https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=ArjavaArjava - Revision history2026-07-27T16:49:41ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arjava&diff=426139&oldid=prevAjay Kumar: Created a new article2023-09-07T15:04:37Z<p>Created a new article</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Hindu philosophical concept}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
'''{{transliteration|sa|Ārjava}}''' ({{Lang-sa|आर्जव}}) literally means sincerity, straightness, and non-hypocrisy.<ref name=jsinha>Sinha, J. (1986), {{Google books|VCwmmWXJBqEC|Indian Psychology|page=142}}, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidas, {{oclc|1211693}}, page 142<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+arjava&trans=Translate&direction=AU|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226233742/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+arjava&trans=Translate&direction=AU|archive-date=26 December 2014|title= Arjava|website=Sanskrit-English Dictionary}}</ref> It is one of the ten {{transliteration|sa|[[yamas]]}} in ancient Hindu and Jaina texts.<ref name="KN Aiyar 1914 pages 173-176">{{cite book|translator-first=K. Narayanasvami|translator-last=Aiyar|year=1914|title=Thirty Minor Upanishads|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1164026419|pages=173–176|chapter=Śāṇdilya-Upanishad of Atharvaṇaveḍa}}</ref><br />
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==Definition==<br />
{{transliteration|sa|Ārjav}} means straightness, sincerity, and harmony in one’s thought, words, and actions towards oneself and towards others.<ref name=jsinha/> [[Pandurang Vaman Kane|Kane]] translates {{transliteration|sa|arjava}} as straightforwardness.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Pandurang Vaman|last=Kane|year=1974|title=History of Dharmaśāstra|journal=Ancient and Mediæval Religious and Civil Law in India|volume=2|number=1|oclc=134943|page=5}}</ref> It is described in ancient Indian texts as “self-restraint from hypocrisy", and "the absence of hypocrisy”. It is included as one of several virtuous restraints in an individual's path to spirituality. The Maharashtrian poet Vāmana in ''Avigita'', at xvi.1, posits {{transliteration|sa|arjava}} is a form of honesty and purity in a person, and an essential virtue so that one may treat everyone equally, whether that other is one’s child, wife, relative, friend, a stranger, or someone hostile or oneself without any discrimination.<ref name=jsinha/><br />
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The ethical concept of {{transliteration|sa|arjava}} is synonymous with {{transliteration|sa|Adambha}} ({{lang|sa|अदम्भ}}, composite word from {{lang|sa|अ+दम्भ}}). {{transliteration|sa|Adambha}} also means non-deceitful, straightforwardness, and sincerity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=adambha+&trans=Translate&direction=AU|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227013203/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=adambha+&trans=Translate&direction=AU|archive-date=27 December 2014|title=Adambha|website=Sanskrit English Dictionary}}</ref> It is listed as a virtue in the Indian Epics.<ref name=ianp/><br />
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==Literature==<br />
{{transliteration|sa|Arjava}} is one of the ten {{transliteration|sa|yamas}} listed by [[Shandilya Upanishad|Śāṇḍilya Upanishad]],<ref name="KN Aiyar 1914 pages 173-176"/> as well as by Svātmārāma.<ref name=svatmaram>{{cite book|title=The Hatha Yoga Pradipika|author=Svātmārāma|author2=Pancham Sinh |publisher = Forgotten Books|edition= 5|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sBFttVx6ukC|isbn= 9781605066370|page=14|quote=अथ यम-नियमाः / अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं बरह्यछर्यम कश्हमा धृतिः / दयार्जवं मिताहारः शौछम छैव यमा दश}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lorenzen|first1=David|title=The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas|date=1972|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520018426|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kapalikaskalamuk0000lore/page/186 186–190]|url=https://archive.org/details/kapalikaskalamuk0000lore/page/186}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics |last= Subramuniya |publisher= Himalayan Academy Publications|year= 2003|isbn= 9780945497998 |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JupkNVxfwHgC |access-date=6 April 2009}}</ref> The other nine are:<br />
# {{transliteration|sa|[[ahiṃsā]]}} ({{lang|sa|अहिंसा}}): nonviolence<br />
# {{transliteration|sa|[[satya]]}} ({{lang|sa|सत्य}}): truthfulness<br />
# {{transliteration|sa|[[asteya]]}} ({{lang|sa|अस्तेय}}): not stealing<br />
# {{transliteration|sa|[[brahmacharya]]}} ({{lang|sa|ब्रह्मचर्य}}): celibacy and not cheating on one’s spouse<br />
# {{transliteration|sa|[[Forgiveness#Hinduism|kṣamā]]}} ({{lang|sa|क्षमा}}): forgiveness<ref name=ss>{{cite book | last=Sovatsky | first=Stuart | title=Words from the Soul: Time East/West Spirituality and Psychotherapeutic Narrative | publisher=State University of New York Press | date=1 January 1998 | isbn=978-0-7914-3949-4 | page=21}}</ref><br />
# {{transliteration|sa|[[Dhrti|dhṛti]]}} ({{lang|sa|धृति}}): fortitude<br />
# {{transliteration|sa|[[Compassion#Hinduism|dayā]]}} ({{lang|sa|दया}}): compassion<ref name=ss/><br />
# {{transliteration|sa|[[Mitahara|mitāhāra]]}} ({{lang|sa|मितहार}}): measured diet<br />
# {{transliteration|sa|[[Shaucha|śauca]]}} ({{lang|sa|शौच}}): purity, cleanliness<br />
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In some texts, such as by [[Adi Sankara]], this virtue is called as {{transliteration|sa|bhavasamsuddhi}}, and explained as purity of motive and freedom of mind from hypocrisy, both in one’s social conduct and within oneself where one’s thoughts, words, and actions resonate.<ref name=jsinha/> It is a virtue that empowers one to act and live without anxiety, anger, prejudice, inner conflict, or confusion. It is also discussed in [[Bhagwad Gita]] in verse 17.16.<ref>{{cite book | translator-last=Chapple | translator-first=Christopher Key | title=The Bhagavad Gita | publisher=State University of New York Press | date=2009 | isbn=978-1-4384-2842-0 | page=649}}</ref><br />
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The ''[[Mahābhārata]]'', in book 12, chapter 60, lists {{transliteration|sa|adambha}} (non-hypocrisy) as a virtue along with {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}} (non-anger), {{transliteration|sa|kshama}} (forgiveness), and others.<ref name=ianp>{{cite book | last=Proudfoot | first=Ian | title=Ahiṃsā and a Mahābhārata Story | date=1987 | isbn=978-0-7315-0143-4 | page=185| publisher=Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University }}</ref> In chapter 278, the epic explains how and why hypocrisy arises, suggesting that it derives from the sin of covetousness, greed, and attachment to superficial possessions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b100.htm|title=Shanti Parva: The Mahabharata, Section CCLXXIII|translator-first=K.M.|translator-last=Ganguli}}</ref><br />
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Patanjali's treatise on Yoga lists only five {{transliteration|sa|yamas}}, which includes non-covetousness and non-possessiveness ({{transliteration|sa|asteya}} and {{transliteration|sa|aparigraha}} respectively), but does not include {{transliteration|sa|arjava}}.<ref>{{Citation | translator-last =Woods | translator-first =James Haughton | year =2003 | title = The yoga-system of Patañjali; or, The ancient Hindu doctrine of concentration of mind | url=https://archive.org/details/yogasystemofpata00wooduoft|publisher =Courier Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-43200-7}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Ahiṃsā]]<br />
*[[Satya]]<br />
*[[Asteya]]<br />
*[[Brahmacharya]]<br />
*[[Forgiveness#Hinduism|Kṣamā]]<br />
*[[Dhrti|Dhṛti]]<br />
*[[Compassion#Hinduism|Dayā]]<br />
*[[Mitahara]]<br />
*[[Shaucha|Śauca]]<br />
*[[Akrodha]]<br />
*[[Dāna]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Virtues}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Arjava}}<br />
[[Category:Yoga concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Jain ethics]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu ethics]]</div>Ajay Kumar