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>JohnnyBflat: Importing Wikidata short description: "Vowel of Indic abugidas" (Shortdesc helper)

2021-05-27T08:14:19Z

Importing Wikidata short description: "Vowel of Indic abugidas" (Shortdesc helper)

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{{Short description|Vowel of Indic abugidas}}
{{Indic glyph |letname = Ai |previousletter = E |nextletter = O


|devacp = 0910 |deva2cp = 0948 |devaimg = Devanagari ai.svg |deva2img = Devanagari ai sign.png
|bengcp = 0990 |beng2cp = 09C8 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Ai.svg

|gurucp = 0A10 |gujrcp = 0A90 |oryacp = 0B10 |tamlcp = 0B90 |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-ஐஐ.svg
|guru2cp = 0A48 |gujr2cp = 0AC8 |orya2cp = 0B48 |taml2cp = 0BC8

|telucp = 0C10 |kndacp = 0C90 |mlymcp = 0D10
|telu2cp = 0C48 |knda2cp = 0CC8 |mlym2cp = 0D48

|sinhcp = 0D93 |thaicp = 0E44 |laoocp = 0EC4 |khmrcp = 17B0
|sinh2cp = 0DDB |thai2cp = 0E43 |laoo2cp = 0EC3 |mymrcp = 1032 |khmr2cp = 17C3

|talecp = 196D |bugicp = 1A1B |lanacp = 1A71
|limbcp = 1924 |talucp = 19B6 |lana2cp = 1A72

|balicp = 1B10 |sundcp = 1B86 |saurcp = A88E
|bali2cp = 1B3F |sund2cp = 1BA6 |saur2cp = A8C0

|javacp = A98D |chamcp = AA04 |tavtcp = AABC
|rjngcp = A94A |java2cp = A9BB |cham2cp = AA30 |mteicp = AAED

|kthicp = 1108A |shrdcp = 1118E |khojcp = 11205 |sindcp = 112B7
|kthi2cp = 110B6 |cakmcp = 1112D |shrd2cp = 111BD |khoj2cp = 11231 |sind2cp = 112E6

|grancp = 11310 |tirhcp = 1148C |siddcp = 1158B |modicp = 1160B |takrcp = 11687
|gran2cp = 11348 |tirh2cp = 114BB |sidd2cp = 115B9 |modi2cp = 1163A |takr2cp = 116B3

|brahcp = 11010 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ai.svg |brahletname = Brahmi 'Ai'
|brah2cp = 11043 |ashoka2img = Brahmi ai sign.svg |kushana2img = Kushana Brahmi ai sign.png |gupta2img = Gupta Brahmi ai sign.png |brah2letname = Brahmi 'Ai' sign

|tochimg = |toch2img =

|siddimg = Siddham ai.svg |siddletname = Siddhaṃ 'Ai'
|sidd2img = Siddham ai halfmark 1.svg |sidd2letname = Siddhaṃ 'Ai'

|ipa = aj |iast = Ai |iscii = AD |iscii2 = E2



}}

'''Ai''' is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ai is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ai.svg|13px|ng]]. As an Indic vowel, Ai comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==

{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}

[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The ै sign was used to modify a consonant's value {{e|12}}, but the vowel letter ऐ did not have an inherent value by itself.<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>

==Historic Ai==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Ai as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi ai.svg|13px|Ai]] was a simple geometric shape, and retained the same basic form into later styles of Brahmi. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ai [[Image:Tocharian letter ai.gif|18px|Ai]] has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ai are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

===Brahmi Ai===

The Brahmi letter Ai [[Image:Brahmi ai.svg|13px|Ai]], is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Ayin]] [[File:Ayin.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[O]] and Greek [[Omicron]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ai can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with some vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Ai historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd-1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi ai.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar ai.svg|37px]] ||  ||  || 
|}

===Tocharian Ai===

The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter ai.gif|25px|Ai]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi ai.svg|13px|Ai]]. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian consonants with Ai vowel marks
|-
! Kai !! Khai !! Gai !! Ghai !! Cai !! Chai !! Jai !! Jhai !! Nyai !! Ṭai !! Ṭhai !! Ḍai !! Ḍhai !! Ṇai
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter kai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter khai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter gai.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter cai.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter jai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter jhai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nyai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ttai.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter ddai.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter nnai.gif|37px]]
|-
! Tai !! Thai !! Dai !! Dhai !! Nai !! Pai !! Phai !! Bai !! Bhai !! Mai !! Yai !! Rai !! Lai !! Vai
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter tai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter thai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter phai.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter bhai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter mai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter yai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter rai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter lai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter vai.gif|37px]]
|-
! Śai !! Ṣai !! Sai !! Hai
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter shai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter sai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter hai.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ai===

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ai is indicated with the [[E (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī E|E]] vowel mark [[File:Буква E (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi vowel sign E.svg|15px|Ai]] plus the vowel length mark [[File:Довгий голосний (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharosthi vowel length mark.svg|15px]]. As an independent vowel, Ai is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter [[A (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī A|A]] [[File:Буква А (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter A.svg|15px|A]].

==Devanagari Ai==
{{main|Devanagari ai}}

{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Devanagari ai.svg
| alt1 = Ai vowel
| image2 = Devanagari ai sign.png
| alt2 = Ai vowel sign
| footer = Devanagari independent Ai and Ai vowel sign.
}}
'''Ai''' ('''ऐ''') is a vowel of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ai.svg|13px|Ai]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ઐ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘋.

===Devanagari Using Languages===
The Devanagari script is used to write the [[Hindi language]], [[Sanskrit]] and the majority of [[Indic languages]]. In most of these languages, ऐ is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|ai|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. 

==Bengali Ai==
{{main|Ai (Bengali)}}
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Bengali Letter {{#if:ai|{{#invoke:string2|title|ai}}}}.svg
| alt1 = Ai vowel
| image2 = Bengali {{#if:ai|{{#invoke:string2|title|ai}}}} vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Ai vowel sign
| footer = Bengali independent Ai and Ai vowel sign.
}}

'''Ai''' ('''ঐ''') is a vowel of the [[Bengali script|Bengali]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ai.svg|13px|Ai]], and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ऐ.

===Bengali Script Using Languages===
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the [[Bengali language]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. In most languages, ঐ is pronounced as {{IPA-bn|ai|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel. 

==Gujarati Ai==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Gujarati vowel Ai.svg
| alt1 = Ai vowel
| image2 = Gujarati vowel sign Ai.svg
| alt2 = Ai vowel sign
| footer = Gujarati independent Ai and Ai vowel sign.
}}
'''Ai''' ('''ઐ''') is a vowel of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Ai [[Image:Devanagari ai.svg|13px|ai]], and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ai.svg|13px|ai]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ઐ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|ai|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

==Javanese Ai==
{{main|Ai (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Ai==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu vowel Ai.svg
| alt1 = Telugu independent vowel Ai
| image2 = Telugu Ai vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Telugu vowel sign Ai
| footer = Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Ai.
}}
'''Ai''' ('''ఐ''') is a vowel of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ai.svg|13px|Ai]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಐ'''. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.

[[File:Telugu Ai matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Telugu Ai vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kai, Khai, Gai, Ghai and Ngai. Note that how the vowel sign interacts with the base consonant is dependent on the location of the headline, the absence of a headline, and the presence of a tail to attach to.]]

==Malayalam Ai==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Malayalam vowel Ai.svg
| alt1 = Malayalam independent vowel Ai
| image2 = Malayalam vowel sign Ai.svg
| alt2 = Malayalam vowel sign Ai
| footer = Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Ai.
}}
'''Ai''' ('''ഐ''') is a vowel of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ai.svg|13px|Ai]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha vowel Ai.svg|x15px|Ai]] ''ai''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.

==Odia Ai==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia vowel ai.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent vowel Ai
| image2 = Odia vowel sign ai.svg
| alt2 = Odia vowel sign Ai
| footer = Odia independent vowel and vowel sign Ai.
}}
'''Ai''' ('''ଐ''') is a vowel of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ai.svg|13px|Ai]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ai.svg|x15px|Ai]] ''ai''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.


{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ai (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Ai (Indic) - Revision history

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

>JohnnyBflat: Importing Wikidata short description: "Vowel of Indic abugidas" (Shortdesc helper)