Bodenhan Taylor|publisher=Pergamon Press|year=1990|page=114|quote=The origin of Ayurveda is lost in antiquity. As was the case with many branches of human knowledge in prehistoric times, Ayurveda developed in close association with religion and mythology.}}</ref> Some ideas in Ayurveda may have been in existence at the time of the [[Indus Valley civilization]], during the [[Bronze Age]] in India.<ref name="Healingtradition2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA7vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|title=Healing Traditions of the Northwestern Himalayas|author1=Pankaj Gupta|author2=Vijay Kumar Sharma|author3=Sushma Sharma|publisher=Springer|year=2014|isbn=978-81-322-1925-5|page=23}}</ref> During the [[Vedic period]], Ayurveda went through many developments. Outside the [[tradition]] of the [[Vedas]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] also shared some ideas with the Ayurvedic texts from ancient India.<ref name="Healingtradition2" /> By around two thousand years ago, Ayurveda had developed some of its ideas for surgery and [[drugs]].<ref name="shar-hist2">{{cite book|title=History of Medicine in India|last1=Sharma|first1=Priya Vrat|date=1992|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

There is no good [[evidence]] that works or helps for any [[disease]].<ref name="cruk">{{cite web|date=3 December 2018|title=Ayurvedic medicine|url=https://about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/ayurvedic-medicine|publisher=[[Cancer Research UK]]|quote=There is no scientific evidence to prove that Ayurvedic medicine can treat or cure cancer, or any other disease.}}</ref> Some Ayurvedic products have [[Lead poisoning|lead]], [[Mercury poisoning|mercury]], and [[arsenic]] in them.<ref name="WebMD2">{{cite web|title=Is Ayurveda treatment approved in the U.S?|url=https://www.webmd.com/balance/qa/is-ayurveda-treatment-approved-in-the-us|work=WebMD}}</ref> In 2008, nearly 21% of Ayurvedic products sold on the [[internet]] and made in [[India]] and the [[United States]] had in them [[Lead poisoning|lead]], [[Mercury poisoning|mercury]], and [[arsenic]] ([[heavy metals]]) in quantities that are [[toxic]].<ref name="Saper20082">{{cite journal|author1=Saper RB|author2=Phillips RS|author3=Sehgal A|last4=Khouri|first4=N|last5=Davis|first5=RB|last6=Paquin|first6=J|last7=Thuppil|first7=V|last8=Kales|first8=SN|display-authors=2|year=2008|title=Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured medicines sold via the internet|journal=JAMA|volume=300|issue=8|pages=915–923|doi=10.1001/jama.300.8.915|pmc=2755247|pmid=18728265}}</ref> There may be [[public health]] dangers that result from this, but that is not known.<ref name="Saper20082" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Cited references ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Medicine across cultures: history and practice of medicine in non-western cultures|last=Chopra|first=Ananda S.|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Kluwer Academic]]|year=2003|isbn=978-1-4020-1166-5|editor=Selin, Helaine|editor-link=Helaine Selin|pages=75–83|chapter=Āyurveda|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=of-gv8-pPcsC&pg=PA75}}
* {{cite journal|last=Dwivedi|first=Girish|author2=Dwivedi, Shridhar|year=2007|title=History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence|url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences|volume=49|pages=243–244|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead}} (Republished by [[National Informatics Centre]], Government of India.)
* {{cite book|title=Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function|last=Finger|first=Stanley|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-514694-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Ancient Indian Medicine|last=Kutumbian|first=P.|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan|Orient Longman]]|year=1999|isbn=978-81-250-1521-5|location=Andhra Pradesh, India}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00step|title=The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine|last=Lock|first=Stephen|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-262950-0|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Underwood|first=E. Ashworth|author2=Rhodes, P.|year=2008|title=History of Medicine|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|edition=2008}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJOEMwrVyRcC&q=The+Roots+of+Ayurveda:+Selections+from+Sanskrit+Medical+Writings.&pg=PR1|title=The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings|last=Wujastyk|first=D.|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2003a|isbn=978-0-14-044824-5}}
{{refend}}

{{med-stub}}

[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]

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Ayurveda - Revision history