Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa - Revision history

Vikv10: corrected intro for consistency

2026-03-23T20:53:35Z

corrected intro for consistency

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:23, 24 March 2026
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			{{Short description\|1305 Dehli victory in India}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2018}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2018}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2018}}
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	\| image =		\| image =
	\| caption =		\| caption =
	\| date = 1305		\| date = 1305 – 23 November 1305
	\| place = [[Malwa]]		\| place = [[Malwa]]
	\| result = [[Delhi Sultanate]] ~~Victory~~		\| result = [[Delhi Sultanate]] victory
	* End of [[Paramara]] Dynasty		* End of [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] Dynasty
	\| combatant1 = [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png\|23px]] [[Delhi Sultanate]]		\| combatant1 = [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png\|23px]] [[Delhi Sultanate]]
	\| combatant2 = [[Paramara dynasty]]		\| combatant2 = [[Paramara dynasty]]
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	\| commander2 = [[Mahalakadeva]]{{KIA}}<br>Gogadeva{{KIA}}		\| commander2 = [[Mahalakadeva]]{{KIA}}<br>Gogadeva{{KIA}}
	\| strength1 = 10,000{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=133}}		\| strength1 = 10,000{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=133}}
	\| strength2 = ~~100~~,000 ~~Infantry~~{{~~sfn~~\|~~Kishori Saran Lal~~\|~~1950~~\|p=133}}<br>40,000 ~~Cavalry~~{{~~sfn~~\|~~Kishori Saran~~ Lal\|~~1950~~\|p=~~133~~}}<br>~~'''Total:''' 140,000~~		\| strength2 = 40,000 Cavalry<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Mohamed nasr \|url=http://archive.org/details/2015.98691.HistoryOfTheKhaljis12901320 \|title=2015.98691. History Of The Khaljis 1290 1320 \|pages=132-133 \|language=English}}</ref><br>100,000 Infantry<ref>{{Cite book \|last=K.S.Lal \|url=http://archive.org/details/GrowthOfMuslimPopulationInMedievalIndiaAd10001800 \|title=Growth Of Muslim Population In Medieval India Ad 1000 1800 \|date=1973 \|pages=41 \|language=English}}</ref>
			\| territory = Malwa annexed by [[Delhi Sultanate]]
	}}		}}
	<mapframe text="Delhi and Mandu in present-day India" width="400" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="76.32" latitude="25.49">		<mapframe text="Delhi and Mandu in present-day India" width="400" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="76.32" latitude="25.49">
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	In 1305, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent an army to capture the [[Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]] in central India. The Delhi army defeated and killed the powerful Paramara minister Goga, while the Paramara king [[Mahalakadeva]] took shelter in the [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]] fort. Alauddin appointed [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]] as the governor of Malwa. After consolidating his power in Malwa, Ayn al-Mulk besieged Mandu and killed Mahalakadeva.		In 1305, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent an army to capture the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]] in central India. The Delhi army defeated and killed the powerful Paramara minister Goga, while the Paramara king [[Mahalakadeva]] took shelter in the [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]] fort. Alauddin appointed [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]] as the governor of Malwa. After consolidating his power in Malwa, Ayn al-Mulk besieged Mandu and killed Mahalakadeva.

	== Background ==		== Background ==
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	== Mahalakadeva's death ==		== Mahalakadeva's death ==

	After the establishment of ~~peaceful conditions~~ in a large part of Malwa, Ayn al-Mulk marched to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]], where the Paramara king Mahalakadeva stayed.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=133}} Mahalakadeva sent an army led by his son to fight the invaders. ~~However,~~ his son ~~was~~ killed on the battlefield~~, and his army was defeated~~. The Delhi army besieged Mandu, and managed to enter it, after one of Mahalakadeva's fort guards betrayed him. The guard told the invaders about a secret entrance to the fort. Using this passage, the Delhi army entered the Mandu fort at night, taking Mahalakadeva by surprise.{{sfn\|Banarsi Prasad Saksena\|1992\|p=395}}		After the establishment of peace in a large part of Malwa, Ayn al-Mulk marched to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]], where the Paramara king Mahalakadeva stayed.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=133}} Mahalakadeva sent an army led by his son to fight the invaders. Mahalakadeva's army was defeated and his son killed on the battlefield. The Delhi army besieged Mandu, and managed to enter it, after one of Mahalakadeva's fort guards betrayed him. The guard told the invaders about a secret entrance to the fort. Using this passage, the Delhi army entered the Mandu fort at night, taking Mahalakadeva by surprise.{{sfn\|Banarsi Prasad Saksena\|1992\|p=395}}

	Mahalakadeva fled to a spring called Sar (''Chashm-i Sar'' in the Delhi chronicles), where he was killed.{{sfn\|Banarsi Prasad Saksena\|1992\|p=395}} The Delhi army captured the fort on 23 November 1305, and Alauddin assigned it to Ayn al-Mulk.{{sfn\|Peter Jackson\|2003\|p=198}}<!-- Banarsi Prasad Saksena dates this to December 1305, but most other authors date it to November 1305. --> An inscription from [[Udaipur (Madhya Pradesh)\|Udaipur]] indicates that the Paramara dynasty survived in the north-eastern part of Malwa in 1310. However, this area had also come under the Delhi Sultanate rule by the [[Tughluq dynasty\|Tughluq]] period in 1338.{{sfn\|Peter Jackson\|2003\|p=199}}		Mahalakadeva fled to a spring called Sar (''Chashm-i Sar'' in the Delhi chronicles), where he was killed.{{sfn\|Banarsi Prasad Saksena\|1992\|p=395}} The Delhi army captured the fort on 23 November 1305, and Alauddin assigned it to Ayn al-Mulk.{{sfn\|Peter Jackson\|2003\|p=198}}<!-- Banarsi Prasad Saksena dates this to December 1305, but most other authors date it to November 1305. --> An inscription from [[Udaipur (Madhya Pradesh)\|Udaipur]] indicates that the Paramara dynasty survived in the north-eastern part of Malwa in 1310. However, this area had also come under the Delhi Sultanate rule by the [[Tughluq dynasty\|Tughluq]] period in 1338.{{sfn\|Peter Jackson\|2003\|p=199}}
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	[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]		[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
	[[Category:Paramara dynasty]]		[[Category:Paramara dynasty]]
	~~[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]~~

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Delhi Sultanate annexation of Malwa
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1305
| place = [[Malwa]]
| result = [[Delhi Sultanate]] Victory
* End of [[Paramara]] Dynasty
| combatant1 = [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|23px]] [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Paramara dynasty]]
| commander1 = [[Alauddin Khalji]]<br>[[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]]
| commander2 = [[Mahalakadeva]]{{KIA}}<br>Gogadeva{{KIA}}
| strength1 = 10,000{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}}
| strength2 = 100,000 Infantry{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}}<br>40,000 Cavalry{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}}<br>'''Total:''' 140,000
}}
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In 1305, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent an army to capture the [[Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]] in central India. The Delhi army defeated and killed the powerful Paramara minister Goga, while the Paramara king [[Mahalakadeva]] took shelter in the [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] fort. Alauddin appointed [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]] as the governor of Malwa. After consolidating his power in Malwa, Ayn al-Mulk besieged Mandu and killed Mahalakadeva.

== Background ==

The [[Paramara dynasty]] ruled the [[Malwa]] region in central India. By 1305, nearly all the Indian rulers to the north of Malwa had acknowledged Alauddin's suzerainty. The Paramara king [[Mahalakadeva]] was a weak ruler, and his prime minister (''pradhan'') Goga (called Koka in Muslim chronicles) was more powerful than him.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}}

== Goga's death ==

In 1305, Alauddin sent a cavalry to capture Malwa. It is not clear who commanded this army, but he might have been [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]], whom Alauddin later appointed as the governor of Malwa.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}} According to the Delhi chronicler [[Amir Khusrau]], the Delhi army comprised 10,000 soldiers, who had been selected specifically for the mission.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}}

According to Khusrau, the Malwa army commanded by Goga comprised a 30,000-40,000 strong [[cavalry]] and an "innumerable" [[infantry]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|pp=132-133}} The later historians Yahya, Firishta, and Hajiuddabir state that the Malwa army comprised 40,000 cavalry and 100,000 infantry.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}}

In the ensuing battle, the Delhi army emerged victorious. Khusrau states that the battlefield was "bloody with mud" as far as the human eye could see.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}} Goga's horse was caught in a [[mire]], and he was killed by arrows.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}} His head was sent to Delhi, where it was trampled under the feet of horses at the palace gates.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}}

Alauddin appointed Ayn al-Mulk as the governor of Malwa. Ayn al-Mulk raided the former Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]], where he broke the [[Dhar iron pillar]]. The former Paramara vassals were forced to recognize Alauddin's suzerainty. These included the chiefs of the [[Ujjain]], [[Dhar]], and [[Chanderi]] cities. Ayn al-Mulk sent a detailed record of his success to Delhi, where a week-long celebration was held and sweets were distributed among public for the entire week.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=134}}

== Mahalakadeva's death ==

After the establishment of peaceful conditions in a large part of Malwa, Ayn al-Mulk marched to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], where the Paramara king Mahalakadeva stayed.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}} Mahalakadeva sent an army led by his son to fight the invaders. However, his son was killed on the battlefield, and his army was defeated. The Delhi army besieged Mandu, and managed to enter it, after one of Mahalakadeva's fort guards betrayed him. The guard told the invaders about a secret entrance to the fort. Using this passage, the Delhi army entered the Mandu fort at night, taking Mahalakadeva by surprise.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}}

Mahalakadeva fled to a spring called Sar (''Chashm-i Sar'' in the Delhi chronicles), where he was killed.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}} The Delhi army captured the fort on 23 November 1305, and Alauddin assigned it to Ayn al-Mulk.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=198}} An inscription from [[Udaipur (Madhya Pradesh)|Udaipur]] indicates that the Paramara dynasty survived in the north-eastern part of Malwa in 1310. However, this area had also come under the Delhi Sultanate rule by the [[Tughluq dynasty|Tughluq]] period in 1338.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* [https://persian.packhum.org/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D02003020%26ct%3D13 Description of conquest of Malwa] in ''Khazain ul-Futuh'' by Alauddin's courtier Amir Khusrau

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Paramara dynasty]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]