95.12.119.217 at 21:54, 21 December 2022

2022-12-21T21:54:19Z

>Dimadick: /* References */

2021-06-26T15:47:14Z

References

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Assam separatist conflict
| partof = the [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
| image = IN-AS.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = State of Assam
| date = 27 November 1990 – '' Present '' ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1990|month1=11|day1=27}})
| place = [[Assam]], [[India]]
| territory =
| status = [[List of ongoing armed conflicts|Ongoing]] (Skirmish Level)
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}} '''Border conflicts:''' {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{flag|Bhutan}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} [[Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front|KLNLF]] (1990-18) {{flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg|22px}} [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland|NDFB]] (1990-20) [[Dima Halam Daogah|DHD]] (1990-13) [[United People's Democratic Solidarity|UPDS]] (1990-14)
| combatant3 = [[Adivasi Cobra Force|ACF]] (1996-12)
| combatant4 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg|22px}} [[Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam|MULTA]]
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|India}} [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]] {{flagdeco|India}} [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] {{flagdeco|India}} [[Kocheril Raman Narayanan]] {{flagdeco|India}} [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] {{flagdeco|India}} [[Pratibha Patil]] {{flagdeco|India}} [[Pranab Mukherjee]] {{flagdeco|India}} [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Paresh Baruah]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Arabinda Rajkhowa]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Pradip Gogoi]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Anup Chetia]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Raju Baruah]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Chitrabon Hazarika]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Ashanta Bagh Phukan]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Ramu Mech]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Sashadhar Choudhury]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Bhimkanta Buragohain]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Mithinga Daimary]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Pranati Deka]] {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} [[Drishti Rajkhowa]] {{flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg|22px}} [[Sabin Boro]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} [[Men Sing Takbi]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} [[Pradip Terang]]
| commander3 = '' Unknown ''
| commander4 = '' Unknown ''
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 = 1,325,000
| strength2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px}} 3,000–6,000 (1996)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm |title=Global security - United Liberation Front of Asom |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905022900/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm |archive-date=5 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{Flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg|22px}} 3,500 (2005)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ndfb.htm |title=Global security - The National Democratice Front of Bodoland (NDFB) |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905065122/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ndfb.htm |archive-date=5 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} 225 (2008)<ref>[http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/08july19/national.htm ''DailyExcelsior'']{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| strength3 = 100
| strength4 = '' Unknown ''
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties5 = 12,000 killed<ref name="dawn">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2009/01/02/top6.htm|title=Five killed in Assam bomb blasts - DAWN.COM|publisher=dawn.com|access-date=12 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027190450/http://www.dawn.com/2009/01/02/top6.htm|archive-date=27 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

'''Assam separatist movements''' refers to series of multiple insurgency movements operating in Northeast India's oil-rich state<ref name="peopleandpower">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/peopleandpower/2007/05/2008525184748958544.html|title=Bloody Tea|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071849/http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/peopleandpower/2007/05/2008525184748958544.html|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> of [[Assam]].
The conflict started in the 1970s<ref name="peopleandpower" /> following tension between the native [[Assamese people|indigenous Assamese people]] and the Indian government over alleged neglect, political, social, cultural, economic issues and increased levels of illegal immigration from [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/19/assam-independence-talks-india | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Aruni | last=Kashyap | title=India needs talks for Assam's peace | date=19 May 2010 | access-date=11 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928135145/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/19/assam-independence-talks-india | archive-date=28 September 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/15/world/bomb-kills-10-at-india-independence-parade.html|title=Bomb Kills 10 at India Independence Parade|date=15 August 2004|work=The New York Times|page=15 (section 1)|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111259/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/15/world/bomb-kills-10-at-india-independence-parade.html|archive-date=26 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The conflict has resulted in the deaths of 12,000 [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] militants and 18,000 others.<ref name="sentinelassam">{{cite web|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/mainnews/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=34300&dtP=2010-04-25&ppr=1#34300|title=The Sentinel|publisher=sentinelassam.com|access-date=12 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719035856/http://www.sentinelassam.com/mainnews/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=34300&dtP=2010-04-25&ppr=1#34300|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="assam1">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/assam.htm|title=Assam|first=John|last=Pike|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626110935/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/assam.htm|archive-date=26 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Several organisations contribute to the insurgency including the ULFA, the Adivasi National Liberation Army, [[Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front]] (KLNLF) and the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] (NDFB) with ULFA perhaps the largest of these groups,<ref name="assam1" /> and one of the oldest, having been founded in 1979.<ref name="ulfa">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/ulfa.htm|title=United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117092038/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/ulfa.htm|archive-date=17 November 2009|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The ULFA has attacked Hindi-speaking migrant workers<ref name="papers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers23%5Cpaper2257.html |title=Assam: ULFA's Rerun of Violence against Migrant Workers |access-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128074934/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers23/paper2257.html |archive-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and a movement exists favouring [[secession]] from the [[Republic of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf |access-date=26 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The alleged neglect and economic, social, cultural and political exploitation by the Indian state are the main reasons behind the growth of this secessionist movement.

The ULFA seeks to establish a sovereign Assam via armed struggle. MULTA on the other hand seeks to establish an [[Islamic state]] in India via jihadist struggle of Muslims of both indigenous and migrant origin. The Government of India banned the organization in 1990 and classifies it as a terrorist group, while the [[US State Department]] lists it under "Other groups of concern".

Founded at [[Rang Ghar]], a historic structure dating to the [[Ahom kingdom]] on April{{nbsp}}7, 1979, the ULFA has been the subject of military operations by the Indian Army since 1990, which have continued into the present.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assam.org/node/2382 |title=Where Have They All Gone? | Assam Portal |publisher=Assam.org |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025065821/http://www.assam.org/node/2382 |archive-date=25 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the past two decades some 30,000 people have died<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/mainnews/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=34300&dtP=2010-04-25&ppr=1#34300 |title=The Sentinel |publisher=Sentinelassam.com |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719035856/http://www.sentinelassam.com/mainnews/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=34300&dtP=2010-04-25&ppr=1#34300 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> in the clash between the rebels and the government.
Though separatist sentiment is considered strong,<ref name='frontline'>{{cite journal|title=Assamese identity|journal=Frontline|date=December 2006|first=Paresh|last=Malakar|volume=23|issue=24|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2324/stories/20061215004912900.htm|access-date=15 March 2009 }}</ref> it is disputed if the secessionist movement continues to enjoy popular support. Conversely, assertions of Assamese nationalism are found in [[Assamese literature]] and culture. The neglect and exploitation by the Indian state are common refrains in the Assamese-language media<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/aruni-kashyap/assam |title=The Assam conflict: a failure of the press |publisher=openDemocracy |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114094232/http://www.opendemocracy.net/aruni-kashyap/assam |archive-date=14 November 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> with some reports casting the ULFA leaders as saviors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/19/assam-independence-talks-india |title=India needs talks for Assam's peace | Aruni Kashyap | Comment is free |work=The Guardian|date=19 January 2010 |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928135145/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/19/assam-independence-talks-india |archive-date=28 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Internationally acclaimed Assamese novelist [[Indira Goswami]] has tried to broker peace<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/29/stories/2007062959711400.htm |title=National : Indira Goswami makes fresh attempt at brokering peace |date=29 June 2007 |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214072513/http://hindu.com/2007/06/29/stories/2007062959711400.htm |archive-date=14 February 2009 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.princeclausfund.org/nl/what_we_do/awards/PrinceClasuAwardIndiraGoswami.shtml |title=Prince Clasu Award Indira Goswami |publisher=Princeclausfund.org |date=29 June 2007 |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704220034/http://www.princeclausfund.org/nl/what_we_do/awards/PrinceClasuAwardIndiraGoswami.shtml |archive-date=4 July 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/ps042.pdf |title=Conflict and Peace in India's Northeast: The Role of Civil Society |access-date=7 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101127102621/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/ps042.pdf| archive-date= 27 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> for several years between the rebels and the government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/1216409026IB40-WasirHussainr-SustainingPeaceProcessinAssam.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310141558/http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/1216409026IB40-WasirHussainr-SustainingPeaceProcessinAssam.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In a recent development [[Hiren Gohain]],<ref>{{cite web |author=TI Trade |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct1310/at094 |title=The Assam Tribune Online |publisher=Assamtribune.com |date=13 October 2010 |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928150915/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct1310%2Fat094 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/peace-interlocutor-meets-ulfa-leaders-in-guwahati-jail-news-national-kkvsafeajfi.html |title=Peace interlocutor meets ULFA leaders in Guwahati jail |publisher=Sify.com |date=21 October 2010 |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001064712/http://www.sify.com/news/peace-interlocutor-meets-ulfa-leaders-in-guwahati-jail-news-national-kkvsafeajfi.html |archive-date=1 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> a public intellectual, has stepped in to expedite the process.

On 15 May 2019, Twelve people were injured after a grenade exploded in front of a shopping mall in Guwahati. Days later the United Liberation Front of Assam claimed responsibility for the attack, and the authorities arrested the main suspected of the attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-six-injured-grenade-blast-guwahati-live-updates-5729840/|title=Assam: Eleven injured in grenade blast in Guwahati|date=2019-05-15|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-update/12-persons-wounded-in-grenade-attack-in-assam|title=Terrorism Update Details - 12-persons-wounded-in-grenade-attack-in-assam|website=www.satp.org|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/suspected-ulfa-member-main-accused-in-guwahati-grenade-attack-arrested/story-oHSTlA6JYLgfrUbeCZlajP.html|title=Suspected ULFA member, main accused in Guwahati grenade attack arrested|work=Hidnustan Times|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Operation All Clear]]
*[[2008 Assam bombings]]
*[[Bhimajuli Massacre]]
*[[2009 Guwahati bombings]]
*[[2009 Assam serial blasts]]
*[[Insurgency in North-East India]]
*[[Separatist movements of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Stateless nationalism in Asia}}
{{Ethnic nationalism}}
{{History of Assam}}
{{India separatist movements}}
{{Ongoing military conflicts}}

[[Category:1990s in Assam]]
[[Category:2000s in Assam]]
[[Category:2010s in Assam]]
[[Category:2020s in Assam]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India|*]]
[[Category:Separatism in India]]
[[Category:Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese nationalism]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Insurgencies in Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic conflicts]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Ongoing insurgencies]]

Assam separatist movements - Revision history

95.12.119.217 at 21:54, 21 December 2022

>Dimadick: /* References */