Arikesari Maravarman - Revision history

2401:4900:924D:ED37:ACBB:A1FF:FEA1:596C: Citation error fix

2026-09-05T10:34:45Z

Citation error fix

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:04, 5 September 2026
Line 79:		Line 79:
	\|url=https://archive.org/details/acc.-no.-7381-a-handbook-of-tamil-nadu-1996pdf/page/n250/mode/1up		\|url=https://archive.org/details/acc.-no.-7381-a-handbook-of-tamil-nadu-1996pdf/page/n250/mode/1up
	\|access-date=2026-09-05		\|access-date=2026-09-05
	}}</ref>When the Chalukya king Vikramaditya I is said to have invaded the Pandya country, the Pandya ruler Arikesari Maravarman is reported to have defeated his forces at Nelveli. The battle is mentioned in Sekkizhar’s Periyapuranam and Sundarar’s Tiruthonda Thogai. Following this victory, Arikesari Maravarman was praised by the epithet “Nedumaran who won at Nelveli.” The Chinnamanur Large Copper Plates also refer to the battle, stating: “Parankusa, who encountered the Vilavas at Nelveli and Pallavas at Sangaramangai…”.<ref>~~<nowiki>~~https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0526.html~~?utm_source=chatgpt.com</nowiki>~~</ref><ref>{{cite book		}}</ref>When the Chalukya king Vikramaditya I is said to have invaded the Pandya country, the Pandya ruler Arikesari Maravarman is reported to have defeated his forces at Nelveli. The battle is mentioned in Sekkizhar’s Periyapuranam and Sundarar’s Tiruthonda Thogai. Following this victory, Arikesari Maravarman was praised by the epithet “Nedumaran who won at Nelveli.” The Chinnamanur Large Copper Plates also refer to the battle, stating: “Parankusa, who encountered the Vilavas at Nelveli and Pallavas at Sangaramangai…”.<ref>{{cite book
			\|last=Rajamanickkanar
			\|first=Ma.
			\|title=சேக்கிழார் : ஆராய்ச்சி நூல்
			\|trans-title=Sekkizhar: A Research Work
			\|publisher=பூரம் பதிப்பகம்
			\|year=1996 \|url=https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0526.html
			}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
	\|last=Rasamanikkanar		\|last=Rasamanikkanar
	\|first=Ma.		\|first=Ma.

2401:4900:924D:ED37:ACBB:A1FF:FEA1:596C: Fixed typo

2026-09-05T10:31:48Z

Fixed typo

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:01, 5 September 2026
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	\|url=https://archive.org/details/acc.-no.-7381-a-handbook-of-tamil-nadu-1996pdf/page/n250/mode/1up		\|url=https://archive.org/details/acc.-no.-7381-a-handbook-of-tamil-nadu-1996pdf/page/n250/mode/1up
	\|access-date=2026-09-05		\|access-date=2026-09-05
	}}</ref><ref>~~<nowiki>~~https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SP03AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:LCCN86902068&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Nelveli~~</nowiki>~~</ref> The Pandyas also came into collision with the [[Chera dynasty\|Cheras]] ("Keralas") under his rule.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1929\|p=53}}		}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
			\|last=Ramamurthy
			\|first=V.
			\|title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic period to 1300 A.D
			\|publisher=International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilization
			\|year=1986
			\|page=182
			\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SP03AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:LCCN86902068&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Nelveli
			}}</ref> The Pandyas also came into collision with the [[Chera dynasty\|Cheras]] ("Keralas") under his rule.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1929\|p=53}}

	== Period ==		== Period ==
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	Arikesari is also said to have defeated an unspecified enemy at Sennilam, which may refer to a particular place or is a generic term for "Red (Bloody) Battlefield".{{sfn\|N. Subrahmanian\|1962\|p=117}}{{sfn\|Sailendra Nath Sen\|2013\|pp=45-46}} Finally, the inscription states that he defeated the Keralas (the [[Chera dynasty\|Cheras]]) multiple times, and once imprisoned their king with his near relatives and warriors.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1929\|p=52-53}}		Arikesari is also said to have defeated an unspecified enemy at Sennilam, which may refer to a particular place or is a generic term for "Red (Bloody) Battlefield".{{sfn\|N. Subrahmanian\|1962\|p=117}}{{sfn\|Sailendra Nath Sen\|2013\|pp=45-46}} Finally, the inscription states that he defeated the Keralas (the [[Chera dynasty\|Cheras]]) multiple times, and once imprisoned their king with his near relatives and warriors.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1929\|p=52-53}}
	=== The Chalukya-Pallava- Pandya Conflict ===		=== The Chalukya-Pallava- Pandya Conflict ===
	Arikesari Maravarman seems to have joined with the [[Chalukya dynasty\|Chalukyas]] in their struggle against the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]].{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1958\|p=147}} Early in the rule of Pallava king [[Parameswaravarman I\|Parameswara I]], Chalukya [[Vikramaditya I\|Vikramadtiya I]] advanced south and even displaced the Pallava from his capital Kanchi.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1958\|p=147}} The Chalukya then advanced further south to the [[Kaveri River]] and encamped at Uraiyur (where he probably effected a junction with Arikesari Maravarman).{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1958\|p=147}} However, other historians note that the relationship between the Pandyas and the Chalukyas was not consistently allied. K. M. Venkata Ramaiah records that at the battle of Nelveli the Pandya forces defeated the Chalukyas under Vikramaditya I, forcing the Chalukyan army to retreat. The retreating forces later encountered the Pallavas at Peruvallanallur, where they were again defeated. This sequence suggests shifting hostilities rather than a stable Pandya–Chalukya alliance.<ref>~~<nowiki>~~https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SP03AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:LCCN86902068&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Nelveli~~</nowiki>~~</ref><ref>{{cite book		Arikesari Maravarman seems to have joined with the [[Chalukya dynasty\|Chalukyas]] in their struggle against the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]].{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1958\|p=147}} Early in the rule of Pallava king [[Parameswaravarman I\|Parameswara I]], Chalukya [[Vikramaditya I\|Vikramadtiya I]] advanced south and even displaced the Pallava from his capital Kanchi.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1958\|p=147}} The Chalukya then advanced further south to the [[Kaveri River]] and encamped at Uraiyur (where he probably effected a junction with Arikesari Maravarman).{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1958\|p=147}} However, other historians note that the relationship between the Pandyas and the Chalukyas was not consistently allied. K. M. Venkata Ramaiah records that at the battle of Nelveli the Pandya forces defeated the Chalukyas under Vikramaditya I, forcing the Chalukyan army to retreat. The retreating forces later encountered the Pallavas at Peruvallanallur, where they were again defeated. This sequence suggests shifting hostilities rather than a stable Pandya–Chalukya alliance.<ref>{{cite book
			\|last=Ramamurthy
			\|first=V.
			\|title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic period to 1300 A.D
			\|publisher=International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilization
			\|year=1986
			\|page=182
			\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SP03AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:LCCN86902068&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Nelveli
			}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
	\|last=Venkata Ramaiah		\|last=Venkata Ramaiah
	\|first=K. M.		\|first=K. M.

2401:4900:924D:ED37:ACBB:A1FF:FEA1:596C: Added a source citation to support the information about the Nelveli battle, using Ma. Rasamanikkanar's Pallavar Varalaru, p. 135

2026-09-05T10:25:42Z

Added a source citation to support the information about the Nelveli battle, using Ma. Rasamanikkanar's Pallavar Varalaru, p. 135

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 '''Arikesari Maravarman''' (''r. c.'' 640&ndash;690 CE), also known as '''Parankusa''', was a [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] king of early medieval south India.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50-51}}
-Arikesari's reign witnessed the beginning of the Pandya contest with the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] in the northern Tamil country.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50-51}} He probably entered into an alliance with [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] (to the counter the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]]).{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}} The Pandyas also came into collision with the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] ("Keralas") under his rule.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=53}}
+Arikesari's reign witnessed the beginning of the Pandya contest with the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] in the northern Tamil country.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50-51}} He probably entered into an alliance with [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] (to the counter the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]]).{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}} However, historian K. M. Venkata Ramaiah notes that Arikesari Maravarman  defeated the Chalukyas under Vikramaditya I at the battle of Nelveli, indicating that Pandya–Chalukya relations were not consistently allied.<ref>{{cite book
 == Period ==
@@ Line 44: / Line 53: @@
 Arikesari is also said to have defeated an unspecified enemy at Sennilam, which may refer to a particular place or is a generic term for "Red (Bloody) Battlefield".{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=117}}{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|2013|pp=45-46}} Finally, the inscription states that he defeated the Keralas (the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]]) multiple times, and once imprisoned their king with his near relatives and warriors.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=52-53}}
-=== Role in the Chalukya-Pallava conflict ===
+=== The Chalukya-Pallava- Pandya Conflict ===
-Arikesari Maravarman seems to have joined with the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] in their struggle against the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}} Early in the rule of Pallava king [[Parameswaravarman I|Parameswara I]], Chalukya [[Vikramaditya I|Vikramadtiya I]] advanced south and even displaced the Pallava from his capital Kanchi.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}} The Chalukya then advanced further south to the [[Kaveri River]] and encamped at Uraiyur (where he probably effected a junction with Arikesari Maravarman).{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}}
+Arikesari Maravarman seems to have joined with the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] in their struggle against the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}} Early in the rule of Pallava king [[Parameswaravarman I|Parameswara I]], Chalukya [[Vikramaditya I|Vikramadtiya I]] advanced south and even displaced the Pallava from his capital Kanchi.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}} The Chalukya then advanced further south to the [[Kaveri River]] and encamped at Uraiyur (where he probably effected a junction with Arikesari Maravarman).{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}} However, other historians note that the relationship between the Pandyas and the Chalukyas was not consistently allied. K. M. Venkata Ramaiah records that at the battle of Nelveli the Pandya forces defeated the Chalukyas under Vikramaditya I, forcing the Chalukyan army to retreat. The retreating forces later encountered the Pallavas at Peruvallanallur, where they were again defeated. This sequence suggests shifting hostilities rather than a stable Pandya–Chalukya alliance.<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SP03AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:LCCN86902068&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Nelveli</nowiki></ref><ref>{{cite book
 ===Literary sources ===

->Senthamizhselvan93 at 22:21, 24 October 2021

2021-10-24T22:21:39Z

New page

{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Maravarman
| name = Arikesari
| image =
| caption =
| reign = c. 640–690 CE
| predecessor = [[Jayantavarman|Seliyan Sendan (Jayantavarman)]]
| successor = [[Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran|Ko Chadaiyan Ranadhira]]
| issue =
| father =
| dynasty = [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]]
}}
{{Pandyan}}
'''Arikesari Maravarman''' (''r. c.'' 640–690 CE), also known as '''Parankusa''', was a [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] king of early medieval south India.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50-51}}

Arikesari's reign witnessed the beginning of the Pandya contest with the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] in the northern Tamil country.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50-51}} He probably entered into an alliance with [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] (to the counter the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]]).{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}} The Pandyas also came into collision with the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] ("Keralas") under his rule.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=53}}

== Period ==

Arikesari Maravarman was the successor of [[Jayantavarman|Seliyan Sendan (Jayantavarman)]], but it is not known for certain if he was Jayantavarman's son or not (most probably his son).{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50-51}}

* [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] (the first assumption) - c. 670–710 CE{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=41}}
* [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] (revised date) - c. 670–700 CE{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=165}}
* [[T. V. Sadasiva Pandarathar]] - c. 640–670 CE{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|pp=116-117}}
*[[Noboru Karashima|Noburu Karashima]] - c. 650–700 CE{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}} (or) c. 670–700 CE{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=86}}
* V. Vedachalam & A. Kalavathi - c. 640–690 CE<ref>{{cite web |last1=Subramanian |first1=T. s |title=‘Pandyan Nindraseer Nedumaran’ review: A warrior-king and his legacy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/pandyan-nindraseer-nedumaran-review-a-warrior-king-and-his-legacy/article33139456.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=24 October 2021 |language=en-IN |date=21 November 2020}}</ref>

He was succeeded by his son [[Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran|Kocchadaiyan Ranadhira]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=55}}

== Names ==
In the [[Velvikudi inscription|Velvikkudi Grant]] and the Smaller Sinnamanur Plates, his name appears as "Arikesari Maravarman". In the Larger Sinnamanur Plates, he is called "Arikesari Parankusa".{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50-51}}

== Life and career ==
===Velvikkudi Grant===
The reign of Arikesari Maravarman probably saw a significant increase in the Pandya political power and prestige.{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=119}}

According to the [[Velvikudi inscription|Velvikkudi Grant]], Arikesari Maravarman won battles at Pali, Nelveli, and Uraiyur.{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=117}} In Nelveli, he is said to have conquered the vast forces of certain Vilveli.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=51-52}} The victory at Nelveli is confirmed by the Larger Sinnamanur Plates.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=51-52}} Except Uraiyur ([[Tiruchirappalli]]), the identity of these places is not certain.{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=117}} [[E. Hultzsch]] tentatively identified Nelveli with modern [[Tirunelveli]], but [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|K. A. N. Sastri]] disagreed with this identification.{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=117}}
===Larger Sinnamanur Plates.===
The Larger Sinnamanur Plates states that Arikesari "Parankusa" won battles at Nelveli and Sankaramangai.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=52-53}}

The inscription further states that he ruined the [[Paravar|Paravars]] (people on the south-east coast of the Pandya country) who did not submit to him and destroyed the people of Kurunadu.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=52-53}} According to one theory, "Kurunattar" refers to people of Kurunadu (an unidentified place); another possibility is that the term refers to petty chieftains.{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=117}}{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|2013|pp=45-46}}

Arikesari is also said to have defeated an unspecified enemy at Sennilam, which may refer to a particular place or is a generic term for "Red (Bloody) Battlefield".{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=117}}{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|2013|pp=45-46}} Finally, the inscription states that he defeated the Keralas (the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]]) multiple times, and once imprisoned their king with his near relatives and warriors.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=52-53}}
=== Role in the Chalukya-Pallava conflict ===
Arikesari Maravarman seems to have joined with the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] in their struggle against the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}} Early in the rule of Pallava king [[Parameswaravarman I|Parameswara I]], Chalukya [[Vikramaditya I|Vikramadtiya I]] advanced south and even displaced the Pallava from his capital Kanchi.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}} The Chalukya then advanced further south to the [[Kaveri River]] and encamped at Uraiyur (where he probably effected a junction with Arikesari Maravarman).{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=147}}

===Literary sources ===

Commentary to the ''Iraiyanar Ahapporul'' mentions a king named Arikesari, with titles Parakusan and Nedumaran among others.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=54-55}} The commentary also mention several battles, at Pali, Sennilam and Nelveli and at Vizhinjam, some of which the scholars do not read in epigraphy till late 8th century.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=54-55}}

Based on this, historian Venkayya assumed that the two rulers are identical. However, K. A. N. Sastri rejected this identification on the basis that "a rhetorical work like this took for its hero a saintly king of legendary fame, and attributed to him all the achievements of the Pandyan lines of kings that the author could think of his day". {{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=54-55}}{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=118}}

== Religion ==

Arikesari is known to have performed the ''[[Hiranyagarbha (donation)|Hiranyagarbha]]'' and ''[[Tulabhara]]'' rituals (a number of times).{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=51-52}}

=== Identification with Nedumaran ===
Arikesari Maravarman is sometimes identified with Pandya king [[Koon Pandiyan|Nedumaran or Kuna Pandya]], who converted from [[Jainism]] to [[Shaivism]] under the influence of the [[bhakti]] saint [[Sambandar]]. Kun Pandya was thence regarded as a saint himself.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=53-54}}{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1976|p=424}} The legend is considered as an expression of the historical consciousness (signifying the loss of Jain political influence in the Tamil country).{{sfn|Paul Dundas|2002|p=127}}

According to this legend, Kun Pandya had married the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] princess [[Mangayarkkarasiyar|Mangayarkkarasi]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=53-54}}

== References ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book|author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjxuAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book|author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjxuAAAAMAAJ|year=1958|location=Madras|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |author=Paul Dundas |title=Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ialKAbIyV4C&pg=PA127 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-26606-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=N. Subrahmanian |title=History of Tamilnad (To AD 1336) |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/462306 |year=1994 |publisher=Koodal |location=Madurai |oclc=43502446 |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20161123181101/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/462306 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=The Pandyan Kingdom|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5955|year=1929 |publisher= Luzac and Company|location=London}}
* {{cite book |editor=Noburu Karashima|title= A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Pandyan kings]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]