Apadāna - Revision history

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	{{Short description\|Collection of Buddhist biographical stories in the Khuddaka Nikaya of the Pāli Canon}}		{{Short description\|Collection of Buddhist biographical stories in the Khuddaka Nikaya of the Pāli Canon}}
	~~{{Buddhism\|terse=1}}{{PaliCanon}}~~{{About\|a collection of Apadanas(genre in Pali literature) in Pali Canon\|the information about the genre itself\|Avadana}}		{{About\|a collection of Apadanas(genre in Pali literature) in Pali Canon\|the information about the genre itself\|Avadana}}
			{{Infobox pali text\|type=[[Pali Canon\|Canonical text]]\|parent=[[Khuddaka Nikāya]]\|comment_by=Visuddhajanavilāsinī (Apadāna-aṭṭhakathā)\|children=Therāpadāna; Therīapadāna\|abbrev=Ap; Tha Ap; Thi Ap\|composition=\|sc=pitaka/sutta/minor/kn/tha-ap\|sc_title=Tha-\|sc_2=pitaka/sutta/minor/kn/thi-ap\|sc_title_2=(Thi Ap)\|sc_2_title=Thi-}}
			{{PaliCanon\|sutta}}{{TheravadaBuddhism\|terse=1}}
	The '''''Apadāna''''' is a collection of biographical stories found in the [[Khuddaka Nikaya]] of the [[Pali Canon\|Pāli Canon]], the scriptures of [[Theravada]] Buddhism. G.P. Malalasekera describes it as 'a Buddhist Vitae Sanctorum' of Buddhist monks and nuns who lived during the lifetime of the Buddha.<ref>G.P. Malalasekera, ''Dictionary of Pali Proper Names''. Available at [http://www.aimwell.org/DPPN/apadana.html].</ref>		The '''''Apadāna''''' is a collection of biographical stories found in the [[Khuddaka Nikaya]] of the [[Pali Canon\|Pāli Canon]], the scriptures of [[Theravada]] Buddhism. G.P. Malalasekera describes it as 'a Buddhist Vitae Sanctorum' of Buddhist monks and nuns who lived during the lifetime of the Buddha.<ref>G.P. Malalasekera, ''Dictionary of Pali Proper Names''. Available at [http://www.aimwell.org/DPPN/apadana.html].</ref>

	It is thought to be one of the latest additions to the canon.<ref>Oskar von Hinüber, ''Handbook of Pali Literature'', New Delhi 1996: 61.</ref> The exact meaning of the title ''Apadāna'' is not known. Perhaps it means 'life history' or 'legend'. In [[Pāli]] it has the additional, older meaning of advice or moral instruction. Dr Sally Cutler has suggested the word originally meant 'reapings', i.e. of the results of karma.<ref>Cutler, Sally Mellick (1994). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150409152448/http://www.palitext.com/JPTS_scans/JPTS_1994_XX.pdf The Pali Apadana Collection], Journal of the Pali Text Society, volume XX</ref> The title is sometimes translated as the ''Biographical Stories'', or simply as ''The Stories''.		It is thought to be one of the latest additions to the canon.<ref name=":0">Oskar von Hinüber, ''Handbook of Pali Literature'', New Delhi 1996: 61.</ref> The exact meaning of the title ''Apadāna'' is not known. Perhaps it means 'life history' or 'legend'. In [[Pāli]] it has the additional, older meaning of advice or moral instruction. Dr Sally Cutler has suggested the word originally meant 'reapings', i.e. of the results of karma.<ref>Cutler, Sally Mellick (1994). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150409152448/http://www.palitext.com/JPTS_scans/JPTS_1994_XX.pdf The Pali Apadana Collection], Journal of the Pali Text Society, volume XX</ref> The title is sometimes translated as the ''Biographical Stories'', or simply as ''The Stories''.

	The ''Apadāna'' consists of about 600 poems (between 589<ref~~>Von Hinüber, ''Handbook of Pali Literature'', New Delhi 1996~~: ~~61.<~~/~~ref~~> and 603 in different editions), mostly biographical stories of senior Buddhist monks and nuns, but also of Buddhas and solitary Buddhas. Many of the stories of monks and nuns are expansions of, or otherwise related to, verses presented in the [[Theragatha]] and [[Therigatha]] as having been spoken by senior members of the early [[Sangha (Buddhism)\|Sangha]]. The Apadāna is a parallel to the Jātaka commentary, in which the Buddha recounts his previous lives.<ref~~>Oskar von Hinüber, ''Handbook of Pali Literature'', New Delhi 1996~~: ~~61.<~~/~~ref~~>		The ''Apadāna'' consists of about 600 poems (between 589<ref name=":0" /> and 603 in different editions), mostly biographical stories of senior Buddhist monks and nuns, but also of Buddhas and solitary Buddhas. Many of the stories of monks and nuns are expansions of, or otherwise related to, verses presented in the [[Theragatha]] and [[Therigatha]] as having been spoken by senior members of the early [[Sangha (Buddhism)\|Sangha]]. The Apadāna is a parallel to the Jātaka commentary, in which the Buddha recounts his previous lives.<ref name=":0" />

	Most Apadāna stories follow a fairly predictable outline, in which the speaker recounts their meritorious deeds in previous births as ethical individuals in a variety of different circumstances in different parts of India, before finally recounting the story of their present birth and how they came to be disciples of the Buddha. These stories of the previous lives of famous and not so famous monks and nuns may have been meant to provide moral examples to lay followers who wished to live as [[Buddhist]]s but were unable or unwilling to undertake ordination as bhikkhus or bhikkhunis.		Most Apadāna stories follow a fairly predictable outline, in which the speaker recounts their meritorious deeds in previous births as ethical individuals in a variety of different circumstances in different parts of India, before finally recounting the story of their present birth and how they came to be disciples of the Buddha. These stories of the previous lives of famous and not so famous monks and nuns may have been meant to provide moral examples to lay followers who wished to live as [[Buddhist]]s but were unable or unwilling to undertake ordination as bhikkhus or bhikkhunis.
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	* 2. Paccekabuddha-apadāna: Ānanda questions the Buddha about the enlightenment of solitary Buddhas (paccekabuddha). 1 chapter of 47 verses.		* 2. Paccekabuddha-apadāna: Ānanda questions the Buddha about the enlightenment of solitary Buddhas (paccekabuddha). 1 chapter of 47 verses.
	* 3. Thera-apadāna: 55 chapters of 10 apadānas of senior monks. In total 547 verses.		* 3. Thera-apadāna: 55 chapters of 10 apadānas of senior monks. In total 547 verses.
	* 4. Therī-apadāna: 4 chapters of 10 apadānas of senior nuns. In total 40 verses.<ref~~>Oskar von Hinüber, ''Handbook of Pali Literature'', New Delhi 1996~~: ~~61.<~~/~~ref~~>		* 4. Therī-apadāna: 4 chapters of 10 apadānas of senior nuns. In total 40 verses.<ref name=":0" />

	==Translations==		==Translations==
	A complete translation of the ''Apadāna'' into English has now been made by Jonathan S. Walters: ''Legends of the Buddhist Saints: Apadānapāli'' [http://apadanatranslation.org/], Whitman College, 2017.		A complete translation of the ''Apadāna'' into English has now been made by Jonathan S. Walters: ''Legends of the Buddhist Saints: Apadānapāli'' [http://apadanatranslation.org/], Whitman College, 2017.

	The following parts have also been translated into English.		The following parts have also been translated into English.
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	* Mahapajāpati-gotami-theriyapadāna in Jonathan Walters ''Gotami's Story'' in ''Buddhism in Practice'', Donald S. Lopez Jr., Ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 1995. {{ISBN\|0-691-04441-4}}.		* Mahapajāpati-gotami-theriyapadāna in Jonathan Walters ''Gotami's Story'' in ''Buddhism in Practice'', Donald S. Lopez Jr., Ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 1995. {{ISBN\|0-691-04441-4}}.
	* Paccekabuddhapadāna (the 2nd), tr Ria Kloppenborg, in ''The Paccekabuddha'', E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1974		* Paccekabuddhapadāna (the 2nd), tr Ria Kloppenborg, in ''The Paccekabuddha'', E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1974
	* Raṭṭhapālapadāna, tr Mabel Bode, in ~~“The~~ Legend of Raṭṭhapāla in the Pali Apadāna and Buddhaghosa's Commentary.” In ''Melanges d'Indianisme: offerts par ses élèves à Sylvain Lévi'', Paris, 1911: 183–192.		* Raṭṭhapālapadāna, tr Mabel Bode, in "The Legend of Raṭṭhapāla in the Pali Apadāna and Buddhaghosa's Commentary." In ''Melanges d'Indianisme: offerts par ses élèves à Sylvain Lévi'', Paris, 1911: 183–192.
	* Pubbakammapilotikabuddhapadāna, in ''The Udāna Commentary'', tr Peter Masefield, [[Pali Text Society]][http://www.palitext.com], Bristol, volume II.		* Pubbakammapilotikabuddhapadāna, in ''The Udāna Commentary'', tr Peter Masefield, [[Pali Text Society]][http://www.palitext.com], Bristol, volume II.
	* Pubbakammapilotikabuddhapadāna, in ''Pubbakammapilotika-Buddhāpadānaṁ: The Traditions about the Buddha (known as) The Connection with Previous Deeds or Why the Buddha Suffered. A text and translation of the verses in Apadāna 39.10 and their commentary in Visuddhajanavilāsiṇī'' by Ānandajoti Bhikkhu, 2012. Available at [http://ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Texts-and-Translations/Connection-with-Previous-Deeds/index.htm].		* Pubbakammapilotikabuddhapadāna, in ''Pubbakammapilotika-Buddhāpadānaṁ: The Traditions about the Buddha (known as) The Connection with Previous Deeds or Why the Buddha Suffered. A text and translation of the verses in Apadāna 39.10 and their commentary in Visuddhajanavilāsiṇī'' by Ānandajoti Bhikkhu, 2012. Available at [http://ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Texts-and-Translations/Connection-with-Previous-Deeds/index.htm].
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	* Mellick, Sally. ''A critical edition, with translation, of selected portions of the Pali Apadana'', 1994, A2f, D.Phil., Oxford, 44–6. Unpublished Phd thesis.		* Mellick, Sally. ''A critical edition, with translation, of selected portions of the Pali Apadana'', 1994, A2f, D.Phil., Oxford, 44–6. Unpublished Phd thesis.
	* Walters, Jonathan S. ''Gotami's Story'' in ''Buddhism in Practice'', Donald S. Lopez Jr., Ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 1995. {{ISBN\|0-691-04441-4}}..		* Walters, Jonathan S. ''Gotami's Story'' in ''Buddhism in Practice'', Donald S. Lopez Jr., Ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 1995. {{ISBN\|0-691-04441-4}}..
	* {{Cite web \|title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction\|url=http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4078\| last = Gangodawila \| first = Chandima \| access-date=21 February 2021 }}

	==External links==		==External links==
	*[http://www.aimwell.org/DPPN/apadana.html Description in ''Dictionary of Pali Proper Names'']		*[http://www.aimwell.org/DPPN/apadana.html Description in ''Dictionary of Pali Proper Names'']
	*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050924084732/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/khuddaka/index.html Brief description of the Apadāna (#13)]		*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050924084732/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/khuddaka/index.html Brief description of the Apadāna (#13)]
	* ~~{{Cite web \|title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction\|url=~~http://dr.~~lib.sjp.ac~~.~~lk/handle/123456789/4078\| last = Gangodawila \| first = Chandima \| access-date=21 February 2021 }}~~		*[http://apadanatranslation.com/ ApadanaTranslation.com]

	{{Buddhism topics}}		{{Buddhism topics}}
			{{Authority control}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Apadana}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Apadana}}
	[[Category:Khuddaka Nikaya]]		[[Category:Khuddaka Nikaya]]
	[[Category:Buddhist hagiography]]		[[Category:Buddhist hagiography]]


	~~{{Buddhism-book-stub}}~~

>JaMongKut: Added confusion clearing templates

2021-05-08T13:49:25Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:19, 8 May 2021
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	{{Buddhism\|terse=1}}{{PaliCanon}}		{{Short description\|Collection of Buddhist biographical stories in the Khuddaka Nikaya of the Pāli Canon}}
			{{Buddhism\|terse=1}}{{PaliCanon}}{{About\|a collection of Apadanas(genre in Pali literature) in Pali Canon\|the information about the genre itself\|Avadana}}
	The '''''Apadāna''''' is a collection of biographical stories found in the [[Khuddaka Nikaya]] of the [[Pali Canon\|Pāli Canon]], the scriptures of [[Theravada]] Buddhism. G.P. Malalasekera describes it as 'a Buddhist Vitae Sanctorum' of Buddhist monks and nuns who lived during the lifetime of the Buddha.<ref>G.P. Malalasekera, ''Dictionary of Pali Proper Names''. Available at [http://www.aimwell.org/DPPN/apadana.html].</ref>		The '''''Apadāna''''' is a collection of biographical stories found in the [[Khuddaka Nikaya]] of the [[Pali Canon\|Pāli Canon]], the scriptures of [[Theravada]] Buddhism. G.P. Malalasekera describes it as 'a Buddhist Vitae Sanctorum' of Buddhist monks and nuns who lived during the lifetime of the Buddha.<ref>G.P. Malalasekera, ''Dictionary of Pali Proper Names''. Available at [http://www.aimwell.org/DPPN/apadana.html].</ref>

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{{Buddhism|terse=1}}{{PaliCanon}}
The '''''Apadāna''''' is a collection of biographical stories found in the [[Khuddaka Nikaya]] of the [[Pali Canon|Pāli Canon]], the scriptures of [[Theravada]] Buddhism. G.P. Malalasekera describes it as 'a Buddhist Vitae Sanctorum' of Buddhist monks and nuns who lived during the lifetime of the Buddha.<ref>G.P. Malalasekera, ''Dictionary of Pali Proper Names''. Available at [http://www.aimwell.org/DPPN/apadana.html].</ref>

It is thought to be one of the latest additions to the canon.<ref>Oskar von Hinüber, ''Handbook of Pali Literature'', New Delhi 1996: 61.</ref> The exact meaning of the title ''Apadāna'' is not known. Perhaps it means 'life history' or 'legend'. In [[Pāli]] it has the additional, older meaning of advice or moral instruction. Dr Sally Cutler has suggested the word originally meant 'reapings', i.e. of the results of karma.<ref>Cutler, Sally Mellick (1994). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150409152448/http://www.palitext.com/JPTS_scans/JPTS_1994_XX.pdf The Pali Apadana Collection], Journal of the Pali Text Society, volume XX</ref> The title is sometimes translated as the ''Biographical Stories'', or simply as ''The Stories''.

The ''Apadāna'' consists of about 600 poems (between 589<ref>Von Hinüber, ''Handbook of Pali Literature'', New Delhi 1996: 61.</ref> and 603 in different editions), mostly biographical stories of senior Buddhist monks and nuns, but also of Buddhas and solitary Buddhas. Many of the stories of monks and nuns are expansions of, or otherwise related to, verses presented in the [[Theragatha]] and [[Therigatha]] as having been spoken by senior members of the early [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]. The Apadāna is a parallel to the Jātaka commentary, in which the Buddha recounts his previous lives.<ref>Oskar von Hinüber, ''Handbook of Pali Literature'', New Delhi 1996: 61.</ref>

Most Apadāna stories follow a fairly predictable outline, in which the speaker recounts their meritorious deeds in previous births as ethical individuals in a variety of different circumstances in different parts of India, before finally recounting the story of their present birth and how they came to be disciples of the Buddha. These stories of the previous lives of famous and not so famous monks and nuns may have been meant to provide moral examples to lay followers who wished to live as [[Buddhist]]s but were unable or unwilling to undertake ordination as bhikkhus or bhikkhunis.

The text is divided into four sections:

* 1. Buddha-apadāna: A praise of the previous Buddhas and their Buddha fields (buddhakkhetta). 1 chapter of 82 verses (in the Burmese Sixth Council edition)
* 2. Paccekabuddha-apadāna: Ānanda questions the Buddha about the enlightenment of solitary Buddhas (paccekabuddha). 1 chapter of 47 verses.
* 3. Thera-apadāna: 55 chapters of 10 apadānas of senior monks. In total 547 verses.
* 4. Therī-apadāna: 4 chapters of 10 apadānas of senior nuns. In total 40 verses.<ref>Oskar von Hinüber, ''Handbook of Pali Literature'', New Delhi 1996: 61.</ref>

==Translations==
A complete translation of the ''Apadāna'' into English has now been made by Jonathan S. Walters: ''Legends of the Buddhist Saints: Apadānapāli'' [http://apadanatranslation.org/], Whitman College, 2017.

The following parts have also been translated into English.

* Buddhapadāna (the 1st), tr. Dwijendralal Barua, in ''B.C. Law Volume'', Part II, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1946, pages 186–9. Available at [http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/English-Texts/Short-Pieces-in-English/Buddhapadana.pdf].
* Mahapajāpati-gotami-theriyapadāna in Jonathan Walters ''Gotami's Story'' in ''Buddhism in Practice'', Donald S. Lopez Jr., Ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 1995. {{ISBN|0-691-04441-4}}.
* Paccekabuddhapadāna (the 2nd), tr Ria Kloppenborg, in ''The Paccekabuddha'', E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1974
* Raṭṭhapālapadāna, tr Mabel Bode, in “The Legend of Raṭṭhapāla in the Pali Apadāna and Buddhaghosa's Commentary.” In ''Melanges d'Indianisme: offerts par ses élèves à Sylvain Lévi'', Paris, 1911: 183–192.
* Pubbakammapilotikabuddhapadāna, in ''The Udāna Commentary'', tr Peter Masefield, [[Pali Text Society]][http://www.palitext.com], Bristol, volume II.
* Pubbakammapilotikabuddhapadāna, in ''Pubbakammapilotika-Buddhāpadānaṁ: The Traditions about the Buddha (known as) The Connection with Previous Deeds or Why the Buddha Suffered. A text and translation of the verses in Apadāna 39.10 and their commentary in Visuddhajanavilāsiṇī'' by Ānandajoti Bhikkhu, 2012. Available at [http://ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Texts-and-Translations/Connection-with-Previous-Deeds/index.htm].
* Raṭṭhapālapadāna, tr Mabel Bode, in ''Mélanges d'Indianisme offerts par ses élèves à S. Lévi'', 1911, Paris.
* 25 of the last 40 apadānas (of the nuns) are included in ''Commentary on Verses of Theris'', tr William Pruitt, 1998, Pali Text Society, Bristol.

Italian translations:
* Puṇṇakattherapadāna, tr Antonella Serena Comba in "Santo, mercante e navigatore: la storia di Pūrṇa nel buddhismo indiano", in A. S. Comba, "La storia di Pūrṇa", Lulu, Raleigh 2014, pp. 16–18.

==See also==
* [[Avadāna]] - broad cross-Buddhist-school Pali and Sanskrit literature including Apadāna-like material

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Mellick, Sally. ''A critical edition, with translation, of selected portions of the Pali Apadana'', 1994, A2f, D.Phil., Oxford, 44–6. Unpublished Phd thesis.
* Walters, Jonathan S. ''Gotami's Story'' in ''Buddhism in Practice'', Donald S. Lopez Jr., Ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 1995. {{ISBN|0-691-04441-4}}..
* {{Cite web |title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction|url=http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4078| last = Gangodawila | first = Chandima | access-date=21 February 2021 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.aimwell.org/DPPN/apadana.html Description in ''Dictionary of Pali Proper Names'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050924084732/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/khuddaka/index.html Brief description of the Apadāna (#13)]
* {{Cite web |title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction|url=http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4078| last = Gangodawila | first = Chandima | access-date=21 February 2021 }}

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apadana}}
[[Category:Khuddaka Nikaya]]
[[Category:Buddhist hagiography]]

{{Buddhism-book-stub}}