Al-Badr (East Pakistan) - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 06:14, 14 December 2022
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	{{Other uses\|Al-Badr (disambiguation){{!}}Al-Badr}}		{{Other uses\|Al-Badr (disambiguation){{!}}Al-Badr}}
	{{Use Pakistani English\|date=May ~~2015~~}}		{{Use Pakistani English\|date=May 2022}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May ~~2020~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2022}}
	The '''Al-Badr''' ({{lang-bn\|আল বদর}}) was a paramilitary force composed mainly of [[Bihari Muslims]] which operated in [[East Pakistan]] against the Bengali nationalist movement during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], under the patronage of the [[Government of Pakistan\|Pakistani government]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web\|last1=Mamoon\|first1=Muntassir\|title=Al-Badr\|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Badr\|website=Banglapedia\|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic ~~Soicety~~\|access-date=4 September ~~2016~~}}</ref><ref name="Sisson">{{cite book \|last1=Sisson \|first1=Richard \|last2=Rose \|first2=Leo E. \|date=1991 \|title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh \|publisher=University of California Press \|page=165 \|isbn=978-0-520-07665-5}}</ref>		The '''Al-Badr''' ({{lang-bn\|আল বদর}}) was a paramilitary force composed mainly of [[Bihari Muslims]] which operated in [[East Pakistan]] against the Bengali nationalist movement during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], under the patronage of the [[Government of Pakistan\|Pakistani government]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web\|last1=Mamoon\|first1=Muntassir\|title=Al-Badr\|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Badr\|website=Banglapedia\|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Society\|access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Sisson">{{cite book \|last1=Sisson \|first1=Richard \|last2=Rose \|first2=Leo E. \|date=1991 \|title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh \|publisher=University of California Press \|page=165 \|isbn=978-0-520-07665-5}}</ref>

	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
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	Al-Badr was constituted in September 1971 under the auspices of General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], then chief of the [[Pakistan Army\|Pakistan Army eastern command]]. Members of Al-Badr were recruited from public schools and [[madrasas]] (religious schools). The unit was used for raids and special operations;<ref name="Sisson" /> the [[Pakistan army]] command initially planned to use the locally recruited militias (Al-Badr, [[Razakars (Pakistan)\|Razakar]], [[Al-Shams (Bangladesh)\|Al-Shams]]) for policing cities of East Pakistan, and regular army units to defend the border with India.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Siddiqi \|first=A. R. \|date=2004 \|title=East Pakistan the Endgame: An Onlooker's Journal 1969-1971 \|location=Karachi \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-579993-4}}</ref> Most members of Al-Badr appear to have been [[Biharis]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Siddiqi \|first=Abdul Rahman \|year=2004 \|title=East Pakistan, the Endgame: An Onlooker's Journal 1969-1971 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|page=153 \|isbn=978-0-19-579993-4}}</ref>		Al-Badr was constituted in September 1971 under the auspices of General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], then chief of the [[Pakistan Army\|Pakistan Army eastern command]]. Members of Al-Badr were recruited from public schools and [[madrasas]] (religious schools). The unit was used for raids and special operations;<ref name="Sisson" /> the [[Pakistan army]] command initially planned to use the locally recruited militias (Al-Badr, [[Razakars (Pakistan)\|Razakar]], [[Al-Shams (Bangladesh)\|Al-Shams]]) for policing cities of East Pakistan, and regular army units to defend the border with India.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Siddiqi \|first=A. R. \|date=2004 \|title=East Pakistan the Endgame: An Onlooker's Journal 1969-1971 \|location=Karachi \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-579993-4}}</ref> Most members of Al-Badr appear to have been [[Biharis]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Siddiqi \|first=Abdul Rahman \|year=2004 \|title=East Pakistan, the Endgame: An Onlooker's Journal 1969-1971 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|page=153 \|isbn=978-0-19-579993-4}}</ref>

	Despite their similarities in opposing the [[independence of Bangladesh]], the Razakar and Al-Badr had differences; [[Razakar (Pakistan)\|Razakars]] opposed the [[Mukti Bahini]] in general, while Al-Badr's tactics were [[terrorism]] and [[extrajudicial killing\|political killings.]]<ref name=":0" /> All three groups operated under Pakistani command.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Hasina \|first=Sheikh \|date=1999 \|chapter=Opposition Leader Sheikh Hasina’s parliamentary speech given on 16 April 1992 on the subject of Golam Azam and the public tribunal \|chapter-url=http://www.bangladeshmariners.com/HmdrRprt/pm.html \|title=Documents on crimes against humanity committed by Pakistan Army and their agents in Bangladesh during 1971 \|publisher=Liberation War Museum \|location=Dhaka \|isbn=984311048X \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022018/http://www.bangladeshmariners.com/HmdrRprt/pm.html \|archive-date=16 July ~~2011~~}}</ref>		Despite their similarities in opposing the [[independence of Bangladesh]], the Razakar and Al-Badr had differences; [[Razakar (Pakistan)\|Razakars]] opposed the [[Mukti Bahini]] in general, while Al-Badr's tactics were [[terrorism]] and [[extrajudicial killing\|political killings.]]<ref name=":0" /> All three groups operated under Pakistani command.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Hasina \|first=Sheikh \|date=1999 \|chapter=Opposition Leader Sheikh Hasina’s parliamentary speech given on 16 April 1992 on the subject of Golam Azam and the public tribunal \|chapter-url=http://www.bangladeshmariners.com/HmdrRprt/pm.html \|title=Documents on crimes against humanity committed by Pakistan Army and their agents in Bangladesh during 1971 \|publisher=Liberation War Museum \|location=Dhaka \|isbn=984311048X \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022018/http://www.bangladeshmariners.com/HmdrRprt/pm.html \|archive-date=16 July 2022}}</ref>

	===Dissolution===		===Dissolution===
	After the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender\|surrender]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] on 16 December 1971, Al-Badr was dissolved together with the Razakar and Al-Shams. Many members were arrested. During the time of president [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], all of the collaborators, including those of Al-Badr were pardoned and in 1975 any attempt to try them was repealed.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Islam \|first=Md Saidul \|date=March 2011 \|title='Minority Islam' in Muslim Majority Bangladesh \|url=http://www.bdresearch.org/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=249:minority-islam--in-muslim-majority-bangladesh-the-violent-road-to-a-new-brand-of-secularism&catid=101:political-issues&Itemid=125 \|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs \|volume=31 \|issue=1 \|pages=130 \|doi=10.1080/13602004.2011.556893 \|issn=1360-2004 \|access-date=22 July 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623192814/http://www.bdresearch.org/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=249:minority-islam--in-muslim-majority-bangladesh-the-violent-road-to-a-new-brand-of-secularism&catid=101:political-issues&Itemid=125 \|archive-date=23 June 2016 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		After the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender\|surrender]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] on 16 December 1971, Al-Badr was dissolved together with the Razakar and Al-Shams. Many members were arrested. During the time of president [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], all of the collaborators, including those of Al-Badr were pardoned and in 1975 any attempt to try them was repealed.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Islam \|first=Md Saidul \|date=March 2011 \|title='Minority Islam' in Muslim Majority Bangladesh \|url=http://www.bdresearch.org/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=249:minority-islam--in-muslim-majority-bangladesh-the-violent-road-to-a-new-brand-of-secularism&catid=101:political-issues&Itemid=125 \|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs \|volume=31 \|issue=1 \|pages=130 \|doi=10.1080/13602004.2011.556893 \|s2cid=216115000 \|issn=1360-2004 \|access-date=22 July 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623192814/http://www.bdresearch.org/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=249:minority-islam--in-muslim-majority-bangladesh-the-violent-road-to-a-new-brand-of-secularism&catid=101:political-issues&Itemid=125 \|archive-date=23 June 2016 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	==War crimes==		==War crimes==
	Al-Badr perpetrated atrocities against civilians during the war of 1971, in particular, the [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals\|massacre of intellectuals]] that occurred in the [[Rayer Bazaar]] area of [[Dhaka]] on 15 December 1971.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Hazelhurst \|first=Peter \|date=3 January 1972 \|title=Communist Party revived in Dacca \|newspaper=The Times \|page=4 \|quote=more corpses have been found floating in a small pond in the Rayabazar area of Dacca where scores of Bengali intellectuals were massacred three weeks ago ... There has been no official count of the number of people killed at Rayabazar. The figure is generally put at about 150 ... Most of the intellectuals were killed on the morning of December 15 by the fanatical Bengali religious group known as Al-Badr.}}</ref><ref name=":0" />		Al-Badr perpetrated atrocities against civilians during the war of 1971, in particular, the [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals\|massacre of intellectuals]] that occurred in the [[Rayer Bazaar]] area of [[Dhaka]] on 15 December 1971.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Hazelhurst \|first=Peter \|date=3 January 1972 \|title=Communist Party revived in Dacca \|newspaper=The Times \|page=4 \|quote=more corpses have been found floating in a small pond in the Rayabazar area of Dacca where scores of Bengali intellectuals were massacred three weeks ago ... There has been no official count of the number of people killed at Rayabazar. The figure is generally put at about 150 ... Most of the intellectuals were killed on the morning of December 15 by the fanatical Bengali religious group known as Al-Badr.}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
	According to journalist Azadur Rahman Chandan, Al-Badr was experimentally launched in [[Jamalpur District\|Jamalpur]], [[Mymensingh]] in April 1971 as a voluntary force with [[Islami Chhatra Shangha]] activists as its first recruits to wage war against the nationalist fighters. They were enlisted and trained under the guidance of [[Mohammad Kamaruzzaman]], the assistant secretary general of Jamaat.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Chandan \|first=Azadur Rahman \|date=February 2011 \|orig-year=2009 \|script-title=bn:একাত্তরের ঘাতক ও দালালরা \|trans-title=The Killers and Collaborators of 71 \|language=bn \|edition=Revised 2nd \|publisher=Jatiya Sahitya Prakash \|location=Dhaka <!-- Invalid ISBN; listed on publisher's web site, but still not valid. 13-digit ISBNs start with 978 or 979. \|isbn=984-70000-0121-4 -->\|pages=48–54}}</ref>{{additional citation needed\|date=July ~~2016~~}}		According to journalist Azadur Rahman Chandan, Al-Badr was experimentally launched in [[Jamalpur District\|Jamalpur]], [[Mymensingh]] in April 1971 as a voluntary force with [[Islami Chhatra Shangha]] activists as its first recruits to wage war against the nationalist fighters. They were enlisted and trained under the guidance of [[Mohammad Kamaruzzaman]], the assistant secretary general of Jamaat.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Chandan \|first=Azadur Rahman \|date=February 2011 \|orig-year=2009 \|script-title=bn:একাত্তরের ঘাতক ও দালালরা \|trans-title=The Killers and Collaborators of 71 \|language=bn \|edition=Revised 2nd \|publisher=Jatiya Sahitya Prakash \|location=Dhaka <!-- Invalid ISBN; listed on publisher's web site, but still not valid. 13-digit ISBNs start with 978 or 979. \|isbn=984-70000-0121-4 -->\|pages=48–54}}</ref>{{additional citation needed\|date=July 2022}}

	==Leaders of Al-Badr==		==Leaders of Al-Badr==
	* [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]]<ref>{{cite book \|last=Karlekar \|first=Hiranmay \|date=2005 \|title=Bangladesh: The Next Afghanistan? \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Sage \|page=152 \|isbn=978-0-7619-3401-1}}</ref> was convicted of war crimes and executed on 11 May 2016<ref>{{cite news \|last=Faruq \|first=Mohiuddin \|date=6 January 2016 \|title=Supreme Court seals fate of Nizami, confirms Jamaat chief's death sentence for horrific war crimes \|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/01/06/supreme-court-seals-fate-of-nizami-confirms-jamaat-chiefs-death-sentence-for-horrific-war-crimes \|newspaper=bdnews24.com \|access-date=31 January ~~2016~~}}</ref>		* [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]]<ref>{{cite book \|last=Karlekar \|first=Hiranmay \|date=2005 \|title=Bangladesh: The Next Afghanistan? \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Sage \|page=152 \|isbn=978-0-7619-3401-1}}</ref> was convicted of war crimes and executed on 11 May 2016<ref>{{cite news \|last=Faruq \|first=Mohiuddin \|date=6 January 2016 \|title=Supreme Court seals fate of Nizami, confirms Jamaat chief's death sentence for horrific war crimes \|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/01/06/supreme-court-seals-fate-of-nizami-confirms-jamaat-chiefs-death-sentence-for-horrific-war-crimes \|newspaper=bdnews24.com \|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref>
	* [[Mir Quasem Ali]] was convicted of war crimes<ref>{{cite news \|title=Supreme Court to fix war criminal Mir Qausem's appeal hearing on Wednesday \|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/01/05/supreme-court-to-fix-war-criminal-mir-qausem-s-appeal-hearing-on-wednesday \|newspaper=bdnews24.com \|date=5 January 2016 \|access-date=31 January ~~2016~~}}</ref> and executed on 3 September 2016<ref>{{cite news \|title=Don't interfere, Bangladesh tells Pakistan after remark on Mir Quasem Ali hanging \|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/dont-interfere-bangladesh-tells-pakistan-after-remark-on-mir-quasem-ali-hanging/articleshow/54005672.cms?from=mdr \|work=The Economic Times \|date=4 September ~~2016~~}}</ref>		* [[Mir Quasem Ali]] was convicted of war crimes<ref>{{cite news \|title=Supreme Court to fix war criminal Mir Qausem's appeal hearing on Wednesday \|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/01/05/supreme-court-to-fix-war-criminal-mir-qausem-s-appeal-hearing-on-wednesday \|newspaper=bdnews24.com \|date=5 January 2016 \|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> and executed on 3 September 2016<ref>{{cite news \|title=Don't interfere, Bangladesh tells Pakistan after remark on Mir Quasem Ali hanging \|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/dont-interfere-bangladesh-tells-pakistan-after-remark-on-mir-quasem-ali-hanging/articleshow/54005672.cms?from=mdr \|work=The Economic Times \|date=4 September 2022}}</ref>
	* [[Ashrafuz Zaman Khan]]		* [[Ashrafuz Zaman Khan]]
	* [[Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin]]		* [[Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin]]

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-07-01T00:27:56Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 05:57, 1 July 2022
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	{{Use Pakistani English\|date=May 2015}}		{{Use Pakistani English\|date=May 2015}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}
	The '''Al-Badr''' ({{lang-bn\|আল বদর}}) was a paramilitary force composed mainly of [[Bihari Muslims]]<ref>{{cite book \|last=D'Costa \|first=Bina \|year=2011 \|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA103 \|publisher=Routledge \|pages=103– \|isbn=978-0-415-56566-0}}</ref> which operated in [[East Pakistan]] against the Bengali nationalist movement during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], under the patronage of the [[Government of Pakistan\|Pakistani government]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web\|last1=Mamoon\|first1=Muntassir\|title=Al-Badr\|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Badr\|website=Banglapedia\|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Soicety\|access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sisson">{{cite book \|last1=Sisson \|first1=Richard \|last2=Rose \|first2=Leo E. \|date=1991 \|title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh \|publisher=University of California Press \|page=165 \|isbn=978-0-520-07665-5}}</ref>		The '''Al-Badr''' ({{lang-bn\|আল বদর}}) was a paramilitary force composed mainly of [[Bihari Muslims]] which operated in [[East Pakistan]] against the Bengali nationalist movement during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], under the patronage of the [[Government of Pakistan\|Pakistani government]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web\|last1=Mamoon\|first1=Muntassir\|title=Al-Badr\|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Badr\|website=Banglapedia\|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Soicety\|access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sisson">{{cite book \|last1=Sisson \|first1=Richard \|last2=Rose \|first2=Leo E. \|date=1991 \|title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh \|publisher=University of California Press \|page=165 \|isbn=978-0-520-07665-5}}</ref>

	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
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	==History==		==History==
	===Organization===		===Organization===
	Al-Badr was constituted in September 1971 under the auspices of General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], then chief of the [[Pakistan Army\|Pakistan Army eastern command]]. Members of Al-Badr were recruited from public schools and [[madrasas]] (religious schools). The unit was used for raids and special operations;<ref name="Sisson" /> the [[Pakistan army]] command initially planned to use the locally recruited militias (Al-Badr, [[Razakars (Pakistan)\|Razakar]], [[Al-Shams (Bangladesh)\|Al-Shams]]) for policing cities of East Pakistan, and regular army units to defend the border with India.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Siddiqi \|first=A. R. \|date=2004 \|title=East Pakistan the Endgame: An Onlooker's Journal 1969-1971 \|location=Karachi \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-579993-4}}</ref> Most members of Al-Badr appear to have been [[Biharis]].<ref>~~Siddiqui 1990~~, p. 153.</ref>~~{{Full citation needed\|date=August 2016}}.~~		Al-Badr was constituted in September 1971 under the auspices of General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], then chief of the [[Pakistan Army\|Pakistan Army eastern command]]. Members of Al-Badr were recruited from public schools and [[madrasas]] (religious schools). The unit was used for raids and special operations;<ref name="Sisson" /> the [[Pakistan army]] command initially planned to use the locally recruited militias (Al-Badr, [[Razakars (Pakistan)\|Razakar]], [[Al-Shams (Bangladesh)\|Al-Shams]]) for policing cities of East Pakistan, and regular army units to defend the border with India.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Siddiqi \|first=A. R. \|date=2004 \|title=East Pakistan the Endgame: An Onlooker's Journal 1969-1971 \|location=Karachi \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-579993-4}}</ref> Most members of Al-Badr appear to have been [[Biharis]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Siddiqi \|first=Abdul Rahman \|year=2004 \|title=East Pakistan, the Endgame: An Onlooker's Journal 1969-1971 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|page=153 \|isbn=978-0-19-579993-4}}</ref>

	Despite their similarities in opposing the [[independence of Bangladesh]], the Razakar and Al-Badr had differences; [[Razakar (Pakistan)\|Razakars]] opposed the [[Mukti Bahini]] in general, while Al-Badr's tactics were [[terrorism]] and [[extrajudicial killing\|political killings.]]<ref name=":0" /> All three groups operated under Pakistani command.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Hasina \|first=Sheikh \|date=1999 \|chapter=Opposition Leader Sheikh Hasina’s parliamentary speech given on 16 April 1992 on the subject of Golam Azam and the public tribunal \|chapter-url=http://www.bangladeshmariners.com/HmdrRprt/pm.html \|title=Documents on crimes against humanity committed by Pakistan Army and their agents in Bangladesh during 1971 \|publisher=Liberation War Museum \|location=Dhaka \|isbn=984311048X \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022018/http://www.bangladeshmariners.com/HmdrRprt/pm.html \|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>		Despite their similarities in opposing the [[independence of Bangladesh]], the Razakar and Al-Badr had differences; [[Razakar (Pakistan)\|Razakars]] opposed the [[Mukti Bahini]] in general, while Al-Badr's tactics were [[terrorism]] and [[extrajudicial killing\|political killings.]]<ref name=":0" /> All three groups operated under Pakistani command.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Hasina \|first=Sheikh \|date=1999 \|chapter=Opposition Leader Sheikh Hasina’s parliamentary speech given on 16 April 1992 on the subject of Golam Azam and the public tribunal \|chapter-url=http://www.bangladeshmariners.com/HmdrRprt/pm.html \|title=Documents on crimes against humanity committed by Pakistan Army and their agents in Bangladesh during 1971 \|publisher=Liberation War Museum \|location=Dhaka \|isbn=984311048X \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022018/http://www.bangladeshmariners.com/HmdrRprt/pm.html \|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>
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	==War crimes==		==War crimes==
	Al-Badr perpetrated atrocities against civilians during the war of 1971, in particular, the [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals\|massacre of intellectuals]] in [[Dhaka]] ~~that occurred~~ on 14 December 1971.<ref>P. Hazelhurst in ''The Times~~'', 3 Jan 1972, p.~~ 4~~.</ref>{{Full citation needed~~\|~~date~~=~~August 2016}} They then dumped the bodies~~ in the ~~[[Rayer Bazaar]]~~ area of ~~[[Dhaka]]~~.<ref name=":0" />		Al-Badr perpetrated atrocities against civilians during the war of 1971, in particular, the [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals\|massacre of intellectuals]] that occurred in the [[Rayer Bazaar]] area of [[Dhaka]] on 15 December 1971.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Hazelhurst \|first=Peter \|date=3 January 1972 \|title=Communist Party revived in Dacca \|newspaper=The Times \|page=4 \|quote=more corpses have been found floating in a small pond in the Rayabazar area of Dacca where scores of Bengali intellectuals were massacred three weeks ago ... There has been no official count of the number of people killed at Rayabazar. The figure is generally put at about 150 ... Most of the intellectuals were killed on the morning of December 15 by the fanatical Bengali religious group known as Al-Badr.}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
	According to journalist Azadur Rahman Chandan, Al-Badr was experimentally launched in [[Jamalpur District\|Jamalpur]], [[Mymensingh]] in April 1971 as a voluntary force with [[Islami Chhatra Shangha]] activists as its first recruits to wage war against the nationalist fighters. They were enlisted and trained under the guidance of [[Mohammad Kamaruzzaman]], the assistant secretary general of Jamaat.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Chandan \|first=Azadur Rahman \|date=February 2011 \|orig-year=2009 \|script-title=bn:একাত্তরের ঘাতক ও দালালরা \|trans-title=The Killers and Collaborators of 71 \|language=bn \|edition=Revised 2nd \|publisher=Jatiya Sahitya Prakash \|location=Dhaka <!-- Invalid ISBN; listed on publisher's web site, but still not valid. 13-digit ISBNs start with 978 or 979. \|isbn=984-70000-0121-4 -->\|pages=48–54}}</ref>{{additional citation needed\|date=July 2016}}		According to journalist Azadur Rahman Chandan, Al-Badr was experimentally launched in [[Jamalpur District\|Jamalpur]], [[Mymensingh]] in April 1971 as a voluntary force with [[Islami Chhatra Shangha]] activists as its first recruits to wage war against the nationalist fighters. They were enlisted and trained under the guidance of [[Mohammad Kamaruzzaman]], the assistant secretary general of Jamaat.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Chandan \|first=Azadur Rahman \|date=February 2011 \|orig-year=2009 \|script-title=bn:একাত্তরের ঘাতক ও দালালরা \|trans-title=The Killers and Collaborators of 71 \|language=bn \|edition=Revised 2nd \|publisher=Jatiya Sahitya Prakash \|location=Dhaka <!-- Invalid ISBN; listed on publisher's web site, but still not valid. 13-digit ISBNs start with 978 or 979. \|isbn=984-70000-0121-4 -->\|pages=48–54}}</ref>{{additional citation needed\|date=July 2016}}

->Artegia: /* Leaders of Al-Badr */

2021-12-14T07:46:01Z

Leaders of Al-Badr

New page

{{Other uses|Al-Badr (disambiguation){{!}}Al-Badr}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
The '''Al-Badr''' ({{lang-bn|আল বদর}}) was a paramilitary force composed mainly of [[Bihari Muslims]]<ref>{{cite book |last=D'Costa |first=Bina |year=2011 |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA103 |publisher=Routledge |pages=103– |isbn=978-0-415-56566-0}}</ref> which operated in [[East Pakistan]] against the Bengali nationalist movement during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], under the patronage of the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani government]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Mamoon|first1=Muntassir|title=Al-Badr|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Badr|website=Banglapedia|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Soicety|access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sisson">{{cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Richard |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |date=1991 |title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh |publisher=University of California Press |page=165 |isbn=978-0-520-07665-5}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Al-Badr means the full moon and refers to the [[Battle of Badr]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Haqqani |first=Husain |author-link=Husain Haqqani |date=2005 |title=Pakistan: between mosque and military |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA79 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |pages=79 |isbn=0-87003-285-2}}</ref>

==History==
===Organization===
Al-Badr was constituted in September 1971 under the auspices of General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], then chief of the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistan Army eastern command]]. Members of Al-Badr were recruited from public schools and [[madrasas]] (religious schools). The unit was used for raids and special operations;<ref name="Sisson" /> the [[Pakistan army]] command initially planned to use the locally recruited militias (Al-Badr, [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakar]], [[Al-Shams (Bangladesh)|Al-Shams]]) for policing cities of East Pakistan, and regular army units to defend the border with India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=A. R. |date=2004 |title=East Pakistan the Endgame: An Onlooker's Journal 1969-1971 |location=Karachi |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-579993-4}}</ref> Most members of Al-Badr appear to have been [[Biharis]].<ref>Siddiqui 1990, p. 153.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=August 2016}}.

Despite their similarities in opposing the [[independence of Bangladesh]], the Razakar and Al-Badr had differences; [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakars]] opposed the [[Mukti Bahini]] in general, while Al-Badr's tactics were [[terrorism]] and [[extrajudicial killing|political killings.]]<ref name=":0" /> All three groups operated under Pakistani command.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasina |first=Sheikh |date=1999 |chapter=Opposition Leader Sheikh Hasina’s parliamentary speech given on 16 April 1992 on the subject of Golam Azam and the public tribunal |chapter-url=http://www.bangladeshmariners.com/HmdrRprt/pm.html |title=Documents on crimes against humanity committed by Pakistan Army and their agents in Bangladesh during 1971 |publisher=Liberation War Museum |location=Dhaka |isbn=984311048X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022018/http://www.bangladeshmariners.com/HmdrRprt/pm.html |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>

===Dissolution===
After the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|surrender]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] on 16 December 1971, Al-Badr was dissolved together with the Razakar and Al-Shams. Many members were arrested. During the time of president [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], all of the collaborators, including those of Al-Badr were pardoned and in 1975 any attempt to try them was repealed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Md Saidul |date=March 2011 |title='Minority Islam' in Muslim Majority Bangladesh |url=http://www.bdresearch.org/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=249:minority-islam--in-muslim-majority-bangladesh-the-violent-road-to-a-new-brand-of-secularism&catid=101:political-issues&Itemid=125 |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=130 |doi=10.1080/13602004.2011.556893 |issn=1360-2004 |access-date=22 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623192814/http://www.bdresearch.org/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=249:minority-islam--in-muslim-majority-bangladesh-the-violent-road-to-a-new-brand-of-secularism&catid=101:political-issues&Itemid=125 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==War crimes==
Al-Badr perpetrated atrocities against civilians during the war of 1971, in particular, the [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|massacre of intellectuals]] in [[Dhaka]] that occurred on 14 December 1971.<ref>P. Hazelhurst in ''The Times'', 3 Jan 1972, p. 4.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=August 2016}} They then dumped the bodies in the [[Rayer Bazaar]] area of [[Dhaka]].<ref name=":0" />
According to journalist Azadur Rahman Chandan, Al-Badr was experimentally launched in [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]], [[Mymensingh]] in April 1971 as a voluntary force with [[Islami Chhatra Shangha]] activists as its first recruits to wage war against the nationalist fighters. They were enlisted and trained under the guidance of [[Mohammad Kamaruzzaman]], the assistant secretary general of Jamaat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chandan |first=Azadur Rahman |date=February 2011 |orig-year=2009 |script-title=bn:একাত্তরের ঘাতক ও দালালরা |trans-title=The Killers and Collaborators of 71 |language=bn |edition=Revised 2nd |publisher=Jatiya Sahitya Prakash |location=Dhaka |pages=48–54}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=July 2016}}

==Leaders of Al-Badr==
* [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Karlekar |first=Hiranmay |date=2005 |title=Bangladesh: The Next Afghanistan? |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sage |page=152 |isbn=978-0-7619-3401-1}}</ref> was convicted of war crimes and executed on 11 May 2016<ref>{{cite news |last=Faruq |first=Mohiuddin |date=6 January 2016 |title=Supreme Court seals fate of Nizami, confirms Jamaat chief's death sentence for horrific war crimes |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/01/06/supreme-court-seals-fate-of-nizami-confirms-jamaat-chiefs-death-sentence-for-horrific-war-crimes |newspaper=bdnews24.com |access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Mir Quasem Ali]] was convicted of war crimes<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court to fix war criminal Mir Qausem's appeal hearing on Wednesday |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/01/05/supreme-court-to-fix-war-criminal-mir-qausem-s-appeal-hearing-on-wednesday |newspaper=bdnews24.com |date=5 January 2016 |access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> and executed on 3 September 2016<ref>{{cite news |title=Don't interfere, Bangladesh tells Pakistan after remark on Mir Quasem Ali hanging |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/dont-interfere-bangladesh-tells-pakistan-after-remark-on-mir-quasem-ali-hanging/articleshow/54005672.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=4 September 2016}}</ref>
* [[Ashrafuz Zaman Khan]]
* [[Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin]]
* [[Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Kabir |first=Monor |date=2006 |title=Politics and development of the Jamaat-e-Islami, Bangladesh |location=New Delhi |publisher=South Asian Publishers |page=67 |isbn=978-8170033059}}</ref> was convicted of war crimes and executed on 22 November 2015.

==See also==
* [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Peace Committee]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Bangladesh liberation}}

[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]]
[[Category:Former paramilitary forces of Pakistan]]