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← Older revision		Revision as of 13:43, 12 August 2021
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	==History==		==History==
	Arranged marriages were very common throughout the world until the 18th century.<ref name="jo2008">{{cite encyclopedia \|editor-last=O'Brien \|editor-first=Jodi \|date=2008 \|title=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society \|volume=1 \|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] \|pages=~~40-42~~ \| isbn=978-1412909167 \|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofge0001unse_o7e8/page/40/mode/2up \|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Typically, marriages were arranged by parents, grandparents or other relatives. Some historical exceptions are known, such as courtship and betrothal rituals during the [[Renaissance]] period of Italy<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cour/hd_cour.htm\|title=Courtship and Betrothal in the Italian Renaissance\|work=metmuseum.org}}</ref> and [[Gandharva marriage\|Gandharva Vivah]] in the Vedic period of India.<ref>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, James G. Lochtefeld (2001), {{ISBN\|978-0823931798}}, Page 427</ref>		Arranged marriages were very common throughout the world until the 18th century.<ref name="jo2008">{{cite encyclopedia \|editor-last=O'Brien \|editor-first=Jodi \|date=2008 \|title=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society \|volume=1 \|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] \|pages=40–42 \| isbn=978-1412909167 \|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofge0001unse_o7e8/page/40/mode/2up \|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Typically, marriages were arranged by parents, grandparents or other relatives. Some historical exceptions are known, such as courtship and betrothal rituals during the [[Renaissance]] period of Italy<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cour/hd_cour.htm\|title=Courtship and Betrothal in the Italian Renaissance\|work=metmuseum.org}}</ref> and [[Gandharva marriage\|Gandharva Vivah]] in the Vedic period of India.<ref>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, James G. Lochtefeld (2001), {{ISBN\|978-0823931798}}, Page 427</ref>

	In [[China]], arranged marriages (baoban hunyin, 包办婚姻) – sometimes called blind marriages (manghun, 盲婚) – were the norm before the mid-20th century. A marriage was a negotiation and decision between parents and other older members of two families. The boy and girl were typically told to get married, without a right to demur, even if they had never met each other until the wedding day.<ref>Fricke, Chang, and Yang. (1994). Historical and Ethnographic Perspectives on the Chinese family. Social Change and the Family in Taiwan. Arland Thornton and Lin, Hui-Sheng. Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press: 22–48</ref><ref>[http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1328263&fileOId=1328264 Pan, Rong (2004), Why Being Single?], Lund University (Sweden), Centre for Asian studies</ref><ref>[https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13001/whole%20thesis%20final.pdf?sequence=1 Gender, Marriage and Migration – Mainland China and Taiwan] Melody Chia-Wen Lu (2008), Leiden University</ref>		In [[China]], arranged marriages (baoban hunyin, 包办婚姻) – sometimes called blind marriages (manghun, 盲婚) – were the norm before the mid-20th century. A marriage was a negotiation and decision between parents and other older members of two families. The boy and girl were typically told to get married, without a right to demur, even if they had never met each other until the wedding day.<ref>Fricke, Chang, and Yang. (1994). Historical and Ethnographic Perspectives on the Chinese family. Social Change and the Family in Taiwan. Arland Thornton and Lin, Hui-Sheng. Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press: 22–48</ref><ref>[http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1328263&fileOId=1328264 Pan, Rong (2004), Why Being Single?], Lund University (Sweden), Centre for Asian studies</ref><ref>[https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13001/whole%20thesis%20final.pdf?sequence=1 Gender, Marriage and Migration – Mainland China and Taiwan] Melody Chia-Wen Lu (2008), Leiden University</ref>
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	* '''Autonomous marriage: '''individuals select, the parents or guardians are neither consulted nor have any say before the marriage		* '''Autonomous marriage: '''individuals select, the parents or guardians are neither consulted nor have any say before the marriage

	Gary Lee and Lorene Stone suggest that most adult marriages in recent modern history are somewhere on the scale between consensual arranged and autonomous marriage, in part because marriage is a social institution. Similarly, Broude and Greene, after studying 142 cultures worldwide, have reported that 130 cultures have elements of arranged marriage.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Broude \|first1=Gwen J.. \|last2=Greene \|first2=Sarah J. \|title=Cross-cultural codes on Husband-Wife Relationships \|journal=Ethnology \|date=July 1983 \|volume=22 \|issue=3 \|pages=~~263-280~~ \|doi=10.2307/3773467}}{{verification failed\|date=July 2021}}</ref>		Gary Lee and Lorene Stone suggest that most adult marriages in recent modern history are somewhere on the scale between consensual arranged and autonomous marriage, in part because marriage is a social institution. Similarly, Broude and Greene, after studying 142 cultures worldwide, have reported that 130 cultures have elements of arranged marriage.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Broude \|first1=Gwen J.. \|last2=Greene \|first2=Sarah J. \|title=Cross-cultural codes on Husband-Wife Relationships \|journal=Ethnology \|date=July 1983 \|volume=22 \|issue=3 \|pages=263–280 \|doi=10.2307/3773467}}{{verification failed\|date=July 2021}}</ref>

	Extreme examples of forced arranged marriage have been observed in some societies, particularly in child marriages of girls below age 12. Illustrations include [[Vani (custom)\|''vani'']] which is currently seen in some tribal/rural parts of Pakistan, and [[Shim-pua marriage\|Shim-pua]] marriage Taiwan before the 1970s (Tongyangxi in China).<ref>{{Cite book\|last=MDiv\|first=Edward W. Kaleefey BA\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iedVDwAAQBAJ&q=Illustrations+include+vani+which+is+currently+seen+in+some+tribal%2Frural+parts+of+Pakistan%2C+and+Shim-pua+marriage+Taiwan+before+the+1970s+%28Tongyangxi+in+China%29&pg=PT72\|title="Recalculating" Marriage: God's Direction to a Moral Marriage\|date=2018-03-29\|publisher=WestBow Press\|isbn=978-1-9736-2165-2\|language=en}}</ref>		Extreme examples of forced arranged marriage have been observed in some societies, particularly in child marriages of girls below age 12. Illustrations include [[Vani (custom)\|''vani'']] which is currently seen in some tribal/rural parts of Pakistan, and [[Shim-pua marriage\|Shim-pua]] marriage Taiwan before the 1970s (Tongyangxi in China).<ref>{{Cite book\|last=MDiv\|first=Edward W. Kaleefey BA\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iedVDwAAQBAJ&q=Illustrations+include+vani+which+is+currently+seen+in+some+tribal%2Frural+parts+of+Pakistan%2C+and+Shim-pua+marriage+Taiwan+before+the+1970s+%28Tongyangxi+in+China%29&pg=PT72\|title="Recalculating" Marriage: God's Direction to a Moral Marriage\|date=2018-03-29\|publisher=WestBow Press\|isbn=978-1-9736-2165-2\|language=en}}</ref>

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