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 #[[Murtaza Nizam Shah III]] 1633–1636
 *Mughal historians and Emperors never referred to them as ''Nizam Shahs'' but rather as ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'', since they were not recognised as equals.
 == Notes ==

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2021-05-20T06:23:22Z

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{{short description|16th century Indian kingdom located in southern India, also known as the "Nizam Shahi" dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Ahmadnagar Sultanate Nizam Shahi dynasty
| common_name = Qutb Shahi
| year_start = 28 May 1490
| year_end = 1636
| p1 = Bahmani Sultanate
| flag_p1 =
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Mughal Empire
| flag_s1 =
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event_start =
| event_end =
| image_flag = Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Mughal Empire|Alam]], Flag of the Nizam Shahi dynasty of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate,the flag had a Quranic verse engraved.<ref>He will also give you another favour that you long for: help from Allah and an imminent victory. So give good news O Prophet to the believers.[[Quran]], chapter 61, verse 13, [[As-Saff]]</ref>
| flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Deccan sultanates 1490 - 1687 ad.png
| image_map_caption = Extent of Ahmadnagar Sultanate.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (d)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186}}</ref>
| national_motto =
| national_anthem =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] until 1509,<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC&q=islam+in+the+subcontinent+book |title= Islam in the Subcontinent |page= 55 |isbn= 9004061177 |last1= Schimmel |first1= Annemarie |year= 1980 }}</ref> [[Shia Islam]] 1509 onwards|
| capital = [[Junnar]] (1490–1494; 1610) [[Ahmednagar]] (1494–1600) [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] (1499–1636, secondary capital) [[Paranda]] (1600–1610) [[Aurangabad]] (1610–1636)
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (official)<ref>Brian Spooner and William L. Hanaway, ''Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order'', (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 317.</ref> [[Urdu language|Deccani Urdu]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader = Nizam Shah
| leader1 = [[Ahmad Nizam Shah I]]
| year_leader1 = 1490–1510
| leader2 = [[Burhan Shah I|Burhan Nizam Shah I]]
| year_leader2 = 1510–1553
| leader3 = [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]]
| year_leader3 = 1553–1565
| leader4 = [[Murtaza Nizam Shah I]]
| year_leader4 = 1565–1588
| leader5 = [[Hussain Nizam Shah II]]
| year_leader5 = 1588–1589
| leader6 = [[Isma'il Nizam Shah]]
| year_leader6 = 1588–1591
| leader7 = [[Burhan Nizam Shah II]]
| year_leader7 = 1591–1595
| leader8 = [[Ibrahim Nizam Shah]]/[[Chand Bibi]]
| year_leader8 = 1595–1596
| leader9 = [[Ahmad Nizam Shah II]]
| year_leader9 = 1596-1596
| leader10 = [[Bahadur Nizam Shah]]
| year_leader10 = 1596–1600
| leader11 = [[Murtaza Nizam Shah II]]
| year_leader11 = 1600–1610
| leader12 = [[Burhan Nizam Shah III]]
| year_leader12 = 1610–1631
| leader13 = [[Hussain Nizam Shah III]]
| year_leader13 = 1631–1633
| leader14 = [[Murtaza Nizam Shah III]]
| year_leader14 = 1633–1636
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| stat_area4 =
| population_density3 =
| currency = Falus<ref>Stan Goron and J.P. Goenka, ''The coins of the Indian sultanates : covering the area of present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh'' (New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal, 2001).</ref>
| today = [[India]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
}}

The '''Ahmadnagar Sultanate''' was a late medieval [[India]]n kingdom located in the northwestern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], between the sultanates of [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] and [[Bijapur]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sohoni |first1=Pushkar |title=The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India |date=2018 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=9781784537944}}</ref> Malik Ahmad, the [[Bahmani kingdom|Bahmani]] governor of Junnar after defeating the Bahmani army led by general Jahangir Khan on 28 May 1490 declared independence and established the '''Nizam Shahi dynasty''' rule over the sultanate of [[Ahmednagar]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=118}}</ref> Initially his capital was in the town of [[Junnar]] with its fort, later renamed [[Shivneri]]. In 1494, the foundation was laid for the new capital Ahmadnagar. In 1636 [[Aurangzeb]], then Mugal viceroy of Deccan, finally annexed the sultanate to the [[Mughal Empire]].

==History==

===Establishment===
[[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I]] was the son of Nizam-ul-Mulk Malik Hasan Bahri, originally a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] from Beejanuggar (or [[Bijanagar]]) originally named Timapa.<ref name=Ferishta>{{cite book |last=Ferishta|first=Mahomed Kasim|author-link=Firishta|translator-last=Briggs|translator-first=John|translator-link=John Briggs (East India Company officer)|date=1829|title=History of the Rise of the Mahometan Power in India, till the year A.D. 1612 Volume III|location=London|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_the_Rise_of_the_Mahomedan_Pow/mFQOAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=History+of+the+Rise+of+the+Mahomedan+Power+in+India,+till+the+year+A.D.+1612+Volume+III&printsec=frontcover|page=189}}</ref> Ahmed's father was made ''Malik Na'ib'' on the death of [[Mahmud Gavan]] and was appointed Prime Minister by [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]]. Soon after, he appointed Ahmed governor of [[Beed]] and other districts in the vicinity of Dowlutabad. After the death of his father,Ahmed assumed the titles of Nizam ul-Mulk Bahri from his father, the last signifying a falcon as Hasan had been falconer to the Sultan.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search |date=Jan 28, 1857 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=18570128&id=r1JEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2LEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1277,840506&hl=en |access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref> Malik Ahmad the [[Bahmani kingdom|Bahmani]] governor of Junnar defended his province against incursions from the Sultan, successfully defeating a much larger army led by Sheikh Mowullid Arab in a night attack , an army of 18,000 led by Azmut ul-Mulk and an army led by bahmani general Jahangir Khan on 28 May 1490 declared independence and established the '''Nizam Shahi dynasty''' rule over the sultanate of [[Ahmednagar]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=118}}</ref> Initially his capital was in the town of [[Junnar]] with its fort, later renamed [[Shivneri]]. In 1494, the foundation was laid for the new capital Ahmadnagar,After several attempts, he secured the great fortress of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] in 1499.

===Reigns of the successors of Malik Ahmad===
[[File:Battle of Talikota complete panorama.png|thumb|left|[[Battle of Talikota]]]]
After the death of Malik Ahmad in 1510, his son [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]], a boy of seven was, installed in his place. In the initial days of his reign, the control of the kingdom was in the hands of Mukammal Khan, an Ahmadnagar official and his son. Burhan converted to Shi'i Islam under the tutelage of Shah Tahir Husaini.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |editor-last=Roxburgh |editor-first=David J. |title=Seeing the Past - Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Honor of Renata Holod |publisher=Brill, Leiden |date=2014 |pages=110–127 |chapter=Patterns of Faith: Mosque Typologies and sectarian affiliation in the kingdom of Ahmadnagar |isbn=9789004264021}}</ref> Burhan died in Ahmadnagar in 1553. He left six sons, of whom [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] succeeded him. [[Aliya Rama Raya]] emperor of vijayanagara made a series of aggressive efforts to maintain hold over [[Kalyan]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shobhi|first=Prithvi Datta Chandra|date=2016-01-02|title=Kalyāṇa is Wrecked: The Remaking of a Medieval Capital in Popular Imagination|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2016.1182327|journal=South Asian Studies|volume=32|issue=1|pages=90–98|doi=10.1080/02666030.2016.1182327|issn=0266-6030}}</ref>{{Efn|Kalyana was the capital of the [[Chalukyas]]. Rama Raya sought to control the territory in his bid to gain popular legitimacy by establishing himself as the true heir to Chalukya sovereignty and glory. Other examples included retrofitting of decayed Chalukya complexes and bringing back Chalukya festivals.|name=|group=}} and diplomatic dealings with the Sultanates laden with insulting gestures, the four Muslim Sultanates – [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] and [[Ali Adil Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur to the west, [[Ali Barid Shah I]] of Bidar in the center, and [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]] of Golkonda to the east – united in the wake of shrewd marital diplomacy and convened to attack Aliya Rama Raya, in late January 1565 at [[talikota]]. Hussain was a leading figurehead of the [[Deccan Sultanates]] during the [[Battle of Talikota]].after the battle [[Rama Raya]] was beheaded by Sultan Nizam Hussain himself.<ref>Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (12 April 2012). "Courtly Insults". Courtly Encounters : Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. Harvard University Press. pp. 34–102. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674067363.c2. {{ISBN|978-0-674-06736-3}}.</ref>

[[File:Rama Raya’s beheading at Talikota.jpg|thumb|Rama Raya's Beheading in talikota]]

After the death of Hussain in 1565, his minor son [[Murtaza Nizam Shah I]] ascended the throne. During his minority, his mother Khanzada Humayun Sultana ruled as a regent for several years. Murtaza Shah annexed [[Amravati Division|Berar]] in 1572. On his death in 1588, his son Miran Hussain ascended the throne. But his reign could last only a little more than ten months as he was poisoned to death. Ismail, a cousin of Miran Hussain was raised to the throne, but the actual power was in the hands of Jamal Khan, the leader of the Deccani/[[Habshi]] group in the court. Jamal Khan was killed in the battle of Rohankhed in 1591 and soon Ismail Shah was also captured and confined by his father Burhan, who ascended the throne as [[Burhan Nizam Shah II]]. But his sister [[Chand Bibi]] fought him. Winning the kingdom, Chand Bibi ascended the throne as regent for the new infant sultan, [[Bahadur Nizam Shah]]. She repulsed an invasion by the [[Mughal Empire]] with the reinforcements from the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] and [[Golconda Sultanate]]s. After the death of Chand Bibi in July 1600, Ahmadnagar was conquered by the Mughals and the Sultan was imprisoned.

===Malik Ambar and the demise of the sultanate===
[[File:Murtaza Nizam Shah II and Malik Ambar.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Murtaza Nizam Shah II with an Malik Ambar]]
Although, Ahmadnagar city and its adjoining areas were occupied by the Mughals, an extensive part of the kingdom still remained in possession of the influential officials of the Nizam Shahi dynasty. [[Malik Ambar]] and other Ahmadnagar officials defied the Mughals and declared [[Murtaza Nizam Shah II]] as sultan in 1600 at a new capital [[Paranda]]. Malik Ambar became prime minister and ''Vakil-us-Saltanat'' of Ahmadnagar.<ref name=m>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.415–45</ref> Later, the capital was shifted first to Junnar and then to a new city Khadki (later [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]).

After the death of Malik Ambar in May 1626, his son Fath Khan surrendered to the Mughals in 1633 and handed over the young Nizam Shahi ruler Hussain Shah, who was sent as a prisoner to the fort of Gwalior. But soon, [[Shahaji]] with the assistance of Bijapur, placed an infant scion of the Nizam Shahi dynasty, [[Murtaza Nizam Shah III]] on the throne and he became the regent. In 1636 [[Aurangzeb]], then Mughal viceroy of Deccan finally annexed the sultanate to the Mughal empire after defeating Shahaji.

===Revenue system of Malik Ambar===
The revenue system introduced by Malik Ambar was based on the revenue system introduced in Northern India and some parts of Gujarat and Khandesh [[Subah (province)|subahs]] by Raja [[Todar Mal|Todarmal]]. Lands were classified as good or bad according to their fertility and he took a number of years to ascertain accurately the average yield of lands. He abolished the revenue farming. At first, revenue was fixed as two-fifths of the actual produce in kind, but later the cultivators were allowed to pay in cash equivalent to approximately one-third of the yield. Although an average rent was fixed for each plot of land but actual collections depended on the conditions of crops and they varied from year to year.<ref name="m"/>

== Art and architecture ==
Under the reigns of successive rulers of the dynasty, architecture and art flourished in the kingdom. The earliest extant school of painting in the Deccan sultanates is from Ahmadnagar.<ref name="michell_274" /> Several palaces, such as the Farah Bakhsh Bagh,<ref>[[Pushkar Sohoni]]. "Change and Memory in Farah Bagh, Ahmadnagar" in ''Journal of Deccan Studies'', v. 5 no. 2 (Jul–Dec 2007), pp. 59–77.</ref> the Hasht Bihisht Bagh, Lakkad Mahal were built, as were tombs, mosques and other buildings.<ref>[[Pushkar Sohoni]]. "Architecture of the Nizam Shahs" in Helen Philon (ed.), ''Silent Splendour: Palaces of the Deccan, 14th – 19th centuries'' (Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2010).</ref> Many forts of the Deccan, such as the fort of [[Junnar]] (later renamed [[Shivneri]]), [[Paranda]], [[Ausa]], [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]], [[Lohagad]], etc. were greatly improved under their reign. Daulatabad, which was their secondary capital, was also heavily fortified and constructed in their reign.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sohoni|first1=Pushkar|author1-link=Pushkar Sohoni|title=Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad and Ahmadnagar|date=2015|publisher=Jaico Publishing House; Deccan Heritage Foundation|location=Mumbai; London|isbn=9788184957020}}</ref> Literature was heavily patronised in the kingdom, as seen through manuscripts such as the ''Tarif-i Husain Shah Badshah-i Dakan''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aftabi|editor1-last=Mate|editor1-first=M.S.|editor2-last=Kulkarni|editor2-first=G.T.|title=Tarif-i-Husain Shah, Badshah Dakhan|date=1987|publisher=Bharat Itihas Samshodhan Mandal|location=Pune}}</ref> Sanskrit scholarship was also given a boost under their rule, as demonstrated by the works of Sabaji Pratap<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gode|first1=P.K.|title=Sabaji Prataparaja, a protege of Burhan Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar, and his works between 1500 and 1560|journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly|date=1944|volume=20|page=96}}</ref> and Bhanudatta.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Bhanudatta|editor1-last=Pollock|editor1-first=Sheldon|title="Bouquet of rasa" & "River of rasa"|date=2009|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780814767559}}</ref> The city of Ahmadnagar, founded by the Nizam Shahs, was described as being comparable to Cairo and Baghdad, within a few years of its construction.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Astarabadi (Firishtah)|first1=Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh|editor1-last=Briggs|editor1-first=John|title=History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, vol 3|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green|location=London|page=201}}</ref> It was modelled along the great cities of the Persianate world, given the Shi'i leanings of the dynasty.<ref>[[Pushkar Sohoni]]. "Patterns of Faith: Mosque Typologies and Sectarian Affiliation in the Kingdom of Ahmadnagar" in David Roxburgh (ed.), ''Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in honor of Renata Holod'' (Leiden: Brill, 2014).</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Ahmednagar fort 2.jpg|A pen and ink drawing of Ahmadnagar fort, c. 1885
File:GRAY(1852) pg339 AHMEDNUGGUR - DUMREE MUSJID.jpg|Damadi Masjid <ref name="DGDE">{{cite web |last1=Maitra |first1=Sharmistha |title=Damadi Masjid, Ahmadnagar Cantonment |url=https://www.dgde.gov.in/content/damadi-masjid-ahmadnagar-cantonment |website=www.dgde.gov.in |publisher=Directorate General Defence Estates, Delhi Cantt |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref>
File:Anagar fort main.jpg|[[Ahmednagar Fort]]
File:Tomb Of Salabat Khan II .jpg| Tomb of Salabat Khan II, minister of [[Murtaza Nizam Shah I]]
</gallery>
{{clearboth}}

== List of rulers ==
[[File:ExecutionOfLodiAndSupporters-Padshahnama.jpg|thumb|250px|The treacherous [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Viceroy of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] Khan Jahan Lodi was executed in the year 1630, for covertly allying himself with [[Burhan Nizam Shah III]], against the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]]<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=History of India|author=Jayapalan, N.|date=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited|isbn=9788171569281|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC|page=167|access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>]]

The following is the list of the Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmadnagar:<ref name="michell_274">Michell, George & Mark Zebrowski. ''Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates'' (''[[The New Cambridge History of India]]'' Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, {{ISBN|0-521-56321-6}}, p.274</ref>
#[[Ahmad Nizam Shah I]] 1490–1510
#[[Burhan Shah I|Burhan Nizam Shah I]] 1510–1553
#[[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] 1553–1565
#[[Murtaza Nizam Shah I]] 1565–1588
#[[Hussain Nizam Shah II]] 1588–1589
#[[Ismail Nizam Shah]] 1589–1591
#[[Burhan Nizam Shah II]] 1591–1595
#[[Chand Bibi]] 1595–1596
#[[Ahmad Nizam Shah II]] 1596
#[[Bahadur Nizam Shah]] 1596–1600
#[[Murtaza Nizam Shah II]] 1600–1610
#[[Burhan Nizam Shah III]] 1610–1631
#[[Hussain Nizam Shah III]] 1631–1633
#[[Murtaza Nizam Shah III]] 1633–1636
*Mughal historians and Emperors never referred to them as ''Nizam Shahs'' but rather as ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'', since they were not recognised as equals.

==Lineage==


{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |AHM| | | | | | | |AHM=1. '''[[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I|Ahmad Nizam Shah I]]''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1490–1509}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |BUR| | | | | | |BUR=2. '''[[Burhan Nizam Shah I|Burhan Nizam Shah I]]''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1509–1553}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart| | | | | HUS| | | | | | | |MUH| | | | | | SHA | | | | | | | | |:|HUS=3. '''[[Hussain Nizam Shah I|Hussain Nizam Shah I]]''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1553–1565|MUH=Muhammad Khudabanda|SHA=Shah Ali}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|MU1| |CHA| |BUR| | | |SHA| | | | | | MU2 | | | | | | | | |:|MU1=4. '''[[Murtaza Nizam Shah I|Murtaza Nizam Shah I]]''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1565–1588|CHA='''[[Chand Bibi]]''' Regent of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] 1580–90 Regent of Ahmednagar 1596–99|BUR=7. '''[[Burhan Nizam Shah II|Burhan Nizam Shah II]]''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1591–1595
|SHA=Shah Tahir
|MU2=11. '''[[Murtaza Nizam Shah II|Murtaza Nizam Shah II]]''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1600–1610}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|HUS| | | |ISM| |IBR| |AHM| | | | | | BUR | | | | | | | | |:|HUS=5. '''Hussain Nizam Shah II''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1588–1589
|ISM=6. '''Isma'il Nizam Shah II''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1589–1591
|IBR=8. '''Ibrahim Nizam Shah''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1595–1596
|AHM=9. '''Ahmad Nizam Shah II''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1596
|BUR=12. '''Burhan Nizam Shah III''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1610–1631}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |BAH| | | | | | | | | |HUS| | | | | | | |MUR
|BAH=10. '''[[Bahadur Nizam Shah]]''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1596–1600
|HUS=13. '''Hussain Nizam Shah III''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1631–1633
|MUR=14. '''[[Murtaza Nizam Shah III|Murtaza Nizam Shah III]]''' Sultan of Ahmadnagar 1633–1636}}
{{tree chart/end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{commons category|Ahmadnagar Sultanate}}
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Shyam, Radhe (2008). ''Kingdom of Ahmadnagar'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-2651-5}}
* Sohoni, Pushkar (2010). [http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/2071 "Local Idioms and Global Designs: Architecture of the Nizam Shahs"] (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).
* Sohoni, Pushkar(2015), ''Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad and Ahmadnagar'', Mumbai : Jaico Publishing House; London : Deccan Heritage Foundation, {{ISBN|9788184957020}}
* Chopra, R.M. (2012), The Rise, Growth And Decline in Indo-Persian Literature, Iran Culture House, New Delhi, Chapter on "Persian Literature in Ahmadnagar Sultanate".

[[Category:States and territories established in 1490]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1636]]
[[Category:Ahmadnagar Sultanate| ]]
[[Category:Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:History of Aurangabad, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs by empires]]

Ahmadnagar Sultanate - Revision history

Mlzsgondia: Improved article clarity and structure

WikiDwarf at 11:30, 11 July 2021

>Nenetarun: aka..