Al202xis0 at 19:00, 30 September 2025

2025-09-30T19:00:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:30, 1 October 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{Short description\|Middle Indo-Aryan language of India}}
	{{distinguish\|Magadhi Prakrit}}		{{distinguish\|Magadhi Prakrit}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|name=Ardhamagadhi Prakrit		\|name = Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
	\|altname=Ardhamāgadhī		\|altname = Ardhamāgadhī
	\|nativename=[[Brahmi]]: 𑀅𑀭𑁆𑀥𑀫𑀸𑀕𑀥𑀻		\|nativename = [[Brahmi]]: 𑀅𑀭𑁆𑀥𑀫𑀸𑀕𑀥𑀻
	\|region=[[India]]		\|region = [[India]]
	\|extinct=~~developed~~ into [[Eastern Hindi]] languages<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Saksena\|first1=Baburam\|title=Evolution of Awadhi (a Branch of Hindi)\|date=1971\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers\|~~location~~=9788120808553\|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Harrison\|first1=Selig S.\|title=India: The Most Dangerous Decades\|date=2015\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|isbn=9781400877805\|page=26}}</ref>		\|extinct = Developed into [[Eastern Hindi]] languages
			\|ref=<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Saksena\|first1=Baburam\|title=Evolution of Awadhi (a Branch of Hindi)\|date=1971\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers\|isbn=9788120808553\|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Harrison\|first1=Selig S.\|title=India: The Most Dangerous Decades\|date=2015\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|isbn=9781400877805\|page=26}}</ref>
	\|familycolor=Indo-European		\|familycolor=Indo-European
	\|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages\|Indo-Iranian]]		\|fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages\|Indo-Iranian]]
	\|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]]		\|fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]]
	\|iso3=pka		\|iso3 = pka
	\|glotto=none		\|linglist = pka
			\|glotto = none
	}}		}}
	'''Ardhamagadhi Prakrit''' was a [[Middle Indo-Aryan language]] and a [[Dramatic Prakrit]] thought to have been spoken in modern-day [[Bihar]]<ref>https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/prakrit#/</ref> and [[Uttar Pradesh]] and used in some early [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] ~~[[drama]]~~. It was likely a Central Indo-Aryan language, related to [[Pali]] and the later [[~~Sauraseni~~ Prakrit]].<ref>{{Citation\| contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan \| editor1-last=Cardona \| editor1-first=George \| editor2-last=Jain \| editor2-first=Dhanesh \| title=The Indo-Aryan Languages \| publisher=Routledge \| place=London \| year=2003 \| series=Routledge language family series \| isbn=0-7007-1130-9 \| pages=46–66}}</ref>		'''Ardhamagadhi Prakrit''' was a [[Middle Indo-Aryan language]] and a [[Dramatic Prakrit]] thought to have been spoken in modern-day [[Bihar]]<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/prakrit#/ \|title= Prakrit}}</ref> and [[Uttar Pradesh]] and used in some early [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] dramas. It was likely a Central Indo-Aryan language, related to [[Pali]] and the later [[Shauraseni Prakrit]].<ref>{{Citation\| contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan \| editor1-last=Cardona \| editor1-first=George \| editor2-last=Jain \| editor2-first=Dhanesh \| title=The Indo-Aryan Languages \| publisher=Routledge \| place=London \| year=2003 \| series=Routledge language family series \| isbn=0-7007-1130-9 \| pages=46–66}}</ref> The [[Eastern Hindi languages]] evolved from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Zograph\|first=G.A.\|title=Languages of South Asia: A guide\|date=8 March 2023 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB-yEAAAQBAJ\|isbn=9781000831658\|quote=Numerically, the content of the Central Group of the Indo-Aryan languages has been very variously assessed by different researchers: Chatterji sees in it one language while Grierson enumerated six. Strictly speaking, the core of this group is represented not by languages at all, but by a number of closely related dialects-Braj, Kanauji and Bundell, which together with Khari Boli and Hariani, can be lumped under the common title 'Western Hindi'. The last-mentioned two dialects which occupy the north-western corner of the area covered by Hindi, display a number of common features with Panjabi, which in its turn can be seen as a transitional link with the most typical representative of the North Western group – Lahnda.<br/><br/> Closely connected with the dialects of the 'Western Hindi' group are Awadhi, Bagheli and Chattisgarhi, which come under the heading of 'Eastern Hindi". Linguistically, these can be regarded as a transitional stage between the Central and the Eastern groups of languages. The 'intermediate' character of this group of dialects seems to have taken shape as far back as the Old Indo-Aryan period. The Middle Indo-Aryan forerunner of the contemporary Eastern Hindi dialects was the Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, which was a transitional form between Sauraseni and Magadhi; the present-day Central dialects go back to Sauraseni, while the languages of the Eastern group derive from Magadhi}}</ref>

	~~It was originally thought to be a predecessor of the vernacular [[Magadhi Prakrit]], hence the name (literally "half-Magadhi").~~		==Relationship with Pali==
			[[Theravada]] [[Buddhism\|Buddhist]] tradition has long held that [[Pali]] was synonymous with Magadhi and there are many analogies between it and ''{{IAST\|Ardhamāgadhī}}'', literally 'half-Magadhi'. {{IAST\|Ardhamāgadhī}} was prominently used by [[Jain]] scholars<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Constance Jones \|author2=James D. Ryan \|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA42 \|year=2006 \|publisher=Infobase Publishing \|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 \|pages=42 }}</ref> and is preserved in the [[Jain Agamas]]. Both [[Gautama Buddha]] and the [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]] preached in the region of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)\|Magadha]].
	==Pali ~~and Ardhamāgadhī~~==
	[[Theravada]] [[Buddhism\|Buddhist]] tradition has long held that [[Pali]] was synonymous with Magadhi and there are many analogies between it and ''{{IAST\|Ardhamāgadhī}}'', literally 'half-Magadhi'. {{IAST\|Ardhamāgadhī}} was prominently used by [[Jain]] scholars<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Constance Jones \|author2=James D. Ryan \|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA42 \|year=2006 \|publisher=Infobase Publishing \|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 \|pages=42 }}</ref> and is preserved in the [[Jain Agamas]]. Both [[Gautama Buddha]] and the [[~~tirthankara~~]] [[Mahavira]] preached in Magadha.

	Ardhamāgadhī differs from later Magadhi Prakrit on similar points as Pāli. For example, Ardhamāgadhī preserves historical [l], unlike later Magadhi, where [l] changed into [r]. Additionally, in the noun inflection, Ardhamagadhi shows the ending [-o] instead of Magadhi Prakrit [-e] in many metrical places.		Ardhamāgadhī differs from later Magadhi Prakrit on similar points as Pāli. For example, Ardhamāgadhī preserves historical [l], unlike later Magadhi, where [l] changed into [r]. Additionally, in the noun inflection, Ardhamagadhi shows the ending [-o] instead of Magadhi Prakrit [-e] in many metrical places.
Line 23:		Line 24:
	Pali: ''[[Dhammapada]]'' 103:		Pali: ''[[Dhammapada]]'' 103:

	{{quote\|''Yo sahassaṃ sahassena, saṅgāme mānuse jine;''<br>		{{quote\|''Yo sahassaṃ sahassena, saṅgāme mānuse jine;''<br/>
	''Ekañca jeyyamattānaṃ, sa ve saṅgāmajuttamo.''		''Ekañca jeyyamattānaṃ, sa ve saṅgāmajuttamo.''

	Greater in battle than the man who would conquer a thousand-thousand men,<br>		Greater in battle than the man who would conquer a thousand-thousand men,<br/>
	is he who would conquer just one — himself.}}		is he who would conquer just one — himself.}}

	Ardhamagadhi: ''[[Saman Suttam]]'' 125:		Ardhamagadhi: ''[[Saman Suttam]]'' 125:
	{{quote\|''Jo sahassam sahassanam, samgame dujjae jine.''<br>		{{quote\|''Jo sahassam sahassanam, samgame dujjae jine.''<br/>
	''Egam jinejja appanam, esa se paramo jao.''		''Egam jinejja appanam, esa se paramo jao.''

	One may conquer thousands and thousands of enemies in an invincible battle;<br>		One may conquer thousands and thousands of enemies in an invincible battle;<br/>
	but the supreme victory consists in conquest over one's self.}}		but the supreme victory consists in conquest over one's self.}}

Line 44:		Line 45:
	[[Category:Prakrit languages]]		[[Category:Prakrit languages]]
	[[Category:History of Bihar]]		[[Category:History of Bihar]]
			[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]

>KashKarti at 12:54, 20 June 2021

2021-06-20T12:54:57Z

New page

{{distinguish|Magadhi Prakrit}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
|altname=Ardhamāgadhī
|nativename=[[Brahmi]]: 𑀅𑀭𑁆𑀥𑀫𑀸𑀕𑀥𑀻
|region=[[India]]
|extinct=developed into [[Eastern Hindi]] languages<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saksena|first1=Baburam|title=Evolution of Awadhi (a Branch of Hindi)|date=1971|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=9788120808553|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=Selig S.|title=India: The Most Dangerous Decades|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400877805|page=26}}</ref>
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|iso3=pka
|glotto=none
}}
'''Ardhamagadhi Prakrit''' was a [[Middle Indo-Aryan language]] and a [[Dramatic Prakrit]] thought to have been spoken in modern-day [[Bihar]]<ref>https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/prakrit#/</ref> and [[Uttar Pradesh]] and used in some early [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] [[drama]]. It was likely a Central Indo-Aryan language, related to [[Pali]] and the later [[Sauraseni Prakrit]].<ref>{{Citation| contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan | editor1-last=Cardona | editor1-first=George | editor2-last=Jain | editor2-first=Dhanesh | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Routledge | place=London | year=2003 | series=Routledge language family series | isbn=0-7007-1130-9 | pages=46–66}}</ref>

It was originally thought to be a predecessor of the vernacular [[Magadhi Prakrit]], hence the name (literally "half-Magadhi").

==Pali and Ardhamāgadhī==
[[Theravada]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] tradition has long held that [[Pali]] was synonymous with Magadhi and there are many analogies between it and ''{{IAST|Ardhamāgadhī}}'', literally 'half-Magadhi'. {{IAST|Ardhamāgadhī}} was prominently used by [[Jain]] scholars<ref>{{cite book |author1=Constance Jones |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA42 |year=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |pages=42 }}</ref> and is preserved in the [[Jain Agamas]]. Both [[Gautama Buddha]] and the [[tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]] preached in Magadha.

Ardhamāgadhī differs from later Magadhi Prakrit on similar points as Pāli. For example, Ardhamāgadhī preserves historical [l], unlike later Magadhi, where [l] changed into [r]. Additionally, in the noun inflection, Ardhamagadhi shows the ending [-o] instead of Magadhi Prakrit [-e] in many metrical places.

Pali: ''[[Dhammapada]]'' 103:

{{quote|''Yo sahassaṃ sahassena, saṅgāme mānuse jine;''<br>
''Ekañca jeyyamattānaṃ, sa ve saṅgāmajuttamo.''

Greater in battle than the man who would conquer a thousand-thousand men,<br>
is he who would conquer just one — himself.}}

Ardhamagadhi: ''[[Saman Suttam]]'' 125:
{{quote|''Jo sahassam sahassanam, samgame dujjae jine.''<br>
''Egam jinejja appanam, esa se paramo jao.''

One may conquer thousands and thousands of enemies in an invincible battle;<br>
but the supreme victory consists in conquest over one's self.}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/download/ardhamagadhidict005007mbp/ardhamagadhidict005007mbp.pdf An Illustrated Ardha-Magadhi Dictionary]

[[Category:Prakrit languages]]
[[Category:History of Bihar]]

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit - Revision history

Al202xis0 at 19:00, 30 September 2025

>KashKarti at 12:54, 20 June 2021