Apabhraṃśa - Revision history

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2026-01-24T11:26:54Z

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			{{Short description\|Class of Indian languages}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2016}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}
	~~'''~~Apabhraṃśa~~''' (~~{{lang-sa\|~~अपभ्रंश~~}}~~, {{IPA-sa~~\|~~ɐpɐbʱrɐ̃ˈɕɐ\|IPA}},~~ [[~~Prakrit~~]]~~: {{IAST\|''Avahansa''}}) is a term used by~~ [[~~Vyākaraṇa\|vaiyākaraṇāḥ~~]] ~~(native grammarians) since [[Patanjali~~\|~~Patañjali]] to refer to languages spoken in~~ [[~~North~~ India]] before the rise of the modern languages. In [[Indology]], it is used as an [[umbrella term]] for the dialects forming the transition<ref>{{citation \| last= Shapiro \| first= Michael C. \| year= 2003 \| chapter= Hindi \| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA250 \| editor1-last= Cardona \| editor1-first= George \| editor2-last= Jain \| editor2-first= Dhanesh \| ~~title~~= ~~The~~ Indo-~~Aryan Languages~~ \| ~~publisher~~= ~~Routledge \| isbn= 978-0-415-77294-5 }}{{page needed\|date=May 2016}}</ref> between the~~ [[~~Middle~~ Indo-~~Aryan~~ languages\|~~late Middle~~]] ~~and the early~~ [[Indo-Aryan languages\|~~Modern~~ Indo-Aryan ~~languages~~]]~~, spanning the period between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. However, these dialects are conventionally included in the Middle Indo-Aryan period.<ref name=avabhansa>{{cite book~~\|~~last~~=~~Shastri~~\|~~first~~=~~Dr Devendra Kumar~~\|~~title~~=~~Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan~~\|~~year~~=~~1996~~\|~~publisher~~=~~Bhartiya Jnanpith. Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith~~.\|~~location~~=~~New Delhi\|pages=388}}</ref>{{rp\|p.42}} ''{{IAST\|[[wikt:अपभ्रंश#Sanskrit\|~~Apabhraṃśa]]}}~~'' in Sanskrit literally means "corrupt" or "non-grammatical language", that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar.~~		{{Infobox language
			\| name = Apabhraṃśa
			\| nativename = {{lang\|psu-deva\|अवहंस}}
			\| states = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]
			\| region = [[Northern India]]
			\| familycolor = Indo-European
			\| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages\|Indo-Iranian]]
			\| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]]
			\| fam4 = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
			\| fam5 = [[Sanskrit]]
			\| script = [[Devanagari]]
			\| notice = IPA
			\| image = Apabhraṃśa.svg
			\| imagecaption = The word "Apabhraṃśa" written in Devanagari script
			}}

	Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of ~~North~~ India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries.<ref name="Apabhramsha Sahitya 2003">Apabhramsha Sahitya, Devendra Kumar Jain, Mahavir Jain Vidyalay Suvarna Mahotsav Granth, 2003.</ref>		'''Apabhraṃśa''' ({{langx\|sa\|अपभ्रंश}}, {{IPA\|sa\|ɐpɐbʱrɐ̃ˈɕɐ\|IPA}}, [[Prakrit]]: {{lang\|psu-deva\|अवहंस}} {{IAST\|''Avahaṃsa''}}) is a term used by ''[[Vyākaraṇa\|vaiyākaraṇāḥ]]'' (native grammarians) since [[Patanjali\|Patañjali]] to refer to languages spoken in [[Northern India]] before the rise of the modern languages. In [[Indology]], it is used as an [[umbrella term]] for the dialects forming the transition<ref>{{citation \| last= Shapiro \| first= Michael C. \| year= 2003 \| chapter= Hindi \| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA250 \| editor1-last= Cardona \| editor1-first= George \| editor2-last= Jain \| editor2-first= Dhanesh \| title= The Indo-Aryan Languages \| publisher= Routledge \| isbn= 978-0-415-77294-5 }}{{page needed\|date=May 2016}}</ref> between the [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages\|late Middle]] and the early [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Modern Indo-Aryan languages]], spanning the period between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. However, these dialects are conventionally included in the Middle Indo-Aryan period.<ref name=avabhansa>{{cite book\|last=Shastri\|first=Devendra Kumar\|title=Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan\|year=1996\|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith. Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith.\|location=New Delhi\|page=388}}</ref>{{rp\|p.42}} [[wikt:अपभ्रंश#Sanskrit\|{{IAST\|Apabhraṃśa}}]] in Sanskrit literally means "corrupt" or "non-grammatical language", that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar.

			Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of Northern India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries.<ref name="Apabhramsha Sahitya 2003">Apabhramsha Sahitya, Devendra Kumar Jain, Mahavir Jain Vidyalay Suvarna Mahotsav Granth, 2003.</ref>

	==Overview==		==Overview==
	The term [[Prakrit]], which includes [[Pali]], is also used as a cover term for the [[vernacular]]s of ~~North~~ India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about the 13th century. The Apabhraṃśas later evolved into Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy, not strictly chronological. Modern ~~North~~ Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century - while Apabhraṃśas were still in use - and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century.		The term [[Prakrit]], which includes [[Pali]], is also used as a cover term for the [[vernacular]]s of Northern India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about the 13th century. The Apabhraṃśas later evolved into Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy, not strictly chronological. Modern Northern Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century – while Apabhraṃśas were still in use – and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century.

	A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in [[Jainism\|Jain]] libraries. While [[Amir Khusrow]] and [[Kabir]] were writing in a language quite similar to modern Hindi, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu ~~kings~~, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. These authors include [[Saraha]], [[Tilopa]] and [[Kanha (poet)\|Kanha]] of [[Kamarupa]]; Devasena of [[Dhar]] (9th century CE); Pushpadanta of [[Manyakheta]] (9th century CE); Dhanapal; Muni Ramsimha; [[Hemachandra]] of [[Patan, Gujarat\|Patan]]; and [[~~Raighu~~]] of [[Gwalior]] (15th century CE).		A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in [[Jainism\|Jain]] libraries. While [[Amir Khusrow]] and [[Kabir]] were writing in a language quite similar to modern Urdu and Hindi, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by [[Hindu king]]s, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. These authors include [[Saraha]], [[Tilopa]] and [[Kanha (poet)\|Kanha]] of [[Kamarupa]]; Devasena of [[Dhar]] (9th century CE); Pushpadanta of [[Manyakheta]] (9th century CE); Dhanapal; Muni Ramsimha; [[Hemachandra]] of [[Patan, Gujarat\|Patan]]; and [[Raidhu]] of [[Gwalior]] (15th century CE).

	An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the ''Vikramorvashiyam'' of [[Kālidāsa]], when [[Pururavas]] asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Compositions in Apabhramsha continued until ~~Vikram Samvat 1700~~, when Bhagavatidasa wrote ''Migankaleha Chariu''.<ref name="Apabhramsha Sahitya 2003"/>		An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the ''Vikramorvashiyam'' of [[Kālidāsa]], when [[Pururavas]] asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Compositions in Apabhramsha continued until the 18th century, when Bhagavatidasa wrote ''Migankaleha Chariu''.<ref name="Apabhramsha Sahitya 2003"/>

	The ~~only~~ known example of an ~~Apabhramsa~~ work by a Muslim is the [[Sandeśarāsaka]] of Abdur Rahman of Multan, possibly written around 1000 CE.		The first known example of an Apabhraṃśa work by a Muslim is the [[Sandeśarāsaka]] of Abdur Rahman of Multan, possibly written around 1000 CE.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Alī \|first=Saiyada Asad \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbpjAAAAMAAJ&q=Sandesh+Rasak \|title=Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature \|date=2000 \|publisher=Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli \|series=Oriental Original Series \|volume=47 \|location=Delhi \|pages=12–13, 195 \|language=en \|quote=After Muslim Hindi-Persian poet Masood Saad Salman, "Sandesh Rasak" is the first Apbharansh work of poetry. It was probably written in 11th century. Abdur Rahman, in his ...}}</ref>

	== Writers and poets ==		== Writers and poets ==
	Below is the list of some of the eminent writers & poets of Apabhraṃśa literature:		Below is the list of some of the eminent writers and poets of Apabhraṃśa literature:

	*Mahakavi Swyambhudev (8th century CE)		*Mahakavi Swyambhudev (8th century CE)
	:* Ritthanemichariu		:* Ritthanemichariu
	:* Pauma-Chariu<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i \|title=Pauma-Chariu (Part-I) \|access-date=13 January 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124073233/http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i \|archive-date=24 January 2016 ~~\|url-status=dead~~ }}</ref>		:* Pauma-Chariu<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i \|title=Pauma-Chariu (Part-I) \|access-date=13 January 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124073233/http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i \|archive-date=24 January 2016 }}</ref>
	*Mahakavi Pushpadant (10th century)		*Mahakavi Pushpadant (10th century)
	:* Mahapuran <ref>[http://www.jaingranths.com/Manuscript.asp?id=91&i=1 Jain granths]</ref>		:* Mahapuran <ref>[http://www.jaingranths.com/Manuscript.asp?id=91&i=1 Jain granths]</ref>
	:* Naykumarchariu		:* Naykumarchariu
	:* Jasaharchariu		:* Jasaharchariu
	*[[Hemachandra]] (12th ~~Century~~)		*[[Hemachandra]] (12th century)
	*~~Abdul Rehman~~ (~~13th Century~~) – [[Multan]]i poet who penned an epic romance in Apabhraṃśa.<ref name="Flood">{{cite book\|last1=Flood\|first1=Finbarr Barry\|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter\|date=2009\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|isbn=~~9780691125947~~\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&q=Multan&pg=PA155}}</ref>		*Abdur Rahman (Addahamāṇa) (12th century) – [[Multan]]i poet who penned the epic romance [[Sandeśarāsaka]] in Apabhraṃśa.<ref name="Flood">{{cite book\|last1=Flood\|first1=Finbarr Barry\|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter\|date=2009\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|isbn=978-0-691-12594-7\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&q=Multan&pg=PA155}}</ref>
	*[[Kanhadade Prabandha]] (15th century)		* [[Padmanābha]] who wrote [[Kanhadade Prabandha]] (15th century)

	==See also==		==See also==
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	==External links==		==External links==
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195148/http://www.jainworld.com/society/speaksch/dksastri.htm Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri]		* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195148/http://www.jainworld.com/society/speaksch/dksastri.htm Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri]"– Jainworld (archived)
	* [~~http~~://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/hindiint.html Hindi: The language of songs]		* "[https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/hindiint.html Hindi: The language of songs]" by Yashwant K. Malaiya
	* {{cite book \|last=Halder \|first=Shashwati \|year=2012 \|chapter=Apabhrangsha \|chapter-url=~~http~~://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Apabhrangsha \|editor1-last=Islam \|editor1-first=Sirajul \|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam \|editor2-last=Jamal \|editor2-first=Ahmed A. \|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh \|edition=Second \|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}		* {{cite book \|last=Halder \|first=Shashwati \|year=2012 \|chapter=Apabhrangsha \|chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Apabhrangsha \|editor1-last=Islam \|editor1-first=Sirajul \|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam \|editor2-last=Jamal \|editor2-first=Ahmed A. \|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh \|edition=Second \|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}

	{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}		{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}
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	[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]		[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
	[[Category:Medieval languages]]		[[Category:Medieval languages]]
	~~[[Category:Formal languages used for Indian scriptures]]~~
	[[Category:North India]]		[[Category:North India]]
			[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
			[[Category:History of the Bengali language]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
'''Apabhraṃśa''' ({{lang-sa|अपभ्रंश}}, {{IPA-sa|ɐpɐbʱrɐ̃ˈɕɐ|IPA}}, [[Prakrit]]: {{IAST|''Avahansa''}}) is a term used by [[Vyākaraṇa|vaiyākaraṇāḥ]] (native grammarians) since [[Patanjali|Patañjali]] to refer to languages spoken in [[North India]] before the rise of the modern languages. In [[Indology]], it is used as an [[umbrella term]] for the dialects forming the transition<ref>{{citation | last= Shapiro | first= Michael C. | year= 2003 | chapter= Hindi | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA250 | editor1-last= Cardona | editor1-first= George | editor2-last= Jain | editor2-first= Dhanesh | title= The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher= Routledge | isbn= 978-0-415-77294-5 }}{{page needed|date=May 2016}}</ref> between the [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|late Middle]] and the early [[Indo-Aryan languages|Modern Indo-Aryan languages]], spanning the period between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. However, these dialects are conventionally included in the Middle Indo-Aryan period.<ref name=avabhansa>{{cite book|last=Shastri|first=Dr Devendra Kumar|title=Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan|year=1996|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith. Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith.|location=New Delhi|pages=388}}</ref>{{rp|p.42}} ''{{IAST|[[wikt:अपभ्रंश#Sanskrit|Apabhraṃśa]]}}'' in Sanskrit literally means "corrupt" or "non-grammatical language", that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar.

Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of North India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries.<ref name="Apabhramsha Sahitya 2003">Apabhramsha Sahitya, Devendra Kumar Jain, Mahavir Jain Vidyalay Suvarna Mahotsav Granth, 2003.</ref>

==Overview==
The term [[Prakrit]], which includes [[Pali]], is also used as a cover term for the [[vernacular]]s of North India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about the 13th century. The Apabhraṃśas later evolved into Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy, not strictly chronological. Modern North Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century - while Apabhraṃśas were still in use - and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century.

A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in [[Jainism|Jain]] libraries. While [[Amir Khusrow]] and [[Kabir]] were writing in a language quite similar to modern Hindi, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu kings, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. These authors include [[Saraha]], [[Tilopa]] and [[Kanha (poet)|Kanha]] of [[Kamarupa]]; Devasena of [[Dhar]] (9th century CE); Pushpadanta of [[Manyakheta]] (9th century CE); Dhanapal; Muni Ramsimha; [[Hemachandra]] of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]; and [[Raighu]] of [[Gwalior]] (15th century CE).

An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the ''Vikramorvashiyam'' of [[Kālidāsa]], when [[Pururavas]] asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Compositions in Apabhramsha continued until Vikram Samvat 1700, when Bhagavatidasa wrote ''Migankaleha Chariu''.<ref name="Apabhramsha Sahitya 2003"/>

The only known example of an Apabhramsa work by a Muslim is the [[Sandeśarāsaka]] of Abdur Rahman of Multan, possibly written around 1000 CE.

== Writers and poets ==
Below is the list of some of the eminent writers & poets of Apabhraṃśa literature:

*Mahakavi Swyambhudev (8th century CE)
:* Ritthanemichariu
:* Pauma-Chariu<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i |title=Pauma-Chariu (Part-I) |access-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124073233/http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i |archive-date=24 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Mahakavi Pushpadant (10th century)
:* Mahapuran <ref>[http://www.jaingranths.com/Manuscript.asp?id=91&i=1 Jain granths]</ref>
:* Naykumarchariu
:* Jasaharchariu
*[[Hemachandra]] (12th Century)
*Abdul Rehman (13th Century) – [[Multan]]i poet who penned an epic romance in Apabhraṃśa.<ref name="Flood">{{cite book|last1=Flood|first1=Finbarr Barry|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691125947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&q=Multan&pg=PA155}}</ref>
*[[Kanhadade Prabandha]] (15th century)

==See also==
*[[Hindustani language|Hindavi]]
*[[History of Hindustani]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* Shapiro, Michael C. ''Hindi.'' Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates, 2001.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195148/http://www.jainworld.com/society/speaksch/dksastri.htm Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri]
* [http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/hindiint.html Hindi: The language of songs]
* {{cite book |last=Halder |first=Shashwati |year=2012 |chapter=Apabhrangsha |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Apabhrangsha |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}

{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apabhramsa}}
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 6th century]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 13th century]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Medieval languages]]
[[Category:Formal languages used for Indian scriptures]]
[[Category:North India]]