Al-Shams (East Pakistan) - Revision history

59.102.108.54: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-11-01T07:41:29Z

robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:11, 1 November 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{EngvarB\|date=March ~~2017~~}}		{{EngvarB\|date=March 2022}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July ~~2020~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2022}}
	The '''Al-Shams''' ({{lang-bn\|আল শামস}}) was an anti-[[Bangladesh]] paramilitary wing of several [[Islamist]] parties in [[East Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Shams\| title=Al-Shams\| publisher=[[Banglapedia]], [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] \| access-date=26 December ~~2015~~}}</ref> composed of local Bengalis and [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)\|Muhajirs]]<ref name="Saikia">{{cite book\|last1=Saikia\|first1=Yasmin\|year=2011\|title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971\|publisher=Duke University Press\|page=40\|isbn=978-0-8223-9428-0}}</ref> that along with the [[Pakistan Army]] and the [[Al-Badar (1971)\|Al-Badr]], is accused of conducting a mass killing campaign against Bengali nationalists, civilians, religious and ethnic minorities during 1971.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://lubpak.com/archives/42543\|title=Pakistan's first two militant Islamist groups, Al-Badar and Al-Shams – by Nadeem F. Paracha\|work=LUBP\|access-date=29 December 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227153530/https://lubpak.com/archives/42543\|archive-date=27 December 2015\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The group was banned by the independent government of Bangladesh, but most of its members had fled the country during and after the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which led to Bangladesh's independence.		The '''Al-Shams''' ({{lang-bn\|আল শামস}}) was an anti-[[Bangladesh]] paramilitary wing of several [[Islamist]] parties in [[East Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Shams\| title=Al-Shams\| publisher=[[Banglapedia]], [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] \| access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> composed of local Bengalis and [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)\|Muhajirs]]<ref name="Saikia">{{cite book\|last1=Saikia\|first1=Yasmin\|year=2011\|title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971\|publisher=Duke University Press\|page=40\|isbn=978-0-8223-9428-0}}</ref> that along with the [[Pakistan Army]] and the [[Al-Badar (1971)\|Al-Badr]], is accused of conducting a mass killing campaign against Bengali nationalists, civilians, religious and ethnic minorities during 1971.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://lubpak.com/archives/42543\|title=Pakistan's first two militant Islamist groups, Al-Badar and Al-Shams – by Nadeem F. Paracha\|work=LUBP\|access-date=29 December 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227153530/https://lubpak.com/archives/42543\|archive-date=27 December 2015\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The group was banned by the independent government of Bangladesh, but most of its members had fled the country during and after the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which led to Bangladesh's independence.

	==Naming and inspirations==		==Naming and inspirations==
	Al-Shams is an Arabic word meaning 'The Sun'. Al Shams and [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)\|Al-Badr]] were local Bengali and Bihari<ref name="Saikia"/> armed groups formed by the Pakistan Army<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Iqbal\|first1=Khuram\|year=2015\|title=The Making of Pakistani Human Bombs\|publisher=Lexington Books\|pages=38\|isbn=978-1-4985-1649-5\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppkpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref> which were mostly recruited from the student wing of Jamaat-e-Islami to fight out and resist [[Mukti Bahini]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Haqqani\|first1=Husain\|title=Pakistan : between mosque and military\|date=2005\|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace\|location=Washington, DC\|isbn=0870032143\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq/page/79 79]\|edition=1st\|url-access=registration\|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq/page/79}}</ref>		Al-Shams is an Arabic word meaning 'The Sun' and also the name of a [[Surah]] in the Holy [[Quran]], Surat [[Ash-Shams]]. Al Shams and [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)\|Al-Badr]] were local Bengali and Bihari<ref name="Saikia"/> armed groups formed by the Pakistan Army<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Iqbal\|first1=Khuram\|year=2015\|title=The Making of Pakistani Human Bombs\|publisher=Lexington Books\|pages=38\|isbn=978-1-4985-1649-5\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppkpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref> which were mostly recruited from the student wing of [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] to fight out and resist [[Mukti Bahini]].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Haqqani\|first1=Husain\|title=Pakistan : between mosque and military\|date=2005\|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace\|location=Washington, DC\|isbn=0870032143\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq/page/79 79]\|edition=1st\|url-access=registration\|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq/page/79}}</ref>

	==Background==		==Background==
Line 14:		Line 14:
	The organisations was supported by local wing of Jamaat-e-Islam Pakistan who declared it a Jihad.<ref>{{cite book\|editor-last1=Muehlenbeck\|editor-first1=Philip E.\|title=Religion and the Cold War : a global perspective\|date=2012\|publisher=Vanderbilt Univ. Press\|location=Nashville\|isbn=978-0826518538\|page=278}}</ref> The organisation worked as the local guides for Pakistan Army supporting the troops providing logistics and information. It arrested suspects and transported them to interrogation centres that used torture.<ref name="auto"/> It carried out looting, rape and violence on the civilian population.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Saikia\|first1=Yasmin\|year=2011\|title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971\|publisher=Duke University Press\|page=3\|isbn=978-0-8223-9428-0}}</ref>{{failed verification\|date=March 2021\|reason=the source provided doesnt speak of ánything mentioned here}}		The organisations was supported by local wing of Jamaat-e-Islam Pakistan who declared it a Jihad.<ref>{{cite book\|editor-last1=Muehlenbeck\|editor-first1=Philip E.\|title=Religion and the Cold War : a global perspective\|date=2012\|publisher=Vanderbilt Univ. Press\|location=Nashville\|isbn=978-0826518538\|page=278}}</ref> The organisation worked as the local guides for Pakistan Army supporting the troops providing logistics and information. It arrested suspects and transported them to interrogation centres that used torture.<ref name="auto"/> It carried out looting, rape and violence on the civilian population.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Saikia\|first1=Yasmin\|year=2011\|title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971\|publisher=Duke University Press\|page=3\|isbn=978-0-8223-9428-0}}</ref>{{failed verification\|date=March 2021\|reason=the source provided doesnt speak of ánything mentioned here}}

	According to witnesses before the International Crimes Tribunal, the Al Shams was under the command of [[Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry\|Fazlul Quader Chowdhury]] and led on the ground by his son [[Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury\|Salauddin Quader Chowdhury]] in [[Chittagong]].<ref name="bn21052012">{{cite news \|script-title=bn:ফকার নেতৃত্বে সাকার তত্ত্বাবধানে ছিলো আল-শামস' \|url=http://banglanews24.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=7b693e083a9bb36f64e607ea04e7030d&nttl=21052012113139 \|work=BanglaNews24.com \|location=Dhaka \|language=bn \|date=21 May 2012 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407191802/http://banglanews24.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=7b693e083a9bb36f64e607ea04e7030d&nttl=21052012113139 \|archive-date=7 April 2013 \|access-date=10 February ~~2013~~}}</ref> The other important members were former M.P. [[Syed Wahidul Alam]] of [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] and Saifuddin Quader Chowdhury, the younger brother of Saluddin Quader Chowdhury.<ref name="bn21052012"/> They used to patrol the neighbourhoods of Satkania, Rauzan, Boalkhali, Patia and Rangunia in a jeep. They would set fire to Hindu houses and arrest anybody they suspected of being supportive towards the Mukti Bahini.<ref name="bn21052012"/> The suspects were taken to Salauddin Quader Chowdhury's residence Goods Hill, which had been converted to a torture cell, where they were tortured and killed. Their bodies were disposed of in the Karnafuli.<ref name="bn21052012"/>		According to witnesses before the International Crimes Tribunal, the Al Shams was under the command of [[Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry\|Fazlul Quader Chowdhury]] and led on the ground by his son [[Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury\|Salauddin Quader Chowdhury]] in [[Chittagong]].<ref name="bn21052012">{{cite news \|script-title=bn:ফকার নেতৃত্বে সাকার তত্ত্বাবধানে ছিলো আল-শামস' \|url=http://banglanews24.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=7b693e083a9bb36f64e607ea04e7030d&nttl=21052012113139 \|work=BanglaNews24.com \|location=Dhaka \|language=bn \|date=21 May 2012 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407191802/http://banglanews24.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=7b693e083a9bb36f64e607ea04e7030d&nttl=21052012113139 \|archive-date=7 April 2013 \|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> The other important members were former M.P. [[Syed Wahidul Alam]] of [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] and Saifuddin Quader Chowdhury, the younger brother of Saluddin Quader Chowdhury.<ref name="bn21052012"/> They used to patrol the neighbourhoods of Satkania, Rauzan, Boalkhali, Patia and Rangunia in a jeep. They would set fire to Hindu houses and arrest anybody they suspected of being supportive towards the Mukti Bahini.<ref name="bn21052012"/> The suspects were taken to Salauddin Quader Chowdhury's residence Goods Hill, which had been converted to a torture cell, where they were tortured and killed. Their bodies were disposed of in the Karnafuli.<ref name="bn21052012"/>

	On 12 December, the Al Shams and the Al Badr leadership jointly prepared the blueprint for [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals\|killing the intellectuals]]. The Al Shams and Al Badar leadership met with Major General Rao Farman Ali and finalised the blueprint.<ref>{{cite news \|script-title=bn:১২ই ডিসেম্বর আল বদর এবং আল শামস তৈরী করে বুদ্ধিজীবি হত্যার নীল নকশা \|url=http://www.ekushey-tv.com/home/1606-2010-12-12-01-06-41 \|work=Ekushey TV \|location=Dhaka \|language=bn \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511195231/http://www.ekushey-tv.com/home/1606-2010-12-12-01-06-41 \|archive-date=11 May 2013 \|access-date=10 February ~~2013~~}}</ref>		On 12 December, the Al Shams and the Al Badr leadership jointly prepared the blueprint for [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals\|killing the intellectuals]]. The Al Shams and Al Badar leadership met with Major General Rao Farman Ali and finalised the blueprint.<ref>{{cite news \|script-title=bn:১২ই ডিসেম্বর আল বদর এবং আল শামস তৈরী করে বুদ্ধিজীবি হত্যার নীল নকশা \|url=http://www.ekushey-tv.com/home/1606-2010-12-12-01-06-41 \|work=Ekushey TV \|location=Dhaka \|language=bn \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511195231/http://www.ekushey-tv.com/home/1606-2010-12-12-01-06-41 \|archive-date=11 May 2013 \|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>

	==Abolition==		==Abolition==
	The general surrender of 16 December 1971 culminates all armed resistance from Pakistani side and the two organisations ceased to exist.{{citation needed\|date=June ~~2014~~}}		The general surrender of 16 December 1971 culminates all armed resistance from Pakistani side and the two organisations ceased to exist.{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}}

	== See also ==		== See also ==

103.55.145.11 at 11:18, 17 December 2021

2021-12-17T11:18:03Z

New page

{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
The '''Al-Shams''' ({{lang-bn|আল শামস}}) was an anti-[[Bangladesh]] paramilitary wing of several [[Islamist]] parties in [[East Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Shams| title=Al-Shams| publisher=[[Banglapedia]], [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] | access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> composed of local Bengalis and [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]]<ref name="Saikia">{{cite book|last1=Saikia|first1=Yasmin|year=2011|title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971|publisher=Duke University Press|page=40|isbn=978-0-8223-9428-0}}</ref> that along with the [[Pakistan Army]] and the [[Al-Badar (1971)|Al-Badr]], is accused of conducting a mass killing campaign against Bengali nationalists, civilians, religious and ethnic minorities during 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lubpak.com/archives/42543|title=Pakistan's first two militant Islamist groups, Al-Badar and Al-Shams – by Nadeem F. Paracha|work=LUBP|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227153530/https://lubpak.com/archives/42543|archive-date=27 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The group was banned by the independent government of Bangladesh, but most of its members had fled the country during and after the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which led to Bangladesh's independence.

==Naming and inspirations==
Al-Shams is an Arabic word meaning 'The Sun'. Al Shams and [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] were local Bengali and Bihari<ref name="Saikia"/> armed groups formed by the Pakistan Army<ref>{{cite book|last1=Iqbal|first1=Khuram|year=2015|title=The Making of Pakistani Human Bombs|publisher=Lexington Books|pages=38|isbn=978-1-4985-1649-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppkpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref> which were mostly recruited from the student wing of Jamaat-e-Islami to fight out and resist [[Mukti Bahini]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haqqani|first1=Husain|title=Pakistan : between mosque and military|date=2005|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0870032143|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq/page/79 79]|edition=1st|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq/page/79}}</ref>

==Background==
On 25 March 1971, after [[Operation Searchlight]], the exiled leadership of what is now Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan and armed struggle against the Pakistani Army began. This struggle was spearheaded by elements of Mukti Bahini with strong support from India. As most of the locals were in support of Mukti Bahini and those who were not were killed by Mukti Bahini, the Pakistani Army, composed largely of elements from [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|title=Pakistan : nationalism without a nation?|date=2002|publisher=Manohar Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=1842771175|pages=54|edition=1st}}</ref> found itself and its cause pretty much alienated from the local populace.

To counter this situation, the [[Pakistan Army]] accepted help from [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] parties including [[Jamaat-e-Islami]], proclaiming [[Jihad]] against Indians, to seek unity among the population for the two wings of [[Pakistan]], in the name of religion. The [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] played an active role in its formation.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chengappa|first1=Bidanda M.|title=Pakistan, Islamisation, army and foreign policy|date=2004|publisher=A.P.H. Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8176485489|page=39}}</ref> It also recruited from the Urdu speaking Bihari population of East-Pakistan.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Hiro|first1=Dilip|year=2015|title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan|edition=1st|publisher=Perseus Books|pages=202|isbn=978-1-56858-515-4}}</ref> This was between the Pakistani Army and the liberation forces and their supporters (Indians and Mukti Bahini). To recruit the local populace into fighting the independence movement, two sister organisations Al Badr (literally meaning The Moon, but also has a reference to the famous [[Battle of Badr]]) and Al Shams were formed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|last2=Gates|first2=Scott|year=2014|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|pages=117|isbn=978-1-4724-0579-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdrcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117}}</ref>

==Activities==
The organisations was supported by local wing of Jamaat-e-Islam Pakistan who declared it a Jihad.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Muehlenbeck|editor-first1=Philip E.|title=Religion and the Cold War : a global perspective|date=2012|publisher=Vanderbilt Univ. Press|location=Nashville|isbn=978-0826518538|page=278}}</ref> The organisation worked as the local guides for Pakistan Army supporting the troops providing logistics and information. It arrested suspects and transported them to interrogation centres that used torture.<ref name="auto"/> It carried out looting, rape and violence on the civilian population.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saikia|first1=Yasmin|year=2011|title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971|publisher=Duke University Press|page=3|isbn=978-0-8223-9428-0}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2021|reason=the source provided doesnt speak of ánything mentioned here}}

According to witnesses before the International Crimes Tribunal, the Al Shams was under the command of [[Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry|Fazlul Quader Chowdhury]] and led on the ground by his son [[Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury|Salauddin Quader Chowdhury]] in [[Chittagong]].<ref name="bn21052012">{{cite news |script-title=bn:ফকার নেতৃত্বে সাকার তত্ত্বাবধানে ছিলো আল-শামস' |url=http://banglanews24.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=7b693e083a9bb36f64e607ea04e7030d&nttl=21052012113139 |work=BanglaNews24.com |location=Dhaka |language=bn |date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407191802/http://banglanews24.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=7b693e083a9bb36f64e607ea04e7030d&nttl=21052012113139 |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> The other important members were former M.P. [[Syed Wahidul Alam]] of [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] and Saifuddin Quader Chowdhury, the younger brother of Saluddin Quader Chowdhury.<ref name="bn21052012"/> They used to patrol the neighbourhoods of Satkania, Rauzan, Boalkhali, Patia and Rangunia in a jeep. They would set fire to Hindu houses and arrest anybody they suspected of being supportive towards the Mukti Bahini.<ref name="bn21052012"/> The suspects were taken to Salauddin Quader Chowdhury's residence Goods Hill, which had been converted to a torture cell, where they were tortured and killed. Their bodies were disposed of in the Karnafuli.<ref name="bn21052012"/>

On 12 December, the Al Shams and the Al Badr leadership jointly prepared the blueprint for [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|killing the intellectuals]]. The Al Shams and Al Badar leadership met with Major General Rao Farman Ali and finalised the blueprint.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:১২ই ডিসেম্বর আল বদর এবং আল শামস তৈরী করে বুদ্ধিজীবি হত্যার নীল নকশা |url=http://www.ekushey-tv.com/home/1606-2010-12-12-01-06-41 |work=Ekushey TV |location=Dhaka |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511195231/http://www.ekushey-tv.com/home/1606-2010-12-12-01-06-41 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref>

==Abolition==
The general surrender of 16 December 1971 culminates all armed resistance from Pakistani side and the two organisations ceased to exist.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

== See also ==
* [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
* [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Peace Committee]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangladesh liberation}}

[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]]
[[Category:Former paramilitary forces of Pakistan]]