->Qwef1234: /* Portrayal */

2021-12-31T21:19:01Z

Portrayal

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name =Ahmad Tasnim
| native_name = 
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| order =[[Chairman]] of [[Karachi Port Trust]]
| office =
| term_start =1992
| term_end =1994
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| taoiseach =
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| predecessor =[[Rear Admiral|RAdm]] S. R. Hussain
| successor =[[Rear Admiral|RAdm]] AKbar H. Khan
| prior_term =
| order2 =[[Chairperson|Chairman]] of [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation|National Shipping Corporation]]
| office2 = 
| term_start2 =11 November 1991
| term_end2 =21 April 1992
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| succeeding2 = 
| predecessor2 =[[Rear-Admiral|RAdm]] S. Hamid Khalid
| successor2 =[[Vice-Admiral|VAdm]] [[Mansurul Haq]]
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| pronunciation =
| birth_name =Ahmad Tasnim
| birth_date ={{Birth year and age|1935}}
| birth_place =[[Jalandhar|Jullundar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] {{small|(Present-day [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
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| alma_mater =[[Britannia Royal Naval College]] [[Royal Naval College, Greenwich]] [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]]
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| allegiance ={{PAK}}
| branch =[[File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Pakistan Navy]]
| serviceyears =1954–1994
| rank =[[File:Insignia Vice Admiral Pakistan Navy.gif|10px]][[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|30px]] [[Vice-Admiral]]
| unit =[[Pakistan Navy#Submarine Command of the Pakistan Navy|Submarine Service Branch]] {{small|[[Service number|(PN No. 609)]]}}<ref name="« PakDef Military Consortium, 2003">{{cite web|last1=Shabbir|first1=Usman|title=List of Gallantry Awardees – PN Officers/CPOs/Sailors|url=http://pakdef.org/list-of-gallantry-awardees-pn-officerscpossailors/|website=pakdef.org|publisher=« PakDef Military Consortium|access-date=18 August 2017|location=Karachi, Pk.|language=en-pk|date=June 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810172213/http://pakdef.org/list-of-gallantry-awardees-pn-officerscpossailors/|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| commands =[[Pakistan Navy#Combatant commands|Commander Pakistan Fleet]] [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|DCNS (Personnel)]] 25th Destroyer Squadron [[Military attaché]], [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan|Pakistan Embassy, Paris]] [[Pakistan Navy#Submarine Command of the Pakistan Navy|Submarine Command]] (COMSUBS)
| battles =[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| mawards =[[File:Crescent of Excellence Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|25px]][[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] (military) [[File:PAK Sitara-i-Juraat ribbon.svg|25px]][[Sitara-e-Jurat]] [[File:Star of Good Conduct Sitara-e-Basalat.png|25px]][[Sitara-e-Basalat]]
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}}
[[Vice-Admiral]] '''Ahmad Tasnim''' ([[Urdu]]:احمد تسنيم; born 1935), {{small|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]], [[Sitara-e-Jurat|SJ{{small|&Bar}}]],<ref>"Bar" refers to a second award of the same honour</ref> [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]}}, is a retired [[Three-star rank|three-star]] rank [[admiral]] in the [[Pakistan Navy]] who is notable for his command of the [[PNS Hangor|''Hangor'']], a [[Hangor-class submarine (1968)|submarine]], that sank the [[INS Khukri (1958)|INS Khukri]] on 8 December 1971 during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with India, off the [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Gujarat]] in [[India]].<ref name="Daily Mail, 2007">{{cite news|last1=Shah (Retd)|first1=Rear-Admiral l Mian Zahir|title=The decommissioning of the Daphne Class Submarines|url=http://dailymailnews.com/200601/02/dmarticlepage.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055952/http://dailymailnews.com/200601/02/dmarticlepage.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2007|access-date=18 August 2017|work=Daily Mail|agency=Daily Mail|publisher=Daily Mail, 2007|date=28 September 2007|location=Karachi, Sindh, Pk.|pages=1|language=en-gb|format=webarchive}}</ref><ref name="ISPR (Navy Directorate)">{{cite web|title=Important Events|url=https://www.paknavy.gov.pk/history.html|website=www.paknavy.gov.pk|publisher=ISPR (Navy Directorate)|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref>

This was the first submarine kill since [[World War II]], and the only one until a [[Royal Navy]]'s [[HMS Conqueror (S48)|''Conqueror'']] sank an [[Argentina|Argentine]] cruiser [[ARA General Belgrano|''General Belgrano'']] during the [[Falklands War]] fought in 1980s. In 1990s, he was appointed chairman of the [[Karachi Port Trust]] and the [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation]] while serving in the Navy until retiring from his service in 1994.<ref name="PNSC">{{cite web|title=Pakistan National Shipping Corporation: Chairmen History|url=https://pnsc.com.pk/chairman-history.html|website=pnsc.com.pk|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="KPT">{{cite web|title=Chairmen History – Karachi Port Trust {{!}}|url=http://kpt.gov.pk/pages/Default.aspx?id=61&__ncforminfo=7UZZYtq9Bi93Kd8c55-hfds5fjU54Ecnd5il2IHC-xot-wphIwUKZSajmnL4Ak5wSulYGp4FP5o=|website=kpt.gov.pk|publisher=Karachi Port Trust|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref>

== Biography ==
=== Early life and career in Navy ===
In an interview conducted by A.H. Amin, Ahmad Tasnim stated that he was born in a village, Mianwal, located in [[Jalandhar district]], [[East Punjab]] in [[British Indian Empire|British India]], in 1935.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin">{{cite web|last1=Amin|first1=A.H|title=Remembering Our Warriors – Vice Admiral Tasneem|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/may/tasneem.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Defence Journal, Amin|access-date=18 August 2017|location=Islamabad, Pakistan|language=en-pk|date=May 2001}}</ref> In the same interview, he stated that his ancestors "most likely came from [[Iran]]" and "took up agriculture as their livelihood" after settling in the "area".<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

His father, [[Choudri Muhammad Yaqub|Mohammad Yakob]], was a civil servant with [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] of British government.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> In 1940, he moved with his father who was posted to [[Jhang]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]] and permanently moved to [[Burewala]] after the [[Independence of Pakistan|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] on [[Fourteenth of August|14 August]] as result of the [[Partition of India|partition]] of [[India]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

After matriculating from a local high school in Jhang, he was admitted at the [[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College University]] in [[Lahore]] in 1950 but left his university studies after being selected for the military service exam in 1952.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> In 1954, he joined the [[Pakistan Navy]], [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as [[Midshipman]] and was sent to the [[United Kingdom]] to attend the [[Britannia Royal Naval College]] in [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]], England.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> He shared his dormitory with [[Cadet|army cadet]] [[Imran Ullah Khan|Imranullah Khan]] who would also ascended into being a three-star army general.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> He graduated from the [[Britannia Royal Naval College]] in 1955, and was later sent to [[Australia]] for further sea training where he joined the [[Royal Australian Navy]] as an [[exchange officer]], gaining commission as [[Sub Lieutenant|Sub-Lieutenant]] on 1 January 1957, and served aboard [[HMAS Sydney (R17)|HMAS Sydney]], an [[aircraft carrier]].{{rp|73–76}}<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, Shah">{{cite book|last1=Shah, Retd|first1=Rear-Admiral Mian Zahir|title=Bubbles of Water: Or, Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy|date=2001|publisher=PN Book Club Publication|location=Karachi, Pk|isbn=9789698318031|pages=487|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goDfAAAAMAAJ&q=Ahmad+Tasnim+|access-date=18 August 2017|language=en|format=google books|chapter=The Flippin' Pencil}}</ref><ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

Briefly serving as an [[exchange officer]], [[Sub Lieutenant|S/Lt.]] Tasnim was again set to [[England]] where he attended the [[Royal Naval College, Greenwich|Royal Naval College]] in [[Greenwich]], where he graduated in [[War studies]] with strong emphasis on [[nuclear war]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> Upon returning to Pakistan, he was promoted as [[Lieutenant (naval)|lieutenant]], and was posted as [[executive officer]] to {{ship|PNS|Jahangir||2}} which he served until 1961.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> During this time, he was posted in [[East Pakistan]] but return shortly after [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lt.]] Tasnim was appointed as [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] to [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

In 1963, [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lt.]] Tasnim personally excused himself from his assignment in order to join the newly established crew that was to be trained in the [[United States]] in order to operate the [[PNS Ghazi|submarine acquired]] from the [[United States Navy]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> Alongside with then-[[Lieutenant-Commander|Lt.Cdr]] [[Karamat Rahman Niazi|K.R. Niazi]], [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lt.]] Tasnim arrived in the [[New London, Connecticut|New London]] in [[Connecticut]] where he was trained on the [[USS Angler]] for the submarine operations.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> In 1964, the crew of [[PNS Ghazi|''Ghazi'']] returned to Pakistan and reported back to its base, [[Karachi Naval Dockyard]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

=== War appointments in Navy: 1965 and 1971 war ===
{{Main|Operation Dwarka|PNS Ghazi|l2=Submerged circumnavigation by PNS Ghazi in 1967–68|Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971|l3=Naval operations in Western Front of Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
In 1965, [[Lieutenant-Commander]] Tasnim was the [[Executive Officer|executive officer]] and [[Second-in-Command]] of the {{ship|PNS|Ghazi}}, and participated in [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|second war]] with [[India]] in 1965.{{rp|86}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Roy">{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Mihir K.|title=War in the Indian Ocean|date=1995|publisher=Lancer Publishers|location=Delhi, India|isbn=978-1-897829-11-0|page=290|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tqr8r7EB18wC&pg=PA79|access-date=18 August 2017|language=en-gb|chapter=Trumps and Aces}}</ref>

''Ghazi'', under command of [[Commander (rank)|Cdr]] [[Karamat Rahman Niazi|KR Niazi]], escorted the [[Flotilla|combined task group]] under [[Commodore (rank)|Cdre]] S.M. Anwar, the [[Officer in tactical command|OTC]], to successfully [[Operation Dwarka|raid a radar facility]] in [[Dwarka]], [[India]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> ''Ghazi'' later patrolled the [[Arabian Sea|Arabian sea]] and reported back safely to its base once the [[Tashkent Agreement|ceasefire]] was broken by the [[Soviet Union]] between [[India and Pakistan]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> Lt. Cdr. Tasnim was honoured with [[Sitara-e-Jurat]], alongside with the ''Ghazi'' in 1966.{{rp|86–87}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Roy" />

In 1967, [[Lieutenant-Commander]] Tasnim assumed the [[Commanding officer|command]] of ''Ghazi'' and became concerned for her [[refit]] as time passed.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> After refitting of its computers, ''Ghazi'' under the command of [[Lieutenant-Commander|Lt. Cdr.]] Tasnim embarked on the notable [[circumnavigation]] of [[Africa]] and [[Southern Europe]] in order for its [[mid-life update]] that were to be carried out in [[Gölcük Naval Shipyard]] in [[Turkey]] due to the closure of the [[Suez Canal]] because of the [[Six-Day War]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

After the refit trials, Lt. Cdr. Tasnim returned to [[Karachi]] and traveled to [[Paris]] to acquire the {{sclass-|Hangor|submarine|||1968}}.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> There, he learned [[French language|French]] language and took over of the command of the {{ship|PNS|Hangor}} in 1969 as Commander.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

Cdr. Tasnim arrived with ''Hangor'' submarines in 1970, and reported to its base in Karachi on 1 December 1970.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> On August 1971, Cdr. Tasnim volunteered to go behind the enemy lines to pick up intelligence on [[Indian Navy]]'s movement, which was duly approved.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> On November 1971, {{ship|PNS|Hangor|S131|2}} again sailed under his command with full wartime load of [[torpedoes]], moving towards [[Mumbai|Bombay harbour]], identifying the Indian armada but did not attack due to not being authorized.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> In an attempt to warn, Cdr. Tasnim broke the radio silence and dispatched a message that was immediately identified, leading the Indian Navy dispatching two [[anti-submarine warfare|ASW warships]], {{INS|Khukri|F149|6}} and INS ''Kirpan'' from [[Squadron (naval)|14th Squadron]] of the [[Western Naval Command]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="Cdr. M. Khan, dawn newspapers">{{cite magazine |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad |title=Naval battles revisited |url=https://www.academia.edu/27969777 |access-date=18 August 2017 |magazine=Dawn Magazine |date=17 December 2006 |language=en |via=Academia}}</ref> The Indian squadron under [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[Mahendra Nath Mulla|M.N. Mullah]] identified ''Hangor'' on 2–3 December, and came forward to attack the submarine that was operating on the [[Waves and shallow water|shallow waters]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> Cdr. Tasnim ordered the increase of depth of the submarine by 200 m and set their targets on approaching Indian Navy's ship that were now coming to attack the submarine.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

At about 20:00Hrs, Cdr. Tasnim had his torpedo crew led by then-[[Lieutenant (naval)|Lt.]] [[Fasih Bokhari]] calculate the enemy ship path and firing range, and order the crew to fire the torpedoes.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=SINKING OF KHUKRI
|publisher=[[Pakistan Navy]]
|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/history.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707180515/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/history.htm
|archive-date=2007-07-07
}}</ref><ref name="Cdr. M. Khan, dawn newspapers" /> The first [[homing torpedo]] did not target its ship which was aimed at ''Kirpan'', and immediately opted a quick solution, firing second [[homing torpedo]] that hit the magazine of the ''Khukri''.<ref name="Cdr. M. Khan, dawn newspapers" /> The crew of ''Hangor'' heard a loud explosion and began recording the orders being passed by Captain [[Mahendra Nath Mulla|M.N. Mullah]]; a third homing torpedo was also fired but ''Kirpan'' fled the scene.<ref name="Pakistan Military Consortium">{{cite web |author=R Qadri |title=We Sank the Khukri |url=http://pakdef.org/we-sank-the-khukri/ |website=Pakdef |access-date=18 August 2017 |language=en-pk |date=June 2003}}</ref> ''Khukri'' sank quickly before ''Hangor'' could make an attempt to save the survivors, losing 250 men in this action including Captain M.N. Mullah.<ref name="Pakistan Military Consortium" />

For almost a week, Cdr. Tasnim had the ''Hangor'' submerged due to being aware of massive search and destroy mission to locate ''Hangor'', making his way to report back to its base with depleted [[Nickel–hydrogen battery|hydrogen batteries]].<ref name="Pakistan Military Consortium" /> According to his personal admission in 2001, Tasnim maintained: "''An extensive air search combined with surface ships made our life miserable but with intelligent evasive action we managed to survive these attacks and arrived in Karachi safely after the ceasefire''."<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

=== Staff and Command appointments ===

Upon returning to Pakistan, Cdr. Tasnim was decorated with [[Sitara-e-Jurat]] for his actions of valour in 1972.<ref name="« PakDef Military Consortium, 2003" /> In 1973, he was posted in [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] in [[Islamabad]], becoming director submarine operations and assuming the command of submarine command (COMSUBS) in 1974.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> In 1975–76, Cdr. Tasnim went to [[United States]] to attend the [[U. S. Naval War College|Naval War College]] in [[Rhode Island]], returning with [[Master of Science|MSc.]] in war studies, and appointed "Directing Staff" at the [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] in [[Karachi]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

In 1976, he was promoted to [[One-star rank|one-star]] assignment, and [[Captain (naval)|Capt.]] Tasnim was appointed as Director-General Naval Operations (DGNO) and then [[Naval Secretary]] at [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] in [[Islamabad]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> In 1978, [[Commodore (rank)|Cdre.]] was selected by the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) for a diplomatic assignment, and briefly tenured as [[military attaché]] at the [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan|Embassy of Pakistan]] in [[Paris]] until 1981.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

Upon returning, Cdre. Tasnim was tactical officer commanding of the 25th Destroyer Squadron, later commandant of the [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] in [[Karachi]] and posted as the [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff|ACNS (Training)]] until promoted to [[Two-star admiral|two-star]] rank. In 1984, [[Rear-Admiral]] Tasnim was directed to join the faculty of [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] (NDU) in [[Islamabad]], teaching courses on military studies of which then-[[Brigadier|Brig.]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] was also this student.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" /> He remained [[Full Professor|Chief Instructor (CI)]] at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|NDU]] until 1987.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

In 1987–88, Rear-Admiral Tasnim was appointed as [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|DCNS (Personnel)]] and later became a senior [[Fleet Commander|fleet commander]] in 1989–91, with as three-star rank, [[Vice-Admiral]].{{rp|354–355}}<ref name="Jang Publishers">{{cite book|last1=Sirohey|first1=Iftikhar Ahmed|title=Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey|date=1995|publisher=Jang Publishers|location=Karachi, Pk|pages=592|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IHjAAAAMAAJ&q=tasnim+|access-date=18 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>

In 1991, [[Vice-Admiral]] Tasnim's name was announced to be appointed as [[Chairman]] of the [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation|National Shipping Corporation]] which he stayed until 1992.<ref name="PNSC" /> In 1992, Vice-Admiral Tasnim was moved as chairman of [[Karachi Port Trust]] (KPT), which he remained until his retirement from the Navy in 1994.<ref name="KPT" /><ref>{{Cite web
| title =Board of Governors
| work =Cadet College Petaro
| publisher =adet College Petaro
| url =http://www.petaro.org/BOG.htm
}}</ref> In 1992, Vice-Admiral Tasnim was moved as chairman of [[Karachi Port Trust]] (KPT), which he remained until his retirement from the Navy in 1994.<ref name="KPT" />

== Retirement and defence analyst ==

In 2001, Admiral Tasnim refuted the Indian Navy's claim of sinking the [[PNS Ghazi|''Ghazi'']], maintaining on the ground that "the sub was lost due to operational accident and Indians have never claimed it as such."<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin" />

In 2016, Admiral Tasnim backed the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]]'s claim of detecting the Indian Navy's submarine patrol the [[Karachi coast]], claiming that: the Indian submarine was detected 40 nautical miles off Pakistani coast."<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 2016">{{cite news|last1=Abbas|first1=Syed Samar|title=Navy says prevented Indian submarine from entering Pakistani waters|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1297112|access-date=18 August 2017|agency=Dawn Newspapers|publisher=Dawn Newspapers|date=18 November 2016|location=Islamabad|language=en-pk}}</ref> Talking to [[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn'']], Tasnim was of the opinion that "''the submarine had come for intelligence gathering purposes. Intelligence gathering is a common practice, but the skill is not to get caught – like we did in our times''."<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 2016" />

==Portrayal==
In December 2021, [[ARY Digital]] release a telefilm ''[[Hangor S-131]]'', based on real incidents from 1971 Indo-Pak war in which role of Tasnim was played by [[Zahid Ahmed (actor)|Zahid Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cutacut.com/2021/12/27/telefilm-hangor-review/?amp|title=Telefilm Hangor: Realistic, relatable and emotional|website=cutacut|date=27 December 2021|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oyeyeah.com/drama-reviews/hangor-telefilm-review/|title=Hangor Telefilm Review: A fascinating display of unflinching bravery!|website=Oyeyeah|date=31 December 2021|access-date=}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Submarine warfare]]
*[[Hangor-class submarine (1968)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite book|last1=Cardozo|first1=Major General Ian|title=The Sinking of INS Khukri: Survivor's Stories|date=2006|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9789351940999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvs_CgAAQBAJ&dq=Sinking+of+ins+khukri&pg=PT1|access-date=18 August 2017|language=en}}
{{Pakistani Armed Forces}}
{{Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tasnim, Ahmad}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:People from Jhang District]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
[[Category:Submarine commanders]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
[[Category:Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Navy admirals]]
[[Category:People from Islamabad]]
[[Category:Pakistani television personalities]]
[[Category:Pakistani columnists]]
[[Category:Defence and security analysts in Pakistan]]

Ahmad Tasnim - Revision history

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