Amar Jawan Jyoti - Revision history

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	==References==		==References==

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	Amar Jawan Jyoti was added under India Gate following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. The war, which lasted from 3 to 16 December 1971, and ended with the [[Fall of Dhaka]], was part of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War\|liberation war]] in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="India-Pakistan 1971 war">{{cite news\|last=Singh\|first=Sushant\|date=2 January 2020\|title=India-Pakistan 1971 war\|work=[[The Indian Express]]\|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-pakistan-1971-war-bangladesh-indira-gandhi-4429236/ \|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> On 26 January 1972, the twenty-third Republic Day of India, the monument was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=":3" /> This short timeframe for setting up a memorial to honour those of who fought only the previous month was as per Indira Gandhi's wishes.<ref name=":4" /> Author Vedica Kants has written in her 2014 book "India and the First World War" that the location of Amar Jawan Jyoti under the arch of India Gate rewrote the symbolic intention of India Gate.<ref name=":4">{{cite web\|last=Anand\|first=Col Rohan\|date=May 2015\|title=India Gate. An Indian Legacy\|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2015/may01-15/h8.htm\|access-date=2022-01-23\|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Kant\|first=Vedica\|date=2014-06-28\|title=Why did we fight the war?\|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VfpJyUSGqCbFo9114UpALP/Why-did-we-fight-the-war.html\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[Livemint]]\|language=en\|quote=...was a refashioning of the symbolism of the site away from its colonial legacy...}}</ref>		Amar Jawan Jyoti was added under India Gate following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. The war, which lasted from 3 to 16 December 1971, and ended with the [[Fall of Dhaka]], was part of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War\|liberation war]] in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="India-Pakistan 1971 war">{{cite news\|last=Singh\|first=Sushant\|date=2 January 2020\|title=India-Pakistan 1971 war\|work=[[The Indian Express]]\|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-pakistan-1971-war-bangladesh-indira-gandhi-4429236/ \|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> On 26 January 1972, the twenty-third Republic Day of India, the monument was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=":3" /> This short timeframe for setting up a memorial to honour those of who fought only the previous month was as per Indira Gandhi's wishes.<ref name=":4" /> Author Vedica Kants has written in her 2014 book "India and the First World War" that the location of Amar Jawan Jyoti under the arch of India Gate rewrote the symbolic intention of India Gate.<ref name=":4">{{cite web\|last=Anand\|first=Col Rohan\|date=May 2015\|title=India Gate. An Indian Legacy\|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2015/may01-15/h8.htm\|access-date=2022-01-23\|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Kant\|first=Vedica\|date=2014-06-28\|title=Why did we fight the war?\|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VfpJyUSGqCbFo9114UpALP/Why-did-we-fight-the-war.html\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[Livemint]]\|language=en\|quote=...was a refashioning of the symbolism of the site away from its colonial legacy...}}</ref>

	For many years after Independence, there was no clear cut policy on war memorials.{{sfnp\|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World\|2014\|pp=161}} In 1973, the military top brass observed that memorials to commemorate war related events and martyrs were being constructed across the country without any coordination.{{sfnp\|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World\|2014\|pp=161}} These memorials were often left untended and were not constructed with much commemorative or architectural thought.{{sfnp\|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World\|2014\|pp=161}} There are at least 150 war memorials in the country.{{sfnp\|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World\|2014\|pp=162-171}} However, as the national war memorial construction was delayed, individual structures continued to be built.{{sfnp\|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World\|2014\|pp=161}} The construction of a [[National War Memorial (India)\|National War Memorial]] started in 2017 and was inaugurated in 2019.<ref name=":02">{{cite web\|last=Pandit\|first=Rajat\|date=1 January 2019\|title=Delhi: War memorial ready, 60 years after it was first proposed\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103074259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms\|archive-date=3 January 2019\|access-date=23 January 2022\|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web\|last=Bhatnagar\|first=Gaurav Vivek\|date=21 April 2018\|title=National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived\|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130125759/https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate\|archive-date=30 January 2019\|access-date=23 January 2022\|website=[[The Wire (India)\|The Wire]]}}</ref> When the National War Memorial was inaugurated in 2019 with a new flame the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] and a [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)\|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] had said ~~that~~ that the old Amar Jyoti Jawan would be retained, however no specifics were given.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Ramdas\|first=Admiral L.\|author-link=Laxminarayan Ramdas\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old\|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/amar-jawan-jyoti-symbolism-respect-cant-be-forced-it-evolves-over-time-new-will-never-take-place-of-old\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[National Herald]]}}</ref><ref name=":flame">{{cite web\|last=Channan\|first=Lt Col (Retd) Manoj K\|date=22 January 2022\|title=The Eternal Flame: The Indian Armed Forces should not be milked for political ambitions\|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/the-eternal-flame-the-indian-armed-forces-should-not-be-milked-for-political-ambitions/2413295/\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=The Financial Express\|language=en}}</ref>		For many years after Independence, there was no clear cut policy on war memorials.{{sfnp\|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World\|2014\|pp=161}} In 1973, the military top brass observed that memorials to commemorate war related events and martyrs were being constructed across the country without any coordination.{{sfnp\|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World\|2014\|pp=161}} These memorials were often left untended and were not constructed with much commemorative or architectural thought.{{sfnp\|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World\|2014\|pp=161}} There are at least 150 war memorials in the country.{{sfnp\|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World\|2014\|pp=162-171}} However, as the national war memorial construction was delayed, individual structures continued to be built.{{sfnp\|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World\|2014\|pp=161}} The construction of a [[National War Memorial (India)\|National War Memorial]] started in 2017 and was inaugurated in 2019.<ref name=":02">{{cite web\|last=Pandit\|first=Rajat\|date=1 January 2019\|title=Delhi: War memorial ready, 60 years after it was first proposed\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103074259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms\|archive-date=3 January 2019\|access-date=23 January 2022\|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web\|last=Bhatnagar\|first=Gaurav Vivek\|date=21 April 2018\|title=National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived\|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130125759/https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate\|archive-date=30 January 2019\|access-date=23 January 2022\|website=[[The Wire (India)\|The Wire]]}}</ref> When the National War Memorial was inaugurated in 2019 with a new flame the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] and a [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)\|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] had said that the old Amar Jyoti Jawan would be retained, however no specifics were given.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Ramdas\|first=Admiral L.\|author-link=Laxminarayan Ramdas\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old\|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/amar-jawan-jyoti-symbolism-respect-cant-be-forced-it-evolves-over-time-new-will-never-take-place-of-old\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[National Herald]]}}</ref><ref name=":flame">{{cite web\|last=Channan\|first=Lt Col (Retd) Manoj K\|date=22 January 2022\|title=The Eternal Flame: The Indian Armed Forces should not be milked for political ambitions\|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/the-eternal-flame-the-indian-armed-forces-should-not-be-milked-for-political-ambitions/2413295/\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=The Financial Express\|language=en}}</ref>

	Following the ceremony on 21 January 2022, debate ensued related to semantics, legacy, politicisation and symbolism{{Em dash}} whether the shifted flame was merged, or extinguished; whether the five decades old memorial was temporary, irrespective of government plans to construct a permanent one; whether there could be two "eternal" flames; and how the location of the old Amar Jyoti Jawan under the Indian Gate was symbolised and its colonial linkages.<ref name=":5">{{multiref2\|{{cite web\|last=Shivshankar\|first=Rahul\|author-link=Rahul Shivshankar\|date=24 January 2022\|title=There's no blame in shifting the flame\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/theres-no-blame-in-shifting-the-flame/articleshow/89098912.cms\|url-access=subscription\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Times of India]]}}\|{{cite web\|last=Ramdas\|first=Admiral L.\|author-link=Laxminarayan Ramdas\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old\|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/amar-jawan-jyoti-symbolism-respect-cant-be-forced-it-evolves-over-time-new-will-never-take-place-of-old\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[National Herald]]}}\|{{cite web\|last=Kaushik\|first=Krishn\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Explained: The significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti, and why it was merged with National War Memorial flame\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-amar-jawan-jyoti-national-war-memorial-7735258/\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Indian Express]]\|language=en}}\|{{cite web\|author1=Editorial\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Side by side\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/amar-jawan-jyoti-national-war-memorial-showcase-a-rich-history-7738405/\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Indian Express]]\|language=en}}\|{{cite web\|last=Thapar\|first=Karan\|author-link=Karan Thapar\|date=22 January 2022\|title=Watch {{!}} Do Not Politicise Merging of Amar Jawan Jyoti: Former Army Chief V.P. Malik\|url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-karan-thapar-vp-malik-amar-jawan-jyoti-india-gate\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Wire (India)\|The Wire]]}}\|{{cite web\|last=Swami\|first=Praveen\|author-link=Praveen Swami\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Liberals mourning India Gate flame must also recall some dark aspects of the colonial Army\|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/liberals-mourning-india-gate-flame-must-also-recall-some-dark-aspects-of-the-colonial-army/811232/\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[ThePrint]]}}\|{{cite web\|last=Chadha\|first=Saroj\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti and National War Memorial\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/blunt-frank/amar-jawan-jyoti-and-national-war-memorial/\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Times of India]] Blog\|language=en-US}}\|{{cite web\|last=Tandon\|first=Aditi\|date=23 January 2022\|title=In 1972, Indira Gandhi govt too proposed permanent war memorial\|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/in-1972-indira-govt-too-proposed-permanent-war-memorial-363848\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)\|Tribune India]]}}\|{{cite web\|last=Abdi\|first=Mehmood \|date=22 January 2022\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Merging flames and submerging history\|url=https://theprobe.in/amar-jawan-jyoti-merging-flames-and-submerging-history/\|access-date=2022-02-02\|website=The Probe}}		Following the ceremony on 21 January 2022, debate ensued related to semantics, legacy, politicisation and symbolism{{Em dash}} whether the shifted flame was merged, or extinguished; whether the five decades old memorial was temporary, irrespective of government plans to construct a permanent one; whether there could be two "eternal" flames; and how the location of the old Amar Jyoti Jawan under the Indian Gate was symbolised and its colonial linkages.<ref name=":5">{{multiref2\|{{cite web\|last=Shivshankar\|first=Rahul\|author-link=Rahul Shivshankar\|date=24 January 2022\|title=There's no blame in shifting the flame\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/theres-no-blame-in-shifting-the-flame/articleshow/89098912.cms\|url-access=subscription\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Times of India]]}}\|{{cite web\|last=Ramdas\|first=Admiral L.\|author-link=Laxminarayan Ramdas\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old\|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/amar-jawan-jyoti-symbolism-respect-cant-be-forced-it-evolves-over-time-new-will-never-take-place-of-old\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[National Herald]]}}\|{{cite web\|last=Kaushik\|first=Krishn\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Explained: The significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti, and why it was merged with National War Memorial flame\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-amar-jawan-jyoti-national-war-memorial-7735258/\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Indian Express]]\|language=en}}\|{{cite web\|author1=Editorial\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Side by side\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/amar-jawan-jyoti-national-war-memorial-showcase-a-rich-history-7738405/\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Indian Express]]\|language=en}}\|{{cite web\|last=Thapar\|first=Karan\|author-link=Karan Thapar\|date=22 January 2022\|title=Watch {{!}} Do Not Politicise Merging of Amar Jawan Jyoti: Former Army Chief V.P. Malik\|url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-karan-thapar-vp-malik-amar-jawan-jyoti-india-gate\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Wire (India)\|The Wire]]}}\|{{cite web\|last=Swami\|first=Praveen\|author-link=Praveen Swami\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Liberals mourning India Gate flame must also recall some dark aspects of the colonial Army\|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/liberals-mourning-india-gate-flame-must-also-recall-some-dark-aspects-of-the-colonial-army/811232/\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[ThePrint]]}}\|{{cite web\|last=Chadha\|first=Saroj\|date=2022-01-24\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti and National War Memorial\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/blunt-frank/amar-jawan-jyoti-and-national-war-memorial/\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Times of India]] Blog\|language=en-US}}\|{{cite web\|last=Tandon\|first=Aditi\|date=23 January 2022\|title=In 1972, Indira Gandhi govt too proposed permanent war memorial\|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/in-1972-indira-govt-too-proposed-permanent-war-memorial-363848\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)\|Tribune India]]}}\|{{cite web\|last=Abdi\|first=Mehmood \|date=22 January 2022\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Merging flames and submerging history\|url=https://theprobe.in/amar-jawan-jyoti-merging-flames-and-submerging-history/\|access-date=2022-02-02\|website=The Probe}}
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	The Amar Jawan Jyoti was conceptualised and constructed in less than a month as per Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's wishes, to be made ready for Republic Day on 26 January 1972.<ref name=":4" /> This short timeframe limited the location and scope of the memorial.<ref name=":4" />		The Amar Jawan Jyoti was conceptualised and constructed in less than a month as per Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's wishes, to be made ready for Republic Day on 26 January 1972.<ref name=":4" /> This short timeframe limited the location and scope of the memorial.<ref name=":4" />

	The base was {{Convert\|15\|sqft\|sqin}} with a height of 4 feet 3 inches. At the centre of this was a pedestal 3 feet 2 inches in height. Here a reversed rifle was placed with a war helmet on the top. All the four sides of the memorial were inscribed the words 'Amar Jawan' in Hindi. At each of the four corners of the main platform on which rests the pedestal are the urn which contain the flames.<ref name=":6" /> It was white at the time.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti\|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/Memorials/Monuments/0011.jpg.html\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[Bharat Rakshak]]}}</ref>[[File:Amar Jawan Jyoti-2.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Cenotaph with a [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle]] placed on its barrel and capped by a helmet of the Unknown Soldier.\|236x236px]]From 1971 to 2006, the flame was fueled by [[Liquefied petroleum gas\|Liquified Petroleum Gas]] (LPG) cylinders.<ref name=":2">{{cite web\|last=Sharma\|first=Nidhi\|date=25 January 2006\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms\|url-status=live\|access-date=2022-01-23\|website=The Times of India\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709132449/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com:80/city/delhi/Amar-Jawan-Jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms? \|archive-date=9 July 2010 }}</ref> The pedestal was bound by four urns. Each of the urns are controlled by a separate burner.<ref name=":2" /> A single LPG cylinder would be able to provide fuel for one urn for about 36 hours.<ref name=":2" /> The cylinders were stacked in a room in the memorial.<ref name=":2" /> Sanctioned in December 2005, LPG cylinders were replaced by Piped Natural Gas (PNG), a safer and more economical option.<ref name=":2" /> A pipeline had been laid from Kasturba Gandhi Marg.<ref name=":2" /> The staff responsible for maintaining the burning flame resided in a room under the [[India Gate\|arch]], next to the flame.<ref name="Keeper of the flame">{{cite news\|last=Gupta\|first=Geeta\|date=10 June 2012\|title=Keeper of the flame\|work=[[The Indian Express]]\|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/keeper-of-the-flame/960016/0 \|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> The overall responsibility of the flame was under the [[Military Engineer Services (India)\|Military Engineer Services]].<ref name=":2" /> Chander Singh Bisht, a retired military engineer service personnel, operated the flame for four decades.<ref name=":4" /> The monument was always guarded.<ref name="5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti">{{cite news\|last=Garcia\|first=Meryl\|date=19 January 2016\|title=5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti\|publisher=[[The Better India]]\|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/43484/amar-jawan-jyoti-republic-day-delhi/ \|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>		The base was {{Convert\|15\|sqft\|sqin}} with a height of 4 feet 3 inches. At the centre of this was a pedestal 3 feet 2 inches in height. Here a reversed rifle was placed with a war helmet on the top. All the four sides of the memorial were inscribed the words 'Amar Jawan' in Hindi. At each of the four corners of the main platform on which rests the pedestal are the urn which contain the flames.<ref name=":6" /> It was white at the time.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti\|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/Memorials/Monuments/0011.jpg.html\|access-date=2022-01-25\|website=[[Bharat Rakshak]]}}</ref>

			[[File:Amar Jawan Jyoti-2.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Cenotaph with a [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle]] placed on its barrel and capped by a helmet of the Unknown Soldier.\|236x236px]]
			From 1971 to 2006, the flame was fueled by [[Liquefied petroleum gas\|Liquified Petroleum Gas]] (LPG) cylinders.<ref name=":2">{{cite web\|last=Sharma\|first=Nidhi\|date=25 January 2006\|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms\|url-status=live\|access-date=2022-01-23\|website=The Times of India\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709132449/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com:80/city/delhi/Amar-Jawan-Jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms? \|archive-date=9 July 2010 }}</ref> The pedestal was bound by four urns. Each of the urns are controlled by a separate burner.<ref name=":2" /> A single LPG cylinder would be able to provide fuel for one urn for about 36 hours.<ref name=":2" /> The cylinders were stacked in a room in the memorial.<ref name=":2" /> Sanctioned in December 2005, LPG cylinders were replaced by Piped Natural Gas (PNG), a safer and more economical option.<ref name=":2" /> A pipeline had been laid from Kasturba Gandhi Marg.<ref name=":2" /> The staff responsible for maintaining the burning flame resided in a room under the [[India Gate\|arch]], next to the flame.<ref name="Keeper of the flame">{{cite news\|last=Gupta\|first=Geeta\|date=10 June 2012\|title=Keeper of the flame\|work=[[The Indian Express]]\|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/keeper-of-the-flame/960016/0 \|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> The overall responsibility of the flame was under the [[Military Engineer Services (India)\|Military Engineer Services]].<ref name=":2" /> Chander Singh Bisht, a retired military engineer service personnel, operated the flame for four decades.<ref name=":4" /> The monument was always guarded.<ref name="5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti">{{cite news\|last=Garcia\|first=Meryl\|date=19 January 2016\|title=5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti\|publisher=[[The Better India]]\|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/43484/amar-jawan-jyoti-republic-day-delhi/ \|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>

	=== At Amar Chakra, in 2019 ===		=== At Amar Chakra, in 2019 ===

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2022-05-14T13:14:57Z

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123.136.152.206 at 08:54, 21 January 2022

2022-01-21T08:54:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:24, 21 January 2022
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	== Old Custom of Amar Jawan Jyoti (1972-2019) ==		== Old Custom of Amar Jawan Jyoti (1972-2019) ==
	Since 1972, every-year on the [[Republic Day (India)\|Republic Day]] (before the [[Delhi Republic Day parade\|Republic Day parade]]), it had been customary for the [[President of India\|President]], [[Prime Minister of India\|Prime Minister]], [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)\|Chief of the Air Staff]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)\|Chief of the Naval Staff]], [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)\|Chief of the Army Staff]] and dignitaries to a ~~place~~ [[wreath]] at ''Amar Jawan Jyoti'' and pay homage to the dead and unknown soldiers.<ref name="Amar Jyoti"/><ref name="Amar Jawan Jyoti"/><ref name="Significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti">{{cite news\|title=Significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti\|publisher=indiagate.org.in\|access-date=4 January 2017\|url=http://www.indiagate.org.in/articles/significance-of-amar-jawan-jyoti.htm}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite news\|title=History\|publisher=indiagate.org.in\|access-date=4 January 2017\|url=http://www.indiagate.org.in/history.htm}}</ref>		Since 1972, every-year on the [[Republic Day (India)\|Republic Day]] (before the [[Delhi Republic Day parade\|Republic Day parade]]), it had been customary for the [[President of India\|President]], [[Prime Minister of India\|Prime Minister]], [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)\|Chief of the Air Staff]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)\|Chief of the Naval Staff]], [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)\|Chief of the Army Staff]] and dignitaries to place a [[wreath]] at ''Amar Jawan Jyoti'' and pay homage to the dead and unknown soldiers.<ref name="Amar Jyoti"/><ref name="Amar Jawan Jyoti"/><ref name="Significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti">{{cite news\|title=Significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti\|publisher=indiagate.org.in\|access-date=4 January 2017\|url=http://www.indiagate.org.in/articles/significance-of-amar-jawan-jyoti.htm}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite news\|title=History\|publisher=indiagate.org.in\|access-date=4 January 2017\|url=http://www.indiagate.org.in/history.htm}}</ref>

	== Current Custom of Amar Jawan Jyoti (2020-) ==		== Current Custom of Amar Jawan Jyoti (2020-) ==

WikiDwarf: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}} {{Infobox military memorial | name = Amar Jawan Jyoti | native_name = अमर जवान ज्योति | native_name_lang = Hi | body = {{flag|India}} | image = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate.jpg | photo2a = National war memorial text at bottom of pillar.jpg | photo4a = | spacing = 2 | position = center | color_border = white | color = black | size = 270 | foot_mon..."

2022-01-15T14:05:43Z

Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}} {{Infobox military memorial | name = Amar Jawan Jyoti | native_name = अमर जवान ज्योति | native_name_lang = Hi | body = {{flag|India}} | image = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate.jpg | photo2a = National war memorial text at bottom of pillar.jpg | photo4a = | spacing = 2 | position = center | color_border = white | color = black | size = 270 | foot_mon..."

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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox military memorial
| name = Amar Jawan Jyoti
| native_name = अमर जवान ज्योति
| native_name_lang = Hi
| body = {{flag|India}}
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate.jpg
| photo2a = National war memorial text at bottom of pillar.jpg
| photo4a =
| spacing = 2
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = black
| size = 270
| foot_montage =''' Top Image:''' Amar Jawan Jyoti under [[India Gate]] <br/>
'''Bottom Image:''' Amar Jawan Jyoti at Amar Chakra of [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]]}}
| caption =
| commemorates = martyrs and soldiers of [[Indian Armed Forces]].
| use_dates = 
| established = *{{start date|df=yes|1971|12}} under India Gate
*{{start date|df=yes|2019|02}} at War Memorial
| unveiled = *{{start date|df=yes|1972|01|26}} under India Gate
*{{start date|df=yes|2019|02|25}} at War Memorial
| coordinates = {{coord|28.612912|77.229510|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[India Gate]], [[New Delhi]] (Both Monuments)
| nearest_town =
| designer = [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]
| unknowns =
| commemorated =
| by_country =
| by_war =
| inscription = '''अमर जवान'''<br/>(English: "Immortal soldier")
| embedded =
| findagrave =
| source = [http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/india_gate.jsp Official webpage]
|country=India}}
'''Amar Jawan Jyoti''' ({{lang-hi|अमर जवान ज्योति}}) (English translation: ''Flame of the immortal soldier'') is an Indian [[memorial]] constructed after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] to commemorate the martyred and unknown soldiers of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] who died during the war. Amar Jawan Jyoti consists of a marble pedestal on which a [[cenotaph]] is situated. "Amar Jawan" (Immortal Soldier) is scripted in gold on all four sides of the cenotaph and on top, a [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle]] stands on its barrel with a helmet of the Unknown Soldier on top. The pedestal is bound by four urns, one of which holds a continuously burning flame.

The memorial is located at two places. The first one was constructed in December 1971 and inaugurated by [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1972 under [[India Gate]] at [[Rajpath]] in [[New Delhi]] and the second one was installed under the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] to honour all known martyrs (post independence) of Indian Armed Forces with their names written in'' 'Golden letters'.'' Completed in February 2019 and inaugurated by [[Narendra Modi]] on 25 February, with the igniting of the ''eternal flame of Jawans "''Amar Jawan Jyoti''".''

==History==
The main structure (India Gate) was originally constructed in 1921 by [[Edwin Lutyens]]. Amar Jawan Jyoti was added under the India Gate in 1971.<ref name="The India Gate">{{cite news|title=The India Gate|publisher=thedivineindia.com|url=http://www.thedivineindia.com/the-india-gate/5784|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> From 3 December 1971 to 16 December 1971 ([[Fall of Dhaka]]), India had a military confrontation with [[Pakistan]] ([[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]) during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation war]] in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="India-Pakistan 1971 war">{{cite news|title=India-Pakistan 1971 war|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=4 January 2017|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-pakistan-1971-war-bangladesh-indira-gandhi-4429236/}}</ref> The [[Creation of Bangladesh]] was assisted by India during which many Indian soldiers lost their lives.<ref name="Amar Jyoti">{{cite news|title=Amar Jyoti|publisher=discoveredindia.com|access-date=4 January 2017|url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/delhi/attractions/samadhis/amar-jyoti.htm}}</ref> In December 1971, after the ''Indo-Pakistani War of 1971'', [[Indira Gandhi]] (then [[Prime Minister of India]]) helped pay to construct the ''Amar Jawan Jyoti'' under the [[India Gate]] to commemorate the dead and unknown soldiers. On 26 January 1972 (23rd Republic Day of India), the monument was officially inaugurated by Indira Gandhi.<ref name="Amar Jyoti"/><ref name="Amar Jawan Jyoti">{{cite news|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti|publisher=indiagate.org.in|access-date=4 January 2017|url=http://www.indiagate.org.in/amar-jawan-jyoti.htm}}</ref>

== Old Custom of Amar Jawan Jyoti (1972-2019) ==
Since 1972, every-year on the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (before the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]]), it had been customary for the [[President of India|President]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]], [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] and dignitaries to a place [[wreath]] at ''Amar Jawan Jyoti'' and pay homage to the dead and unknown soldiers.<ref name="Amar Jyoti"/><ref name="Amar Jawan Jyoti"/><ref name="Significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti">{{cite news|title=Significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti|publisher=indiagate.org.in|access-date=4 January 2017|url=http://www.indiagate.org.in/articles/significance-of-amar-jawan-jyoti.htm}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite news|title=History|publisher=indiagate.org.in|access-date=4 January 2017|url=http://www.indiagate.org.in/history.htm}}</ref>

== Current Custom of Amar Jawan Jyoti (2020-) ==
From 2020 onwards, the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]], on the occasion of [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] placed the [[wreath]] at the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] instead of the [[India Gate]][[Republic Day (India)|.]] Starting a new Custom taking place at the new Amar Jawan Jyoti at the National War Memorial accompanied by the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] , along with the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Army Chief]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Navy Chief]], and [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Air Force Chief]] who also visit the same monument on their respective Service Days to pay tribute to historic and modern fallen soldiers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=January 23, 2020|title=Not Amar Jawan Jyoti, Republic Day wreath-laying ceremony at National War Memorial from this year|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/republic-day-amar-jawan-jyoti-ceremony-national-war-memorial-1639434-2020-01-23|access-date=2020-12-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Construction and structure==

=== Under India Gate, in 1971 ===
Amar Jawan Jyoti is located under the [[India Gate]] at [[Rajpath]], [[New Delhi]]. It consists of a marble pedestal with a [[cenotaph]]. The Phrase "Amar Jawan" (Immortal Soldier) is written in gold on all four sides of the cenotaph. On the top, a [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle]] is placed on its barrel and is capped by the helmet of the Unknown Soldier.[[File:Amar Jawan Jyoti-2.jpg|thumb|left|Cenotaph with a [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle]] placed on its barrel and capped by a helmet of the Unknown Soldier.]]The pedestal is bound by four urns, in one of which a flame has been continuously burning(using [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]]) since 1971.<ref name="Amar Jawan Jyoti"/> The staff responsible for maintaining the burning flame resides in a room under the [[India Gate|arch]], next to the perpetually burning flame.<ref name="Keeper of the flame">{{cite news|title=Keeper of the flame|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=4 January 2017|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/keeper-of-the-flame/960016/0}}</ref> From 1971 to 2006, [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] was used as fuel source and from 2006, [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] is used as source. Each of the four urns has a flame but only one of the four flames burns throughout the year; on [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence]] and [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]s, all flames are lit.<ref name="5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti">{{cite news|title=5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti|publisher=thebetterindia.com|access-date=4 January 2017|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/43484/amar-jawan-jyoti-republic-day-delhi/}}</ref> The ''Amar Jawan Jyoti'' is manned day and night by soldiers from the [[Indian Army|Army]], [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti"/>

==== At Amar Chakra, National War Memorial, in 2019 ====
{{Main|National War Memorial (India)}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi lighting the eternal flame, to mark the dedication of the National War Memorial, in New Delhi on February 25, 2019 (1).JPG|thumb|Prime Minister lighting the Amar Jawan Jyoti at NWM]]
Amar Jawan Jyoti is also located at Amar Chakra of National War Memorial. The Memorial has four concentric circles and a central obelisk, at the bottom of which burns an 'eternal flame' representing the immortal soldier (''amar jawan''). The pedestal is bound by four urns, in which flame has been burning continuously, since the inauguration. The President and Prime Minister visit this memorial on National Days including but not limited to [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]. The [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] , along with [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Army Chief]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Navy Chief]], and [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Air Force Chief]] also visits the monument on respective Service Days to pay tribute to the fallen Heroes of the Nation, post Independence.<ref name=":0" />

A global design competition was conducted and the result was announced in early April 2017. A [[Chennai]] architectural firm, WeBe Design Lab's proposal was declared the winner and was accordingly chosen for the conceptualization of the architectural design and for coordinating the construction of the project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|title = National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived}}</ref> The chief architect of the National War Memorial is Yogesh Chandrahasan of WeBe Design Lab, Chennai. [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the dedication ceremony of the National War Memorial, in New Delhi on February 25, 2019.JPG|thumb|Prime Minister Modi at the National War Memorial, the burning flames visible with the words "Amar Jawan" in golden letters]]

==Significance==
Constructed after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the ''Amar Jawan Jyoti'' commemorates the dead and unknown soldiers who lost their lives in the conflict, that resulted in the creation of independent Bangladesh<ref name="Significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti" /> The burning flame is considered immortal.<ref name="Amar Jawan Jyoti" />[[File:The Kyrgyzstan Defence Minister, Maj. Gen. Abibilla Kudaberdiev paying homage to the martyrs at Amar Jawan Jyoti, in New Delhi on September 09, 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Ministry of Defense (Kyrgyzstan)|Kyrgyzstan Defence Minister]], Major General [[Abibilla Kudayberdiev]] rendering a [[hand salute]] at Amar Jawan Jyoti in [[New Delhi]], 9 September 2011.]]The signification became more broad when all the names of soldiers martyred in post Independence wars or other missions during their service, written in golden letters, was accompanied at the War Memorial. Amar Jawan Jyoti at Amar Chakra is now a place where citizens commemorate and pay tribute to fallen soldiers by reading their names at the concentric Tyag Chakra.

==See also==
{{commonscat|Amar Jawan Jyoti (Tomb of the Unknown Soldier)}}
*[[National War Memorial (India)]] in New Delhi
*[[India Gate]] in New Delhi
* [[National Military Memorial]] in Bengaluru
* [[National War Memorial Southern Command]] in Pune
* [[National Police Memorial (India)|National Police Memorial]] in New Delhi
* [[Kargil Vijay Diwas]]
* [[Vijay Diwas (India)]]
* [[Victory day of Bangladesh|Bijoy Dibos]]

{{Portal bar|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Cultural infrastructure completed in 1971]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials]]
[[Category:Indian military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Delhi]]
[[Category:Terminating vistas]]
[[Category:Tombs of Unknown Soldiers]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]