Annexation of Hyderabad - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 06:40, 20 January 2022
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	At the time of [[Partition of India\|Partition]] in 1947, the [[princely state]]s of India, who in principle had self-government within their own territories, were subject to [[subsidiary alliance]]s with the British, giving them control of their external relations. With the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence.<ref name=Mehotra>{{cite book \|last1=Mehrotra \|first1=S.R. \|title=Towards Indias Freedom And Partition \|date=1979 \|publisher=Vikash Publishing House \|location=Delhi \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100154/page/n259 247] \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100154 \|access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref><ref>See Section 7 (1) (b): "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States, all functions exercisable by His Majesty at that date with respect to Indian States, all obligations of His Majesty existing at that date towards Indian States or the rulers thereof, and all powers, rights, authority or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty at that date in or in relation to Indian States by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise."</ref> However, by 1948 almost all had [[Instrument of Accession\|acceded]] to either India or Pakistan. One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality, Hyderabad, where the Nizam, ''[[Mir (title)\|Mir]]'' [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]], a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose independence and hoped to maintain this with an [[Hyderabad army\|irregular army]].<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006">{{cite book\|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf\|author2=Thomas R. Metcalf\|title=A Concise History of India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC\|year=2006\|edition=2nd\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0521682251}}</ref>{{rp\|224}} The Nizam was also beset by the [[Telangana uprising]], which he was unable to subjugate.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006"/>{{rp\|224}}		At the time of [[Partition of India\|Partition]] in 1947, the [[princely state]]s of India, who in principle had self-government within their own territories, were subject to [[subsidiary alliance]]s with the British, giving them control of their external relations. With the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence.<ref name=Mehotra>{{cite book \|last1=Mehrotra \|first1=S.R. \|title=Towards Indias Freedom And Partition \|date=1979 \|publisher=Vikash Publishing House \|location=Delhi \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100154/page/n259 247] \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100154 \|access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref><ref>See Section 7 (1) (b): "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States, all functions exercisable by His Majesty at that date with respect to Indian States, all obligations of His Majesty existing at that date towards Indian States or the rulers thereof, and all powers, rights, authority or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty at that date in or in relation to Indian States by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise."</ref> However, by 1948 almost all had [[Instrument of Accession\|acceded]] to either India or Pakistan. One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality, Hyderabad, where the Nizam, ''[[Mir (title)\|Mir]]'' [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]], a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose independence and hoped to maintain this with an [[Hyderabad army\|irregular army]].<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006">{{cite book\|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf\|author2=Thomas R. Metcalf\|title=A Concise History of India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC\|year=2006\|edition=2nd\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0521682251}}</ref>{{rp\|224}} The Nizam was also beset by the [[Telangana uprising]], which he was unable to subjugate.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006"/>{{rp\|224}}

	In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a [[Standstill agreement (India)\|standstill agreement]] with the Dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Fearing the establishment of a Communist state in Hyderabad<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2018-09-15\|title=Delhi felt Razakars, communists a threat to India\|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150918/delhi-felt-razakars-communists-a-threat-to-india.html\|access-date=2021-02-04\|website=Deccan Chronicle\|language=en}}</ref> and the rise of militant [[Razakars (Hyderabad)\|Razakars]], India invaded the state in September 1948 following a crippling economic blockade.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=New book on Hyderabad's Invasion, 1948's Police Action\|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13-books/15587-new-book-on-hyderabad-s-invasion-1948-s-police-action/\|access-date=2021-02-04\|website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=ShermanLSE/> Subsequently, the Nizam signed an instrument of accession, joining India.{{sfn\|Chandra\|Mukherjee\|Mukherjee\|2008\|p=96}}		In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a [[Standstill agreement (India)\|standstill agreement]] with the Dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Fearing the establishment of a Communist state in Hyderabad<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2018-09-15\|title=Delhi felt Razakars, communists a threat to India\|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150918/delhi-felt-razakars-communists-a-threat-to-india.html\|access-date=2021-02-04\|website=Deccan Chronicle\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ernst\|first=Waltraud\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA212&dq=azad+hyderabad&hl=en\|title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism\|last2=Pati\|first2=Biswamoy\|date=2007-10-18\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-134-11988-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the rise of militant [[Razakars (Hyderabad)\|Razakars]], India invaded the state in September 1948 following a crippling economic blockade.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=New book on Hyderabad's Invasion, 1948's Police Action\|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13-books/15587-new-book-on-hyderabad-s-invasion-1948-s-police-action/\|access-date=2021-02-04\|website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=ShermanLSE/> Subsequently, the Nizam signed an instrument of accession, joining India.{{sfn\|Chandra\|Mukherjee\|Mukherjee\|2008\|p=96}}

	The operation led to massive violence on communal lines, often perpetrated by the Indian Army.<ref name="BBC Hyderabad 1948"/> The Indian prime minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], appointed a commission known as the '''Sunderlal Committee'''. Its report, which was not released until 2013, concluded that "as a very reasonable & modest estimate...the total number of deaths in the state...somewhere between 30,000 & 40,000."<ref name=Sunderlal>{{harvnb\|Noorani\|2014\|loc=Appendix 15: Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report, pp. 372–373}}</ref> Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher.{{sfn\|Smith\|1950\|p=46}}<section end=Lead />		The operation led to massive violence on communal lines, often perpetrated by the Indian Army.<ref name="BBC Hyderabad 1948"/> The Indian prime minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], appointed a commission known as the '''Sunderlal Committee'''. Its report, which was not released until 2013, concluded that "as a very reasonable & modest estimate...the total number of deaths in the state...somewhere between 30,000 & 40,000."<ref name=Sunderlal>{{harvnb\|Noorani\|2014\|loc=Appendix 15: Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report, pp. 372–373}}</ref> Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher.{{sfn\|Smith\|1950\|p=46}}<section end=Lead />

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Khan786 at 17:12, 5 August 2021

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← Older revision		Revision as of 22:42, 5 August 2021
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	{{short description\|Military invasion of Hyderabad by the Dominion of India}}		{{short description\|Military invasion of Hyderabad by the Dominion of India}}
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	*Responsible observers: 200,000 civilians killed{{sfn\|Smith\|1950\|p=46}}<ref name=NooraniUntold/>}}		*Responsible observers: 200,000 civilians killed{{sfn\|Smith\|1950\|p=46}}<ref name=NooraniUntold/>}}
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	~~<section begin=Lead />~~
	'''Operation Polo''' was the code name of the Hyderabad "[[police action]]" in September 1948,<ref>{{cite web \|newspaper=The Times of India \|date=15 September 2019 \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-had-tried-nrc-71-years-ago-and-failed/articleshow/71132138.cms\|title=Hyderabad had tried 'NRC' 71 years ago, and failed}}</ref> by the then newly independent [[Dominion of India]] against [[Hyderabad State]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Hyderabad Police Action \|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=nmnz/S66ueKkrJc8PBO1kw==&ParentID=z2xdy5FtH8G+oZz4hw/CKg== \|publisher=Indian Army \|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> It was a military operation in which the [[Indian Armed Forces]] invaded the [[Nizam]]-ruled princely state, annexing it into the [[Dominion of India\|Indian Union]].<ref>{{cite book\|author=B. Cohen\|title=Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan: 1850–1948\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZKHDAAAQBAJ \|year=2007\|publisher=Springer\|isbn=978-0-230-60344-8\|pages=159–161}}</ref>		'''Operation Polo''' was the code name of the Hyderabad "[[police action]]" in September 1948,<ref>{{cite web \|newspaper=The Times of India \|date=15 September 2019 \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-had-tried-nrc-71-years-ago-and-failed/articleshow/71132138.cms\|title=Hyderabad had tried 'NRC' 71 years ago, and failed}}</ref> by the then newly independent [[Dominion of India]] against [[Hyderabad State]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Hyderabad Police Action \|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=nmnz/S66ueKkrJc8PBO1kw==&ParentID=z2xdy5FtH8G+oZz4hw/CKg== \|publisher=Indian Army \|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> It was a military operation in which the [[Indian Armed Forces]] invaded the [[Nizam]]-ruled princely state, annexing it into the [[Dominion of India\|Indian Union]].<ref>{{cite book\|author=B. Cohen\|title=Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan: 1850–1948\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZKHDAAAQBAJ \|year=2007\|publisher=Springer\|isbn=978-0-230-60344-8\|pages=159–161}}</ref>

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← Older revision		Revision as of 06:40, 20 January 2022
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	At the time of [[Partition of India\|Partition]] in 1947, the [[princely state]]s of India, who in principle had self-government within their own territories, were subject to [[subsidiary alliance]]s with the British, giving them control of their external relations. With the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence.<ref name=Mehotra>{{cite book \|last1=Mehrotra \|first1=S.R. \|title=Towards Indias Freedom And Partition \|date=1979 \|publisher=Vikash Publishing House \|location=Delhi \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100154/page/n259 247] \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100154 \|access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref><ref>See Section 7 (1) (b): "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States, all functions exercisable by His Majesty at that date with respect to Indian States, all obligations of His Majesty existing at that date towards Indian States or the rulers thereof, and all powers, rights, authority or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty at that date in or in relation to Indian States by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise."</ref> However, by 1948 almost all had [[Instrument of Accession\|acceded]] to either India or Pakistan. One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality, Hyderabad, where the Nizam, ''[[Mir (title)\|Mir]]'' [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]], a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose independence and hoped to maintain this with an [[Hyderabad army\|irregular army]].<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006">{{cite book\|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf\|author2=Thomas R. Metcalf\|title=A Concise History of India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC\|year=2006\|edition=2nd\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0521682251}}</ref>{{rp\|224}} The Nizam was also beset by the [[Telangana uprising]], which he was unable to subjugate.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006"/>{{rp\|224}}		At the time of [[Partition of India\|Partition]] in 1947, the [[princely state]]s of India, who in principle had self-government within their own territories, were subject to [[subsidiary alliance]]s with the British, giving them control of their external relations. With the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence.<ref name=Mehotra>{{cite book \|last1=Mehrotra \|first1=S.R. \|title=Towards Indias Freedom And Partition \|date=1979 \|publisher=Vikash Publishing House \|location=Delhi \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100154/page/n259 247] \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100154 \|access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref><ref>See Section 7 (1) (b): "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States, all functions exercisable by His Majesty at that date with respect to Indian States, all obligations of His Majesty existing at that date towards Indian States or the rulers thereof, and all powers, rights, authority or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty at that date in or in relation to Indian States by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise."</ref> However, by 1948 almost all had [[Instrument of Accession\|acceded]] to either India or Pakistan. One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality, Hyderabad, where the Nizam, ''[[Mir (title)\|Mir]]'' [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]], a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose independence and hoped to maintain this with an [[Hyderabad army\|irregular army]].<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006">{{cite book\|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf\|author2=Thomas R. Metcalf\|title=A Concise History of India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC\|year=2006\|edition=2nd\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0521682251}}</ref>{{rp\|224}} The Nizam was also beset by the [[Telangana uprising]], which he was unable to subjugate.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006"/>{{rp\|224}}

	In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a [[Standstill agreement (India)\|standstill agreement]] with the Dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Fearing the establishment of a Communist state in Hyderabad<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2018-09-15\|title=Delhi felt Razakars, communists a threat to India\|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150918/delhi-felt-razakars-communists-a-threat-to-india.html\|access-date=2021-02-04\|website=Deccan Chronicle\|language=en}}</ref> and the rise of militant [[Razakars (Hyderabad)\|Razakars]], India invaded the state in September 1948 following a crippling economic blockade.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=New book on Hyderabad's Invasion, 1948's Police Action\|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13-books/15587-new-book-on-hyderabad-s-invasion-1948-s-police-action/\|access-date=2021-02-04\|website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=ShermanLSE/> Subsequently, the Nizam signed an instrument of accession, joining India.{{sfn\|Chandra\|Mukherjee\|Mukherjee\|2008\|p=96}}		In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a [[Standstill agreement (India)\|standstill agreement]] with the Dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Fearing the establishment of a Communist state in Hyderabad<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2018-09-15\|title=Delhi felt Razakars, communists a threat to India\|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150918/delhi-felt-razakars-communists-a-threat-to-india.html\|access-date=2021-02-04\|website=Deccan Chronicle\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ernst\|first=Waltraud\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA212&dq=azad+hyderabad&hl=en\|title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism\|last2=Pati\|first2=Biswamoy\|date=2007-10-18\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-134-11988-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the rise of militant [[Razakars (Hyderabad)\|Razakars]], India invaded the state in September 1948 following a crippling economic blockade.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=New book on Hyderabad's Invasion, 1948's Police Action\|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13-books/15587-new-book-on-hyderabad-s-invasion-1948-s-police-action/\|access-date=2021-02-04\|website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=ShermanLSE/> Subsequently, the Nizam signed an instrument of accession, joining India.{{sfn\|Chandra\|Mukherjee\|Mukherjee\|2008\|p=96}}

	The operation led to massive violence on communal lines, often perpetrated by the Indian Army.<ref name="BBC Hyderabad 1948"/> The Indian prime minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], appointed a commission known as the '''Sunderlal Committee'''. Its report, which was not released until 2013, concluded that "as a very reasonable & modest estimate...the total number of deaths in the state...somewhere between 30,000 & 40,000."<ref name=Sunderlal>{{harvnb\|Noorani\|2014\|loc=Appendix 15: Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report, pp. 372–373}}</ref> Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher.{{sfn\|Smith\|1950\|p=46}}<section end=Lead />		The operation led to massive violence on communal lines, often perpetrated by the Indian Army.<ref name="BBC Hyderabad 1948"/> The Indian prime minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], appointed a commission known as the '''Sunderlal Committee'''. Its report, which was not released until 2013, concluded that "as a very reasonable & modest estimate...the total number of deaths in the state...somewhere between 30,000 & 40,000."<ref name=Sunderlal>{{harvnb\|Noorani\|2014\|loc=Appendix 15: Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report, pp. 372–373}}</ref> Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher.{{sfn\|Smith\|1950\|p=46}}<section end=Lead />