CleanupBot: clean up

2022-01-01T18:22:13Z

clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:52, 1 January 2022
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	\| elevation_m = −2		\| elevation_m = −2
	\| elevation_min_m = <!-- Population, dcs -->		\| elevation_min_m = <!-- Population, dcs -->
	\| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref name="~~cbs statline~~" /><ref name="~~tno_randstad~~" /><ref name="CBS_muni">{{Dutch municipality population\|dataref}}</ref><ref name="CBS_urbanmetro">{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro\|dataref}}</ref>		\| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref name="tno_randstad" /><ref name="cbs statline" /><ref name="CBS_muni">{{Dutch municipality population\|dataref}}</ref><ref name="CBS_urbanmetro">{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro\|dataref}}</ref>
	\| population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density\|Amsterdam}} <!-- For automatic calculation: auto-->		\| population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density\|Amsterdam}} <!-- For automatic calculation: auto-->
	\| population_total = 872,680		\| population_total = 872,680
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	{{Main\|History of Amsterdam\|Timeline of Amsterdam}}		{{Main\|History of Amsterdam\|Timeline of Amsterdam}}
	===Prehistory===		===Prehistory===
	Due to its geographical location in what used to be wet [[Mire\|peatland]], the founding of Amsterdam is of a younger age than the founding of other [[History of urban centers in the Low Countries\|urban centers in the Low Countries]]. However, in and around the area of what later became Amsterdam, local farmers settled as early as three millennia ago. They lived along the prehistoric [[IJ (Amsterdam)\|IJ]] river and upstream of its [[tributary]] Amstel. The prehistoric IJ was a shallow and quiet stream in peatland behind [[~~Beach~~ ridge~~\|beach ridges~~]]. This secluded area could grow there into an important local settlement center, especially in the late [[Bronze Age Europe\|Bronze Age]], the [[Iron Age Europe\|Iron Age]] and the [[Roman Empire\|Roman Age]]. [[Neolithic]] and Roman artefacts have also been found downstream of this area, in the prehistoric [[Amstel]] bedding under Amsterdam's [[Damrak]] and [[Rokin]], such as shards of [[Bell Beaker culture]] [[pottery]] (2200-2000 BC) and a granite grinding stone (2700-2750 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Gawronski \|first=J \|date=2017 \|title=Ontstaan uit een storm; De vroegste geschiedenis van Amsterdam archeologisch en landschappelijk belicht \|trans-title=Born from a storm; The earliest history of Amsterdam from an archaeological and landscape perspective. \|url=https://www.theobakker.net/pdf/TX_Gawronski2017JbAmstelodamum_10.pdf \|journal=Jaarboek van Het Genootschap Amstelodamum \|language=Dutch \|location=Amsterdam \|publisher=University of Amsterdam \|volume=109 \|access-date=5 January 2021}}, pp. 69-71.</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Below the Surface - Archeologische vondsten Noord/Zuidlijn Amsterdam\|url=https://belowthesurface.amsterdam/en/vondsten\|access-date=2021-02-25\|website=belowthesurface.amsterdam}}</ref> But the location of these artefacts around the river banks of the Amstel probably point to a presence of a modest semi-permanent or seasonal settlement of the previous mentioned local farmers. A permanent settlement would not have been possible, since the river mouth and the banks of the Amstel in this period in time were too wet for permanent habitation.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Gawronski \|first=J \|date=2017 \|title=Ontstaan uit een storm; De vroegste geschiedenis van Amsterdam archeologisch en landschappelijk belicht \|trans-title=Born from a storm; The earliest history of Amsterdam from an archaeological and landscape perspective. \|url=https://www.theobakker.net/pdf/TX_Gawronski2017JbAmstelodamum_10.pdf \|journal=Jaarboek van Het Genootschap Amstelodamum \|language=Dutch \|location=Amsterdam \|publisher=University of Amsterdam \|volume=109 \|access-date=5 January 2021}}, pp. 62-63.</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Kranendonk \|first1=P. \|last2=Kluiving \|first2=S. J. \|last3=Troelstra \|first3=S. R. \|title=Chrono- and archaeostratigraphy and development of the River Amstel: results of the North/South underground line excavations, Amsterdam, the Netherlands \|journal=Netherlands Journal of Geosciences \|date=December 2015 \|volume=94 \|issue=4 \|pages=333–352 \|doi=10.1017/njg.2014.38 \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/netherlands-journal-of-geosciences/article/chrono-and-archaeostratigraphy-and-development-of-the-river-amstel-results-of-the-northsouth-underground-line-excavations-amsterdam-the-netherlands/9718B0A8C63F7B40ABAD0FD00B8BBE93 \|access-date=25 May 2021 \|language=en \|issn=0016-7746}}</ref>		Due to its geographical location in what used to be wet [[Mire\|peatland]], the founding of Amsterdam is of a younger age than the founding of other [[History of urban centers in the Low Countries\|urban centers in the Low Countries]]. However, in and around the area of what later became Amsterdam, local farmers settled as early as three millennia ago. They lived along the prehistoric [[IJ (Amsterdam)\|IJ]] river and upstream of its [[tributary]] Amstel. The prehistoric IJ was a shallow and quiet stream in peatland behind [[beach ridge]]s. This secluded area could grow there into an important local settlement center, especially in the late [[Bronze Age Europe\|Bronze Age]], the [[Iron Age Europe\|Iron Age]] and the [[Roman Empire\|Roman Age]]. [[Neolithic]] and Roman artefacts have also been found downstream of this area, in the prehistoric [[Amstel]] bedding under Amsterdam's [[Damrak]] and [[Rokin]], such as shards of [[Bell Beaker culture]] [[pottery]] (2200-2000 BC) and a granite grinding stone (2700-2750 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Gawronski \|first=J \|date=2017 \|title=Ontstaan uit een storm; De vroegste geschiedenis van Amsterdam archeologisch en landschappelijk belicht \|trans-title=Born from a storm; The earliest history of Amsterdam from an archaeological and landscape perspective. \|url=https://www.theobakker.net/pdf/TX_Gawronski2017JbAmstelodamum_10.pdf \|journal=Jaarboek van Het Genootschap Amstelodamum \|language=Dutch \|location=Amsterdam \|publisher=University of Amsterdam \|volume=109 \|access-date=5 January 2021}}, pp. 69-71.</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Below the Surface - Archeologische vondsten Noord/Zuidlijn Amsterdam\|url=https://belowthesurface.amsterdam/en/vondsten\|access-date=2021-02-25\|website=belowthesurface.amsterdam}}</ref> But the location of these artefacts around the river banks of the Amstel probably point to a presence of a modest semi-permanent or seasonal settlement of the previous mentioned local farmers. A permanent settlement would not have been possible, since the river mouth and the banks of the Amstel in this period in time were too wet for permanent habitation.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Gawronski \|first=J \|date=2017 \|title=Ontstaan uit een storm; De vroegste geschiedenis van Amsterdam archeologisch en landschappelijk belicht \|trans-title=Born from a storm; The earliest history of Amsterdam from an archaeological and landscape perspective. \|url=https://www.theobakker.net/pdf/TX_Gawronski2017JbAmstelodamum_10.pdf \|journal=Jaarboek van Het Genootschap Amstelodamum \|language=Dutch \|location=Amsterdam \|publisher=University of Amsterdam \|volume=109 \|access-date=5 January 2021}}, pp. 62-63.</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Kranendonk \|first1=P. \|last2=Kluiving \|first2=S. J. \|last3=Troelstra \|first3=S. R. \|title=Chrono- and archaeostratigraphy and development of the River Amstel: results of the North/South underground line excavations, Amsterdam, the Netherlands \|journal=Netherlands Journal of Geosciences \|date=December 2015 \|volume=94 \|issue=4 \|pages=333–352 \|doi=10.1017/njg.2014.38 \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/netherlands-journal-of-geosciences/article/chrono-and-archaeostratigraphy-and-development-of-the-river-amstel-results-of-the-northsouth-underground-line-excavations-amsterdam-the-netherlands/9718B0A8C63F7B40ABAD0FD00B8BBE93 \|access-date=25 May 2021 \|language=en \|issn=0016-7746}}</ref>

	===Etymology and founding===		===Etymology and founding===
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	Shortly before the First World War, the city started to expand again, and new suburbs were built. Even though the Netherlands remained neutral in this war, Amsterdam suffered a food shortage, and heating fuel became scarce. The shortages sparked riots in which several people were killed. These riots are known as the ''Aardappeloproer'' (Potato rebellion). People started looting stores and warehouses in order to get supplies, mainly food.<ref name="aardappeloproer">{{Cite web \|title=Aardappeloproer – Legermuseum \|url=http://www.collectie.legermuseum.nl/sites/strategion/contents/i004516/arma39%20het%20aardappeloproer%20in%201917.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004443/http://www.collectie.legermuseum.nl/sites/strategion/contents/i004516/arma39%20het%20aardappeloproer%20in%201917.pdf \|archive-date=28 May 2008 \|access-date=21 May 2008 \|language=nl}}</ref>		Shortly before the First World War, the city started to expand again, and new suburbs were built. Even though the Netherlands remained neutral in this war, Amsterdam suffered a food shortage, and heating fuel became scarce. The shortages sparked riots in which several people were killed. These riots are known as the ''Aardappeloproer'' (Potato rebellion). People started looting stores and warehouses in order to get supplies, mainly food.<ref name="aardappeloproer">{{Cite web \|title=Aardappeloproer – Legermuseum \|url=http://www.collectie.legermuseum.nl/sites/strategion/contents/i004516/arma39%20het%20aardappeloproer%20in%201917.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004443/http://www.collectie.legermuseum.nl/sites/strategion/contents/i004516/arma39%20het%20aardappeloproer%20in%201917.pdf \|archive-date=28 May 2008 \|access-date=21 May 2008 \|language=nl}}</ref>

	On 1 January 1921, after a flood in 1916, the depleted municipalities of Durgerdam, Holysloot, Zunderdorp and [[Schellingwoude]], all lying north of Amsterdam, were, at their own request, annexed to the city.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Amsterdam city archives \|url=https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135130/https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/ \|archive-date=6 October 2014 \|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.centraledorpenraad.nl/landelijk-noord/historie \|title=Historie \|work=centaledorpenraad.nl \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711234152/http://www.centraledorpenraad.nl/landelijk-noord/historie \|archive-date=11 July 2014}} </ref> Between the wars, the city continued to expand, most notably to the west of the [[Jordaan]] district in the [[Frederik Hendrikbuurt]] and surrounding neighbourhoods.		On 1 January 1921, after a flood in 1916, the depleted municipalities of Durgerdam, Holysloot, Zunderdorp and [[Schellingwoude]], all lying north of Amsterdam, were, at their own request, annexed to the city.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Amsterdam city archives \|url=https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135130/https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/ \|archive-date=6 October 2014 \|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.centraledorpenraad.nl/landelijk-noord/historie \|title=Historie \|work=centaledorpenraad.nl \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711234152/http://www.centraledorpenraad.nl/landelijk-noord/historie \|archive-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> Between the wars, the city continued to expand, most notably to the west of the [[Jordaan]] district in the [[Frederik Hendrikbuurt]] and surrounding neighbourhoods.

	[[Nazi Germany]] [[Battle of the Netherlands\|invaded the Netherlands]] on 10 May 1940 and took control of the country. Some Amsterdam citizens sheltered Jews, thereby exposing themselves and their families to a high risk of being imprisoned or sent to concentration camps. More than 100,000 [[Dutch Jews]] were deported to [[Nazi concentration camps]], of whom some 60,000 lived in Amsterdam. In response, the Dutch Communist Party organized the [[February strike]] attended by 300,000 people to protest against the raids. Perhaps the most famous deportee was the young Jewish girl [[Anne Frank]], who died in the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]].<ref name="deportation">{{Cite web \|title=Deportation to camps \|url=http://www.hollandscheschouwburg.nl/site_en/deportatie/kader.html \|access-date=21 May 2008 \|publisher=Hollandsche Schouwburg}}</ref> At the end of the Second World War, communication with the rest of the country broke down, and food and fuel became scarce. Many citizens traveled to the countryside to forage. Dogs, cats, [[sugar\|raw sugar]] beets, and [[tulip]] bulbs—cooked to a pulp—were consumed to stay alive.<ref name="hongerwinter">{{Cite web \|title=Kou en strijd in een barre winter \|url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/dossiers/60jaarbevrijding/60jaar_hongerwinter.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123174846/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/dossiers/60jaarbevrijding/60jaar_hongerwinter.html#C \|archive-date=23 January 2008 \|access-date=21 May 2008 \|publisher=NOS \|language=nl}}</ref> Many trees in Amsterdam were cut down for fuel, and wood was taken from the houses, apartments and other buildings of deported Jews.		[[Nazi Germany]] [[Battle of the Netherlands\|invaded the Netherlands]] on 10 May 1940 and took control of the country. Some Amsterdam citizens sheltered Jews, thereby exposing themselves and their families to a high risk of being imprisoned or sent to concentration camps. More than 100,000 [[Dutch Jews]] were deported to [[Nazi concentration camps]], of whom some 60,000 lived in Amsterdam. In response, the Dutch Communist Party organized the [[February strike]] attended by 300,000 people to protest against the raids. Perhaps the most famous deportee was the young Jewish girl [[Anne Frank]], who died in the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]].<ref name="deportation">{{Cite web \|title=Deportation to camps \|url=http://www.hollandscheschouwburg.nl/site_en/deportatie/kader.html \|access-date=21 May 2008 \|publisher=Hollandsche Schouwburg}}</ref> At the end of the Second World War, communication with the rest of the country broke down, and food and fuel became scarce. Many citizens traveled to the countryside to forage. Dogs, cats, [[sugar\|raw sugar]] beets, and [[tulip]] bulbs—cooked to a pulp—were consumed to stay alive.<ref name="hongerwinter">{{Cite web \|title=Kou en strijd in een barre winter \|url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/dossiers/60jaarbevrijding/60jaar_hongerwinter.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123174846/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/dossiers/60jaarbevrijding/60jaar_hongerwinter.html#C \|archive-date=23 January 2008 \|access-date=21 May 2008 \|publisher=NOS \|language=nl}}</ref> Many trees in Amsterdam were cut down for fuel, and wood was taken from the houses, apartments and other buildings of deported Jews.
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	In 1750, Amsterdam was the [[List of largest European cities in history\|fourth largest city in Western Europe]], behind London (676,000), Paris (560,000) and Naples (324,000).<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hood \|first=Clifton \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9obDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 \|title=In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis \|date=8 November 2016 \|publisher=Columbia University Press \|isbn=9780231542951 \|pages=14}}</ref> This was all the more remarkable as Amsterdam was neither the capital city nor the seat of government of the [[Dutch Republic]], which itself was a much smaller state than England, France or the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In contrast to those other metropolises, Amsterdam was also surrounded by large towns such as [[Leiden]] (about 67,000), [[Rotterdam]] (45,000), [[Haarlem]] (38,000) and [[Utrecht]] (30,000).{{sfn\|Frijhoff\|Prak\|2005\|p=9}}		In 1750, Amsterdam was the [[List of largest European cities in history\|fourth largest city in Western Europe]], behind London (676,000), Paris (560,000) and Naples (324,000).<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hood \|first=Clifton \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9obDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 \|title=In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis \|date=8 November 2016 \|publisher=Columbia University Press \|isbn=9780231542951 \|pages=14}}</ref> This was all the more remarkable as Amsterdam was neither the capital city nor the seat of government of the [[Dutch Republic]], which itself was a much smaller state than England, France or the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In contrast to those other metropolises, Amsterdam was also surrounded by large towns such as [[Leiden]] (about 67,000), [[Rotterdam]] (45,000), [[Haarlem]] (38,000) and [[Utrecht]] (30,000).{{sfn\|Frijhoff\|Prak\|2005\|p=9}}

	The city's population declined in the early 19th century,<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Engeli \|first1=Christian \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ5PAAAAMAAJ \|title=Modern urban history research in Europe, USA, and Japan: a handbook \|last2=Matzerath \|first2=Horst \|date=1989 \|publisher=Berg \|isbn=9780854960408}}</ref> dipping under 200,000 in 1820.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Van Leeuwen\|Oeppen\|1993\|p=87}}</ref> By the second half of the 19th century, industrialisation spurred renewed growth.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Floud \|first1=Roderick \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 \|title=The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain: Volume 1, Industrialisation, 1700–1870 \|last2=Humphries \|first2=Jane \|last3=Johnson \|first3=Paul \|date=9 October 2014 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=9781316061152 \|pages=15{{em dash}}16}}</ref> Amsterdam's population hit an all-time high of 872,000 in 1959,<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Mulder \|first1=Eduardo F. J. De \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I75mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 \|title=The Netherlands and the Dutch: A Physical and Human Geography \|last2=Pater \|first2=Ben C. De \|last3=Fortuijn \|first3=Joos C. Droogleever \|date=28 July 2018 \|publisher=Springer \|isbn=9783319750736 \|pages=152}}</ref> before declining in the following decades due to government-sponsored suburbanisation to so-called ''groeikernen'' (growth centres) such as [[Purmerend]] and [[Almere]].<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=van der Wouden \|first=Ries \|date=2016 \|title=The Spatial Transformation of the Netherlands 1988{{em dash}}2015 \|url=https://journals.library.tudelft.nl/index.php/iphs/article/download/1788/1790/ \|url-status=dead \|journal=The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) \|volume=6 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223131635/https://journals.library.tudelft.nl/index.php/iphs/article/download/1788/1790/ \|archive-date=23 February 2019 \|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Musterd \|first1=Sako \|last2=Ostendorf \|first2=Wim \|date=3 April 2008 \|title=Integrated urban renewal in The Netherlands: a critical appraisal \|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4211862/57564_283853.pdf \|journal=Urban Research & Practice \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=78–92 \|doi=10.1080/17535060701795389 \|issn=1753-5069 \|s2cid=11761206\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal \|last1=Tzaninis \|first1=Yannis \|last2=Boterman \|first2=Willem \|date=2 January 2018 \|title=Beyond the urban–suburban dichotomy \|journal=City \|volume=22 \|issue=1 \|pages=43–62 \|doi=10.1080/13604813.2018.1432143 \|issn=1360-4813 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> Between 1970 and 1980, Amsterdam experienced its sharp population decline, peaking at a net loss of 25,000 people in 1973.<ref name=":2" /> By 1985 the city had only 675,570 residents.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=van Gent \|first=W.P.C. \|date=2008 \|title=The context of neighbourhood regeneration in Western Europe. A comparative study of nine neighbourhoods undergoing physical and social economic regeneration \|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4266823/62178_294637.pdf \|website=University of Amsterdam \|page=148}}</ref> This was soon followed by [[reurbanization\|reurbanisation]] and [[gentrification]],<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Gentrification in Amsterdam: Assessing the Importance of Context \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261842243 \|access-date=23 February 2019 \|website=Population Space and Place}}</ref~~><ref name=":2" /~~> leading to renewed population growth in the 2010s. Also in the 2010s, much of Amsterdam's population growth was due to immigration to the city.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Amsterdam is expanding, mainly due to immigration \|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/45/amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration \|access-date=23 February 2019 \|website=Statistics Netherlands}}</ref> Amsterdam's population failed to beat the expectations of 873,000 in 2019.		The city's population declined in the early 19th century,<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Engeli \|first1=Christian \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ5PAAAAMAAJ \|title=Modern urban history research in Europe, USA, and Japan: a handbook \|last2=Matzerath \|first2=Horst \|date=1989 \|publisher=Berg \|isbn=9780854960408}}</ref> dipping under 200,000 in 1820.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Van Leeuwen\|Oeppen\|1993\|p=87}}</ref> By the second half of the 19th century, industrialisation spurred renewed growth.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Floud \|first1=Roderick \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 \|title=The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain: Volume 1, Industrialisation, 1700–1870 \|last2=Humphries \|first2=Jane \|last3=Johnson \|first3=Paul \|date=9 October 2014 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=9781316061152 \|pages=15{{em dash}}16}}</ref> Amsterdam's population hit an all-time high of 872,000 in 1959,<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Mulder \|first1=Eduardo F. J. De \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I75mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 \|title=The Netherlands and the Dutch: A Physical and Human Geography \|last2=Pater \|first2=Ben C. De \|last3=Fortuijn \|first3=Joos C. Droogleever \|date=28 July 2018 \|publisher=Springer \|isbn=9783319750736 \|pages=152}}</ref> before declining in the following decades due to government-sponsored suburbanisation to so-called ''groeikernen'' (growth centres) such as [[Purmerend]] and [[Almere]].<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=van der Wouden \|first=Ries \|date=2016 \|title=The Spatial Transformation of the Netherlands 1988{{em dash}}2015 \|url=https://journals.library.tudelft.nl/index.php/iphs/article/download/1788/1790/ \|url-status=dead \|journal=The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) \|volume=6 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223131635/https://journals.library.tudelft.nl/index.php/iphs/article/download/1788/1790/ \|archive-date=23 February 2019 \|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Musterd \|first1=Sako \|last2=Ostendorf \|first2=Wim \|date=3 April 2008 \|title=Integrated urban renewal in The Netherlands: a critical appraisal \|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4211862/57564_283853.pdf \|journal=Urban Research & Practice \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=78–92 \|doi=10.1080/17535060701795389 \|issn=1753-5069 \|s2cid=11761206\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal \|last1=Tzaninis \|first1=Yannis \|last2=Boterman \|first2=Willem \|date=2 January 2018 \|title=Beyond the urban–suburban dichotomy \|journal=City \|volume=22 \|issue=1 \|pages=43–62 \|doi=10.1080/13604813.2018.1432143 \|issn=1360-4813 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> Between 1970 and 1980, Amsterdam experienced its sharp population decline, peaking at a net loss of 25,000 people in 1973.<ref name=":2" /> By 1985 the city had only 675,570 residents.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=van Gent \|first=W.P.C. \|date=2008 \|title=The context of neighbourhood regeneration in Western Europe. A comparative study of nine neighbourhoods undergoing physical and social economic regeneration \|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4266823/62178_294637.pdf \|website=University of Amsterdam \|page=148}}</ref> This was soon followed by [[reurbanization\|reurbanisation]] and [[gentrification]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Gentrification in Amsterdam: Assessing the Importance of Context \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261842243 \|access-date=23 February 2019 \|website=Population Space and Place}}</ref> leading to renewed population growth in the 2010s. Also in the 2010s, much of Amsterdam's population growth was due to immigration to the city.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Amsterdam is expanding, mainly due to immigration \|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/45/amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration \|access-date=23 February 2019 \|website=Statistics Netherlands}}</ref> Amsterdam's population failed to beat the expectations of 873,000 in 2019.

	===Immigration===		===Immigration===

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	{{short description\|Capital and largest city of the Netherlands}}		{{short description\|Capital and largest city of the Netherlands}}
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2020}}

Amsterdam - Revision history

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