Ashoka - Revision history

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2405:201:6036:801D:64BD:3700:628D:EE75: /* Foreign relations */Content added from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka#:~:text=Ashoka's%20edicts%20were%20the%20first,from%20the%201st%20century%20CE.

2024-03-16T06:44:02Z

Foreign relations: Content added from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka#:~:text=Ashoka's%20edicts%20were%20the%20first,from%20the%201st%20century%20CE.

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 ==Foreign relations==
 It is well known that Ashoka sent ''dütas'' or emissaries to convey messages or letters, written or oral (rather both), to various people. The VIth Rock Edict about "oral orders" reveals this. It was later confirmed that it was not unusual to add oral messages to written ones, and the content of Ashoka's messages can be inferred likewise from the XIIIth Rock Edict: They were meant to spread his ''dhammavijaya,'' which he considered the highest victory and which he wished to propagate everywhere (including far beyond India). There is obvious and undeniable trace of cultural contact through the adoption of the [[Kharosthi]] script, and the idea of installing inscriptions might have travelled with this script, as [[Achaemenid]] influence is seen in some of the formulations used by Ashoka in his inscriptions. This indicates to us that Ashoka was indeed in contact with other cultures, and was an active part in mingling and spreading new cultural ideas beyond his own immediate walls.<ref name="Hinuber2012">{{cite journal | author=Oskar von Hinüber |title=Did Hellenistic Kings Send Letters to Aśoka? | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=130 | issue=2 | year=2010 | publisher=Freiburg | pages=262–265}}</ref>
 ===Hellenistic world===
 In his rock edicts, Ashoka states that he had encouraged the transmission of Buddhism to the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic kingdoms]] to the west and that the Greeks in his dominion were converts to Buddhism and recipients of his envoys:
-{{blockquote|Now it is conquest by Dhamma that Beloved-of-the-Gods considers to be the best conquest. And it (conquest by Dhamma) has been won here, on the borders, even six hundred yojanas away, where the Greek king [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochos]] rules, beyond there where the four kings named [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus|Ptolemy]], [[Antigonus II Gonatas|Antigonos]], [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]] and [[Alexander II of Epirus|Alexander]] rule, likewise in the south among the Cholas, the Pandyas, and as far as Tamraparni.
+{{blockquote|
 Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamktis, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dhamma. Even where Beloved-of-the-Gods' envoys have not been, these people too, having heard of the practice of Dhamma and the ordinances and instructions in Dhamma given by Beloved-of-the-Gods, are following it and will continue to do so. | [[Edicts of Ashoka]], [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict|Rock Edict]] (S. Dhammika)<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel386.html#rock14 The Edicts of King Ashoka: an English rendering by Ven. S. Dhammika] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510060618/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel386.html |date=10 May 2016 }}. Access to Insight: Readings in Theravāda Buddhism. Retrieved 1 September 2011.</ref>|source=}}
 It is possible, but not certain, that Ashoka received letters from Greek rulers and was acquainted with the Hellenistic royal orders in the same way as he perhaps knew of the inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings, given the presence of ambassadors of Hellenistic kings in India (as well as the ''dütas'' sent by Ashoka himself).<ref name="Hinuber2012" /> [[Dionysius (ambassador)|Dionysius]] is reported to have been such a Greek ambassador at the court of Ashoka, sent by [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21 |title = Pliny the Elder, "The Natural History", 6, 21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728023626/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21 |archive-date=28 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> who himself is mentioned in the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] as a recipient of the Buddhist proselytism of Ashoka. Some Hellenistic philosophers, such as [[Hegesias of Cyrene]], who probably lived under the rule of King [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]], one of the supposed recipients of Buddhist emissaries from Asoka, are sometimes thought to have been influenced by Buddhist teachings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Preus |first=Anthony |year=2015 |title=Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjW_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |page=184 |isbn=978-1-4422-4639-3 |access-date=18 June 2017 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104102717/https://books.google.com/books?id=wjW_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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 | publisher =Thames & Hudson
 }}</ref><ref name="emmerick 263"/> According to one version, the nobles of a tribe in [[Taxila (ancient)|ancient Taxila]], who traced their ancestry to the deity [[Vaiśravaṇa]], were said to have blinded [[Kunala|Kunãla]], a son of [[Ashoka]]. In punishment they were banished by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan emperor]] to the north of the Himalayas, where they settled in Khotan and elected one of their members as king. However war then ensued with another group from China whose leader then took over as king, and the two colonies merged.<ref name="Mallory 2000"/> In a different version, it was Kunãla himself who was exiled and founded Khotan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&pg=PA193 |title=The Early History of India|first= Vincent A. |last= Smith | page=193 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers |date= 1999|isbn=978-81-7156-618-1}}</ref>
 ==Legends about past lives==
 Buddhist legends mention stories about Ashoka's past lives. According to a ''Mahavamsa'' story, Ashoka, Nigrodha and Devnampiya Tissa were brothers in a previous life. In that life, a [[pratyekabuddha]] was looking for honey to cure another, sick pratyekabuddha. A woman directed him to a honey shop owned by the three brothers. Ashoka generously donated honey to the pratyekabuddha, and wished to become the sovereign ruler of Jambudvipa for this act of merit.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=146}} The woman wished to become his queen, and was reborn as Ashoka's wife Asandhamitta.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=146–147}} Later Pali texts credit her with an additional act of merit: she gifted the pratyekabuddha a piece of cloth made by her. These texts include the ''Dasavatthuppakarana'', the so-called Cambodian or Extended ''Mahavamsa'' (possibly from 9th–10th centuries), and the ''Trai Bhumi Katha'' (15th century).{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=166}}

2405:201:6036:801D:5C0B:881A:3959:B939 at 08:37, 11 March 2024

2024-03-11T08:37:09Z

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	— Ashoka, Major Rock Edict No. 13 [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&pg=PT82&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false]		— Ashoka, Major Rock Edict No. 13 [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&pg=PT82&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false]

	===Boundaries sharing territories ===		===Boundaries sharing territories===

	Even though Ashoka defined the boundaries of his empire four times in various inscriptions (with same lines) but he never mentioned any inner hole or unconquered region inside his empire.This suggests that Ashoka's empire was likely contiguous, with no significant unconquered regions within its borders :		Even though Ashoka defined the boundaries of his empire four times in various inscriptions ('''with same lines''') but he never mentioned any inner hole or unconquered region inside his empire.This suggests that Ashoka's empire was likely contiguous, with no significant unconquered regions within its borders :
			----
			<blockquote>
			''3. Sav[r]atra vijite [De]va[naṃ]priyasa Priyadraśisa y[e] ca [a]ṃta yathā [Coḍa] Paṃḍiya Satiyaputro Keraḍaputro Taṃbapaṃṇī Aṃtiyo[k]o nāma Yonaraja ye ca aṃñe tasa Aṃtiyokasa samaṃta rajano ''

	~~<blockquote>~~		''4. savratra Devanaṃpriyasa Priyadraśisa raño du[vi] cik[i]sa [kr]i[ṭa] manusa-cikisa .. pa[śu-c]ikisa [ca]''
	~~Sav~~[r]~~atravijite~~ [De]va[~~nam~~]~~priyasaPriyadrashisa y~~[e] ~~cha~~ [a]~~mtayatha~~ [~~Choda~~] ~~PamdiyaSatiyaputro KeradaputroTambapamni…,~~
			—Second Rock-Edict: Shahbazgarhi [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25989/page/51/mode/1up]
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
	-~~Second Rock~~-~~Edict: Shahbazgarhi [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25989/page/51/mode/1up]~~		----
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	Sav[a]ta vijitsi Devanampiyas[a] Piyadasis[a] lajine ye cha amta [a]tha Choda Pam[di]~~yaSatiyaputo~~ Ke[lala]~~putoTamba~~[pa]mni..		''4. Sav[a]ta vijitsi Devanampiyas[a] Piyadasis[a] lajine ye cha amta [a]tha Choda Pam[di]ya Satiyaputo Ke[lala]puto Tamba[pa]mni''

			''5. Aṃtiyoge [n]āma Yona-lājā ye ca aṃne tas[ā A]ṃtiyogasā sā[ma]ṃta lā[j]ano [sa]vatā Devānaṃpiyasā Piyadasisā lājine duve cikisakā kaṭā manusacikisā cā pasu-cikisā cā ''

			—Second Rock Edict: Kalsi [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25989/page/28/mode/1up]
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
	-~~Second Rock Edict: Kalsi [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25989/page/28/mode/1up]~~		----
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	sa[vatra vi]jitasi Devanapriyasa ~~Priyadrashisarajine~~ ye cha ~~ataatha~~ [Choda] Pa[mdiya] Sa[ti]ya[p]u[tra] Keralaputra [Tam]bapani..		''6. Sa[vatra vi]jitasi Devanapriyasa Priyadrasisa rajine ye cha ata atha [Choda] Pa[mdiya] Sa[ti]ya[p]u[tra] Keralaputra [Tam]bapani Atiyoge nama Yona-raja ye cha [a] .... sa ......[gasa] samata ra[jane sa]vratra ...... priyasa Priyadrasisa rajine''

			''7. duve chikisa [ka]ta manusa-chik[isa cha] pasu [chi]kisa cha ''

			—Second Rock Edict: Mansehra [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25989/page/71/mode/1up]
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
	-~~Second Rock Edict: Mansehra [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25989/page/71/mode/1up]~~		----
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	~~Sav~~[r]~~atravijite~~ [De]va[~~nam~~]~~priyasaPriyadrashisa Ye Ca anta ataChoda, Pandiya, Satiyaputo, Ketalaputo, Tam bapanni, Antiyogonaama, Yonalaja...~~.		''1. Sarvata vijitamhi Devānaṃpriyasa Piyadasino rāño''
	~~</blockquote>~~ -~~Second~~ Rock Edict :Girnar [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.~~25520~~/page/~~117~~/mode/1up]
	'''~~—Translation:~~''' Everywhere in the conquered ~~dominions~~ of ~~king Priyadarsin~~, the beloved-of the gods, ~~and~~ the ~~dominions on~~ the ~~boarders~~ as ~~those of the Choda (the Colas)~~, Pandiya (~~the Pandyas). Satiyaputo (The Satiyaputras~~) and the ~~Ketalaputo~~ (the ~~Keralaputras~~), ~~as far as Tamraparni~~, the ~~Yavana king named Antiyogonaama (Antiyoka)~~ and ~~the other neighbouring kings~~ of ~~this king Antiyoka.~~		''2. evamapi pracaṃtesu yathā Coḍa Pāḍā Satiyaputo Ketalaputo ā Taṃba-''

			''3. paṃṇī Aṃtiyako Yona-rājā ye vā pi tasa Aṃtiy[a]kas[a] sāmīp[aṃ] ''

			''4. rājāno sarvatra Devānaṃpriyasa Priyadasino rāño dve cikīcha katā ''

			''5 manusa-cīkichā ca pasu cikīchā ca''

			—Second Rock Edict :Girnar [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25989/page/n136/mode/1up]
			</blockquote>
			----
			'''— [[James Prinsep]] Translation''' : Everywhere within the conquered province of Raja Piyadasi (Ashoka), the beloved of the gods, as well as in the parts occupied by the faithful, such as Chola, Pandiya, Satiyaputra, and Keralaputra, even as fart as Tambapanni (Sri Lanka) and, moreover, within the dominions the Greek (of which [[Antiochus]] generals are the rulers ) everywhere the heaven-beloved Raja Piyadasi’s double system of medical aid is established— both medical aid for men, and medical aid for animals, together with the medicaments of all sorts, which are suitable for men, and suitable for animals.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25520/page/117/mode/1up\|title=Complete Works of Alexander Cunningham: Inscriptions of Asoka Vol I\|last=Cunningham\|page=117\|first=Alexander\|date=1969\|publisher=Indological Book House, Varanasi}}</ref>

			'''— [[E. Hultzsch]] Translation:''' Everywhere in the dominions of Dévanampriya Priyadarsina, and (of those) who (are his) borderers, such as the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satiyaputra, the Kéralaputra, Tamaraparni, the Yona(Greek) king named Antiyoka , and the other kings who are the neighbours of this Antiyoka, everywhere two kinds of medical treatment were established by king Devanampriya Priyadarsin, (viz.) medical treatment for men and medical treatment for cattle.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25989/page/52/mode/1up\|title=Inscriptions of Asoka, Vol. I\|page=52\|last=Hultzsch\|first=E.\|date=1989\|publisher=Indological Book House, Varanasi}}</ref>

	[[File:Ashoka Maurya Empire 250 BCE.jpg\|thumb\|Possible Mauryan Empire size according to details given in Ashoka Second Rock Edict of Shahbazgarhi , Kalsi ,Mansera and Girnar.]]		[[File:Ashoka Maurya Empire 250 BCE.jpg\|thumb\|Possible Mauryan Empire size according to details given in Ashoka Second Rock Edict of Shahbazgarhi , Kalsi ,Mansera and Girnar.]]

2405:201:6036:801D:5C0B:881A:3959:B939: Irfan Habib, page 9

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Irfan Habib, page 9

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	'''Ashoka''' ({{IPAc-en\|ə\|ˈ\|ʃ\|oʊ\|k\|ə}}, {{IAST3\|Aśoka}}; also ''Asoka''; {{circa\|304}} – 232 BCE), popularly known as '''Ashoka the Great''', and also referred to as '''Chakraravartin Samrat Ashoka''', was the third [[Mauryan Emperor]] of [[Magadha]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during {{circa\|268}} to 232 BCE. His empire covered a large part of the Indian subcontinent, stretching from present-day [[Afghanistan]] in the west to present-day [[Bangladesh]] in the east, with its capital at [[Pataliputra]]. A patron of [[Buddhism]], he is credited with playing an important role in the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia.		'''Ashoka''' ({{IPAc-en\|ə\|ˈ\|ʃ\|oʊ\|k\|ə}}, {{IAST3\|Aśoka}}; also ''Asoka''; {{circa\|304}} – 232 BCE), popularly known as '''Ashoka the Great''', and also referred to as '''Chakraravartin Samrat Ashoka''', was the third [[Mauryan Emperor]] of [[Magadha]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during {{circa\|268}} to 232 BCE. His empire covered a large part of the Indian subcontinent, stretching from present-day [[Afghanistan]] in the west to present-day [[Bangladesh]] in the east, with its capital at [[Pataliputra]]. A patron of [[Buddhism]], he is credited with playing an important role in the spread of [[Buddhism ]]across ancient [[Asia]].The first perception of the whole of India as a country comes with the [[Mauryan Empire]]. The inscriptions of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka range from [[Kandahar]] and north of [[Kabul]] to [[Karnataka ]]and [[Andhra]] and they are in[[ Prakrit]], [[Greek ]]and [[Aramaic]]. So it was with such political unity that the concept of India came, and its first name was [[Jambudvipa]] a name which Ashoka uses in his [[Minor Rock Edict]]-I, meaning ''the land of the Jamun fruit.''<ref name="HABIB”>" Pg.9 : The first perception of the whole of India as a country comes with the Mauryan Empire. Those of you, who have studied Indian history would know that the inscriptions of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka range from Kandahar and north of Kabul to Karnataka and Andhra and they are in Prakrit, Greek and Aramaic. So it was with such political unity that the concept of India came, and its first name was Jambudvipa a name which Ashoka uses in his Minor Rock Edict-1, meaning 'the land of the Jamun fruit.’"{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/IdeaofIndiabyIrfanHabib\|page=9\|title=Idea of India by Irfan Habib\|first=Irfan \|last=Habib\|date=2015-10-24}}</ref>


	Ashoka's edicts state that during his eighth regnal year ({{Circa\|260 BCE}}), he conquered [[Kalinga (historical region)\|Kalinga]] after a [[Kalinga War\|brutal war]]. Ashoka subsequently devoted himself to the propagation of "[[Ashoka's policy of Dhamma\|dhamma]]" or righteous conduct, the major theme of the edicts. Ashoka's edicts suggest that a few years after the [[Kalinga War]], he was gradually drawn towards Buddhism. The Buddhist legends credit Ashoka with establishing a large number of [[stupa]]s, patronising the [[Third Buddhist council]], supporting Buddhist missionaries, making generous donations to the Buddhist Sangha.		Ashoka's edicts state that during his eighth regnal year ({{Circa\|260 BCE}}), he conquered [[Kalinga (historical region)\|Kalinga]] after a [[Kalinga War\|brutal war]]. Ashoka subsequently devoted himself to the propagation of "[[Ashoka's policy of Dhamma\|dhamma]]" or righteous conduct, the major theme of the edicts. Ashoka's edicts suggest that a few years after the [[Kalinga War]], he was gradually drawn towards Buddhism. The Buddhist legends credit Ashoka with establishing a large number of [[stupa]]s, patronising the [[Third Buddhist council]], supporting Buddhist missionaries, making generous donations to the Buddhist Sangha.

2405:201:6036:801D:2855:16ED:3E07:9CC4: Art and Culture of Orissa ,isbn=978-81-230-1171-4 , page 9

2024-03-07T11:28:10Z

Art and Culture of Orissa ,isbn=978-81-230-1171-4 , page 9

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:58, 7 March 2024
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	{{Blockquote		{{Blockquote
	\|text=Directly, after the Kalingas had been annexed, began His Sacred Majesty's zealous protection of the Law of Piety, his love of that Law, and his inculcation of that Law. Thence arises the remorse of His Sacred Majesty for having conquered the Kalingas because the conquest of a country previously unconquered involves the slaughter, death, and carrying away captive of the people. That is a matter of profound sorrow and regret to His Sacred Majesty.<ref name="Wikisource Smith">{{cite Wikisource \|wslink=Asoka – the Buddhist Emperor of India/Chapter 4 \|title=Asoka: The Buddhist Emperor of India \|last=Smith \|first=Vincent \|author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith \|year=1920 \|publisher=Clarendon Press \|location=Oxford \|page=185}}</ref>}}		\|text=Directly, after the Kalingas had been annexed, began His Sacred Majesty's zealous protection of the Law of Piety, his love of that Law, and his inculcation of that Law. Thence arises the remorse of His Sacred Majesty for having conquered the Kalingas because the conquest of a country previously unconquered involves the slaughter, death, and carrying away captive of the people. That is a matter of profound sorrow and regret to His Sacred Majesty.<ref name="Wikisource Smith">{{cite Wikisource \|wslink=Asoka – the Buddhist Emperor of India/Chapter 4 \|title=Asoka: The Buddhist Emperor of India \|last=Smith \|first=Vincent \|author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith \|year=1920 \|publisher=Clarendon Press \|location=Oxford \|page=185}}</ref>}}
	According to Ashoka's Major Rock Edict 13, he conquered Kalinga 8 years after ascending to the throne. The edict states that during his conquest of Kalinga, 1,00,000 men and animals were killed in action; many times that number "perished"; and 150,000 men and animals were carried away from Kalinga as captives. {{sfn\|Guruge, Unresolved\|1995\|p=38}}		During Kalinga war launched by Ashoka, King of Magadh, lakhs of Kalingan soldiers died in the war field, which filled him with remorse though he conquested Kalinga. A cruel Chandasoka' became Dharmasoka. He embraced Buddhism and spread its message of peace and non-violence far and wide.
			<ref>{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/artcultureoforis00sena\|title=Art and Culture of Orissa\|last=Senāpati\|first=Rabīndra Mohana\|date=2004\|page=9\|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India\|others=Public Resource\|isbn=978-81-230-1171-4}}</ref>According to Ashoka's Major Rock Edict 13, he conquered Kalinga 8 years after ascending to the throne. The edict states that during his conquest of Kalinga, 1,00,000 men and animals were killed in action; many times that number "perished"; and 150,000 men and animals were carried away from Kalinga as captives. {{sfn\|Guruge, Unresolved\|1995\|p=38}}

	==Conversion to Buddhism==		==Conversion to Buddhism==

2401:4900:B07:924C:2CA6:5BAC:9BE5:B3D9: Minor improvement

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Minor improvement

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	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\| title =[[Chakravartin]]<br>Magadha--dhirāja<br> Mahāsammata Janapadasthamaviryaprapt <br> Priyadarśin Devanampriya		\|name=Ashoka The Great
			\| title =[[Chakravartin]]<br>Magadha-dhirāja<br> Dhammasoka <br> Mahāsammata Janapadasthamaviryaprapt <br> Priyadarśin Devanampriya
	\| succession = 3rd [[List of Mauryan rulers\|Mauryan Emperor]]		\| succession = 3rd [[List of Mauryan rulers\|Mauryan Emperor]]
	\| image = Indian Relief of Ashoka, circa 1st century BC, from the Amaravathi village, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh (India), in the Guimet Museum (Paris).jpg		\| image = Indian Relief of Ashoka, circa 1st century BC, from the Amaravathi village, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh (India), in the Guimet Museum (Paris).jpg

79.137.87.172: /* Animal welfare */Frederick is novel writer not historian, his books never taken as history source .

2024-01-21T02:41:44Z

Animal welfare: Frederick is novel writer not historian, his books never taken as history source .

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	====Animal welfare====		====Animal welfare====
	Ashoka's rock edicts declare that injuring living things is not good, and no animal should be slaughtered for sacrifice.{{sfn\|Fitzgerald\|2004\|p=120}} However, he did not prohibit common cattle slaughter or beef eating.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Simoons \|first=Frederick J. \|date=1994 \|title=Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwGZTQunH00C&pg=PA108 \|edition=2nd \|location=Madison \|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press \|page=108 \|isbn=978-0-299-14254-4 \|access-date=13 February 2016 \|archive-date=14 February 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214171640/https://books.google.com/books?id=JwGZTQunH00C&pg=PA108 \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Ashoka's rock edicts declare that injuring living things is not good, and no animal should be slaughtered for sacrifice.{{sfn\|Fitzgerald\|2004\|p=120}}

	He imposed a ban on killing of "all four-footed creatures that are neither useful nor edible", and of specific animal species including several birds, certain types of fish and bulls among others. He also banned killing of female goats, sheep and pigs that were nursing their young; as well as their young up to the age of six months. He also banned killing of all fish and [[neutering\|castration]] of animals during certain periods such as [[Chaturmasa]] and [[Uposatha]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel386.html \|title=The Edicts of King Asoka \|translator-last=Dhammika \|translator-first=Ven. S. \|year=1994 \|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510060618/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel386.html \|archive-date=10 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC&pg=PA314 \|title=Asoka \|author=D.R. Bhandarkar, R. G. Bhandarkar \|publisher=Asian Educational Services \|year=2000 \|pages=314–315 \|isbn=9788120613331 \|access-date=17 December 2015 \|archive-date=26 April 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426172502/https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC&pg=PA314 \|url-status=live }}</ref>		He imposed a ban on killing of "all four-footed creatures that are neither useful nor edible", and of specific animal species including several birds, certain types of fish and bulls among others. He also banned killing of female goats, sheep and pigs that were nursing their young; as well as their young up to the age of six months. He also banned killing of all fish and [[neutering\|castration]] of animals during certain periods such as [[Chaturmasa]] and [[Uposatha]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel386.html \|title=The Edicts of King Asoka \|translator-last=Dhammika \|translator-first=Ven. S. \|year=1994 \|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510060618/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel386.html \|archive-date=10 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC&pg=PA314 \|title=Asoka \|author=D.R. Bhandarkar, R. G. Bhandarkar \|publisher=Asian Educational Services \|year=2000 \|pages=314–315 \|isbn=9788120613331 \|access-date=17 December 2015 \|archive-date=26 April 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426172502/https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC&pg=PA314 \|url-status=live }}</ref>

162.19.227.247: /* Construction of Stupas and Temples */Shanti Stupa name missing.

2024-01-21T01:21:17Z

Construction of Stupas and Temples: Shanti Stupa name missing.

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:51, 21 January 2024
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	\| [[Bairat Stupa]]		\| [[Bairat Stupa]]
	\| [[Viratnagar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]		\| [[Viratnagar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
			\| [[Ashoka]]
			\|-
			\| [[Shanti Stupa]]
			\|[[Leh district]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
	\| [[Ashoka]]		\| [[Ashoka]]
	\|-		\|-