Anga - Revision history

Mohit8811: correct article further and added references per sources

2026-03-01T18:55:32Z

correct article further and added references per sources

>Shalivahan2 at 16:06, 27 June 2021

2021-06-27T16:06:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:36, 27 June 2021
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	'''Anga''' was an ancient Indian kingdom that flourished on the eastern [[Indian subcontinent]] and one of the sixteen [[mahajanapadas]] ("large state").{{sfn\|Jha\|1999\|p=78}} It lay to the east of its neighbour and rival, [[Magadha]], and was separated from it by the river Champa in the modern day [[Bhagalpur]] and [[ Munger]] in the state of [[Bihar]]. The capital of Anga was located on the bank of this river and was also named [[Champapuri\|Champa and Malini]]. It was prominent for its wealth and commerce.{{sfn\|Jha\|1999\|p=79}} Anga was annexed by Magadha in the 6th century BCE.{{citation needed\|date=June 2017}}		'''Anga''' was an ancient Indian kingdom that flourished on the eastern [[Indian subcontinent]] and one of the sixteen [[mahajanapadas]] ("large state").{{sfn\|Jha\|1999\|p=78}} It lay to the east of its neighbour and rival, [[Magadha]], and was separated from it by the river Champa in the modern day [[Bhagalpur]] and [[ Munger]] in the state of [[Bihar]]. The capital of Anga was located on the bank of this river and was also named [[Champapuri\|Champa and Malini]]. It was prominent for its wealth and commerce.{{sfn\|Jha\|1999\|p=79}} Anga was annexed by Magadha in the 6th century BCE.{{citation needed\|date=June 2017}}

	Counted among the "sixteen great nations" in [[Buddhist texts]] like the [[Anguttara Nikaya]], Anga also finds mention in the Jain [[Vyakhyaprajnapti]]’s list of ancient [[janapadas]]~~. Some sources note that the Angas were grouped with people of ‘mixed origin’,<ref>''Bodhayana Dharma Sutra''</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=June 2017}} generally in the later ages~~.		Counted among the "sixteen great nations" in [[Buddhist texts]] like the [[Anguttara Nikaya]], Anga also finds mention in the Jain [[Vyakhyaprajnapti]]’s list of ancient [[janapadas]].

	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==
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	The Puranas also list several early kings of Anga. The ''Mahagovinda Suttanta'' refers to king Dhatarattha of Anga. Jain texts refer to Dhadhivahana, as a ruler of the Angas. Puranas and Harivamsa represent him as the son and immediate successor of ''Anga'', the eponymous founder of the kingdom. [[Jain]] traditions place him at the beginning of 6th century BCE.{{citation needed\|date=June 2017}} According to the [[Mahabharata]] (Adi Parv, Section CXXXVIII), [[Duryodhana]] had named [[Karna]] the King of Anga.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Sacred-Texts: Hinduism\|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm\|website=www.sacred-texts.com\|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref>		The Puranas also list several early kings of Anga. The ''Mahagovinda Suttanta'' refers to king Dhatarattha of Anga. Jain texts refer to Dhadhivahana, as a ruler of the Angas. Puranas and Harivamsa represent him as the son and immediate successor of ''Anga'', the eponymous founder of the kingdom. [[Jain]] traditions place him at the beginning of 6th century BCE.{{citation needed\|date=June 2017}} According to the [[Mahabharata]] (Adi Parv, Section CXXXVIII), [[Duryodhana]] had named [[Karna]] the King of Anga.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Sacred-Texts: Hinduism\|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm\|website=www.sacred-texts.com\|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref>

	Between ~~the~~ Vatsas and the realm of Anga, lived the [[Magadhas]]~~, who initially were comparatively a weak people~~. A great struggle went on between the Angas and its eastern neighbours. The ''Vidhura Pandita Jataka'' describes [[Rajagriha]] (the Magadhan Capital) as the city of Anga and Mahabharata also refers to a sacrifice performed by the king of Anga at ''Mount Vishnupada'' (at [[Gaya, India\|Gaya]]). This indicates that Anga had initially succeeded in annexing the Magadhas and thus its borders extended to the kingdom of [[Matsya]] country.		Between Vatsas and the realm of Anga, lived the [[Magadhas]]. A great struggle went on between the Angas and its eastern neighbours. The ''Vidhura Pandita Jataka'' describes [[Rajagriha]] (the Magadhan Capital) as the city of Anga and Mahabharata also refers to a sacrifice performed by the king of Anga at ''Mount Vishnupada'' (at [[Gaya, India\|Gaya]]). This indicates that Anga had initially succeeded in annexing the Magadhas and thus its borders extended to the kingdom of [[Matsya]] country.

	This success of Angas did not last long. About the middle of 6th century BCE, [[Bimbisara]], the crown prince of Magadha had killed Brahmadatta, the last independent king of Anga and seized Champa. Bimbisara made it as his headquarters and ruled over it as his father's Viceroy. Thenceforth, Anga became an integral part of growing Magadha empire (PHAI, 1996).{{citation needed\|date=June 2017}}		This success of Angas did not last long. About the middle of 6th century BCE, [[Bimbisara]], the crown prince of Magadha had killed Brahmadatta, the last independent king of Anga and seized Champa. Bimbisara made it as his headquarters and ruled over it as his father's Viceroy. Thenceforth, Anga became an integral part of growing Magadha empire (PHAI, 1996).{{citation needed\|date=June 2017}}
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	* [[Karna]]		* [[Karna]]
	* [[Vrishaketu]] - Son. 'Chief of the Angas'.		* [[Vrishaketu]] - Son. 'Chief of the Angas'.
	* ~~Samudrasena - Possible king of Vanga?.~~		*
	* Chandrasena - Possible king of Vanga?.
	* Tamralipta		* Tamralipta
	* Lomapada - (a friend of the King of Kosala Dasaratha).		* Lomapada - (a friend of the King of Kosala Dasaratha).

CleanupBot: /* top */clean up, fix date in {{use Indian English}}

2021-06-03T18:49:50Z

top: clean up, fix date in {{use Indian English}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:19, 4 June 2021
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	{{Infobox former country		{{Infobox former country
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>Vif12vf: Reverted edits by Mukunda Rama Chary12 (talk) to last version by 85.255.237.136

2021-05-05T14:49:58Z

Reverted edits by Mukunda Rama Chary12 (talk) to last version by 85.255.237.136

New page

{{about|the historical kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Anga
| common_name = Anga
| era = [[Bronze Age]], [[Iron Age]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| year_start = unknown (~1100 BCE)
| year_end = c. 500 BCE
| s2 = Mahajanapadas, Janapadas
| image_map = Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
| image_map2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map2_caption = Anga and other Mahajanapadas in the Post Vedic period.
| image_map_alt = Anga
| image_map_caption = Anga and other kingdoms of the late [[Vedic period]]
| capital = [[Champapuri]] (near modern [[Bhagalpur]]) and [[Malinipuri|Malini]] (near modern [[Munger]]), Bihar
| Angika_languages =
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] [[Hinduism]]
| currency =
| title_leader = [[Raja]] (King or Chief)
| today =
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}
{{History of Bengal|Ancient}}
'''Anga''' was an ancient Indian kingdom that flourished on the eastern [[Indian subcontinent]] and one of the sixteen [[mahajanapadas]] ("large state").{{sfn|Jha|1999|p=78}} It lay to the east of its neighbour and rival, [[Magadha]], and was separated from it by the river Champa in the modern day [[Bhagalpur]] and [[ Munger]] in the state of [[Bihar]]. The capital of Anga was located on the bank of this river and was also named [[Champapuri|Champa and Malini]]. It was prominent for its wealth and commerce.{{sfn|Jha|1999|p=79}} Anga was annexed by Magadha in the 6th century BCE.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Counted among the "sixteen great nations" in [[Buddhist texts]] like the [[Anguttara Nikaya]], Anga also finds mention in the Jain [[Vyakhyaprajnapti]]’s list of ancient [[janapadas]]. Some sources note that the Angas were grouped with people of ‘mixed origin’,<ref>''Bodhayana Dharma Sutra''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2017}} generally in the later ages.

== Etymology ==
According to the [[Mahabharata]] (I.104.53-54) and [[Puranic]] literature, ''Anga'' was named after Prince Anga, the founder of the kingdom, and the son of Vali, who had no sons. So, he requested the sage, Dirghatamas, to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna.<ref name=vayu>{{cite book|title=Cultural History from the Vāyu Purāna|year=1946|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pub.|pages=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&lpg=PA46 |author=Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil|isbn=9788120820852}}</ref> The princes were named Anga, [[Vanga Kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Vanga]], [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]], [[Suhma Kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Sumha]] and [[Pundra Kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Pundra]].<ref name=enHindu>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&q=Bali+Kalinga+Vanga&pg=PA18|author=Gaṅgā Rām Garg|isbn=9788170223740|access-date=28 October 2012}} The prince Vanga founded [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga kingdom]], in the current day region of southern [[Bangladesh]] and the eastern part of southern [[West Bengal]]. The prince Kalinga founded the kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], in the current day region of coastal Orissa, including the North Sircars. Also the price Pundra founded [[Pundra Kingdom|Pundra]] consisting of the northern regions of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The prince [[Suhma]] founded [[Suhma Kingdom]] in the western part of southern [[West Bengal]].</ref>

The [[Ramayana]] (1.23.14) narrates the origin of name ''Anga'' as the place where Kamadeva was burnt to death by Siva and where his body parts (''angas'') are scattered.<ref>[http://www.valmikiramayan.net/bala/sarga23/bala_23_frame.htm Balakanda Book I, Chapter 23]</ref>

== History ==

The earliest mention occurs in the [[Atharvaveda]] (V.22.14) where they are listed alongside the [[Magadhan|''Magadhas'']], [[Gandhara|''Gandharis'']] and the ''Mujavatas'', as examples of faraway places to "dispel fevers" to. Puranic texts place the janapadas of the Angas, [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalingas]], Vangas, Pundras (or [[Pundra Kingdom]] - now some part of Eastern [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]), Vidarbhas, and [[Vindhya]]-vasis in the ''Purva-Dakshina'' division.<ref>The ''[[Garuda Purana]]'' 55.12; V.D. I.9.4; the ''[[Markendeya Purana]]'' 56.16-18</ref>

The Puranas also list several early kings of Anga. The ''Mahagovinda Suttanta'' refers to king Dhatarattha of Anga. Jain texts refer to Dhadhivahana, as a ruler of the Angas. Puranas and Harivamsa represent him as the son and immediate successor of ''Anga'', the eponymous founder of the kingdom. [[Jain]] traditions place him at the beginning of 6th century BCE.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} According to the [[Mahabharata]] (Adi Parv, Section CXXXVIII), [[Duryodhana]] had named [[Karna]] the King of Anga.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sacred-Texts: Hinduism|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref>

Between the Vatsas and the realm of Anga, lived the [[Magadhas]], who initially were comparatively a weak people. A great struggle went on between the Angas and its eastern neighbours. The ''Vidhura Pandita Jataka'' describes [[Rajagriha]] (the Magadhan Capital) as the city of Anga and Mahabharata also refers to a sacrifice performed by the king of Anga at ''Mount Vishnupada'' (at [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]). This indicates that Anga had initially succeeded in annexing the Magadhas and thus its borders extended to the kingdom of [[Matsya]] country.

This success of Angas did not last long. About the middle of 6th century BCE, [[Bimbisara]], the crown prince of Magadha had killed Brahmadatta, the last independent king of Anga and seized Champa. Bimbisara made it as his headquarters and ruled over it as his father's Viceroy. Thenceforth, Anga became an integral part of growing Magadha empire (PHAI, 1996).{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

== Location ==
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|The 16 Mahajanpadas; Anga is the easternmost, south of [[Vrijji]] and east of [[Magadha]]]]
[[File:North India in 540 BCE.png|thumb|Map depicting 16 [[mahajanapada]]s kingdoms and other kingdoms of [[vedic era]] India in 540 BCE.]]
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

''Sabhaparava'' of Mahabharata (II.44.9) mentions Anga and [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] as forming one country. The ''Katha-Sarit-Sagara'' also attests that Vitankapur, a city of Anga was situated on the shores of the sea. Thus the boundaries of Anga may have extended to the sea in the east. Anga was bounded by river [[Koshi River|Kaushiki]] on the north.<ref>[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-third-book/d/doc7389.html Mahabharata Tirthayatra Parva CX]</ref>

== Capital ==
The capital of Anga was [[Champapuri|Champa]] ({{IAST3|Campā}},{{sfn|Jha|1999|p=79}} formerly known as Malini{{sfn|Malalasekera|2003|loc=Campā}}), one of the greatest cities of the 6th century BCE. It was situated at the confluence of the [[Ganga]] and the Champa (now probably the [[Chandan River|Chandan]]) rivers.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=262}} It was a notable centre of trade and commerce and its merchants have been described as sailing to distant [[Suvarnabhumi]] (probably in Southeast Asia).{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=262}} Mahabharata tradition places it on river [[Koshi River|Kaushiki]].<ref>[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-third-book/d/doc7392.html Mahabharata Tirthayatra Parva]</ref> The city has been linked with the present-day villages of Champapur and Champanagar about {{convert|5|km|miles}}west of [[Bhagalpur]] in the state of southern [[Bihar]].{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=262,284}}{{sfn|Malalasekera|2003|loc=Campā}} Archaeologically, the ancient city had an occupation of the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture, with a surrounding fortification and moat.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=384}}

During his pilgrimage there in the end of the 4th century, the Chinese monk [[Faxian]] noted the numerous Buddhist temples that still existed in the city, transliterated ''Chanpo'' in Chinese (瞻波 {{zh | hp=Zhānbō| w=Chanpo}}){{#tag:ref|Campā (Indian, not Vietnamese) was also transliterated, besides 瞻波, in the records as Zhanbopo (瞻博婆) and Zhanpo (瞻婆、瞻匐、瞻蔔、詹波、闡蔔、閻波、占波)<ref name=BL>佛光電子大辭典 (''Buddha's Light Electronic Dictionary''). Taiwan: Buddha's Light Publishing ([[Fo Guang Shan]])</ref>|group="N.B."}}. The kingdom of Anga by then had long ceased to exist; it had been known as Yāngjiā (鴦伽) in Chinese.{{#tag:ref|Anga was also transliterated, besides 鴦伽, in the records as 鴦迦 (different [[radical (Chinese)|radical]] for ''jiā''), 泱伽 (same pronunciation), Yāngjué (鴦掘), Àng'é (盎誐). Sometimes by [[metonymy]], the kingdom would be called the ‘State of Champa’‘’, ''i.e''., 瞻波國.<ref name=BL/>|group="N.B."}}

==List of rulers==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}

* Anga - (eponymous founder of the kingdom and son of King Vali)
* [[Brihadratha]]
* [[Karna]]
* [[Vrishaketu]] - Son. 'Chief of the Angas'.
* Samudrasena - Possible king of Vanga?.
* Chandrasena - Possible king of Vanga?.
* Tamralipta
* Lomapada - (a friend of the King of Kosala Dasaratha).
* Chitraratha
* Vrihadratha
* Vasuhoma
* Dhatarattha (noted in the Mahabharata).
* Dhadivahana (also noted in the Mahabharata).
* Brahmadatta - Last king of Anga.

== See also ==

* [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]
* [[Anga Lipi]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="N.B."/>

== References ==
* {{cite book|last1=Jha|first1=D. N.|author-link1=D. N. Jha|title=Ancient India : in historical outline|date=1999|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173042850}}
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-link1=Upinder Singh|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2009|publisher=Pearson Longman|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131716779|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Malalasekera|first1=G. P.|author-link1=Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera|title=Dictionary of Pali Proper Names|date=2003|orig-year=1937|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120618237|url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/c/campaa.htm|language=en}}

{{Santhal Pargana Division topics |state=collapsed}}
{{Mahajanapada}}

[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:6th-century BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:6th-century BC disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Anga Desh| ]]