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{{Short description|Indian agricultural system}}
'''''Ahar Pyne''''' or '''''Ahar-Pyne''''' refers to a traditional agricultural system in [[Bihar|South Bihar]], [[India]], using channels and retention ponds to manage [[water resources]]. The system was widely used in South Bihar for centuries before declining in the 20th century, but is seeing renewed interest in the 21st century.

== Description ==
''Ahar-pynes'' originated in South Bihar, [[East India|Eastern India]]. The region is dominated by fertile plains which make South Bihar a productive agricultural center. However, the region's terrain also leaves it prone to negative environmental effects. During years with a heavy summer [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] the plains are prone to severe flooding, while during years with a weak monsoon the area suffers from droughts - both effects harm agricultural production and damage the local environment. South Bihar is also home to a number of small, fast-flowing tributary rivers that swell during rains and exasperate flooding.<ref name=":0">Koul, D. N., Singh, S., Neelam, G., & Shukla, G. (2012). ''Traditional water management systems-An overview of Ahar-pyne system in South Bihar plains of India and need for its revival.''</ref>

To adapt to the region's unpredictable weather, Bihari farmers developed a system of agriculture known as ''ahar-pynes''. Under the system, channels (''pynes'')<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=:: Parampara Project {{!}} AHAR PYNE ::|url=https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_ahar_pyane.html|access-date=2020-07-28|website=www.paramparaproject.org}}</ref> are dug into the soil - allowing for water to flow - with raised embankments on the sides. The channel is interspersed with small retention ponds (''ahars''),<ref name=":1" /> useful for collecting excess water. The design of the system serves a dual purpose, draining water during floods and retaining water during droughts. The system also allows for the establishing of [[Patty|crop-yielding patties]] on the sides of the channel and around the ponds.<ref name=":0" /> Correct usage of the system can allow for farmers to plant two crops a year, increasing food security and bringing in extra income.<ref>Niranjan Pant. "Indigenous Irrigation in South Bihar: A Case of Congruence of Boundaries." ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 33, no. 49 (1998): 3132-138. Accessed July 28, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/4407444.</ref>

''Ahar-pynes'' are traditionally established by hand, with individual farmers often owning several different parts of the channel. Some of the channels are long enough to supply water to multiple villages and can extend for dozens of kilometres. As noted by some sources, this communal ownership entices the local community to maintain the system regardless of caste (though historically some castes were assigned different roles while maintaining the system)<ref name=":0" /> or economic status. The work of maintaining ''ahar-pynes'' was historically split between local governments and farmers, a tradition collectively known as ''[[Kudimaramathu]]'';<ref name=":0" /> individual farmers were expected to clear their patties of silt and other obstructions (a system known as ''goam''), while governments performed more extensive maintenance. Maintenance was community-sourced, and government work was paid for with a fee known as the ''Gilandazi''.<ref name=":0" /> The combined result of these efforts was the creation of a community-sustained cheap and effective means of managing water resources.<ref name=":0" />

=== Decline ===
''Ahar-pynes'' were an important part of the South Bihari economy for centuries (some sources attribute the system to the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha kingdom]], making it several thousand years old<ref>{{Cite web|title=It’s time for nature, but how?|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/opinion/its-time-for-nature-but-how/104606|access-date=2020-07-28|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-04|title=Ancient Mauryan technology brings water, hope to dry Magadh in Bihar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ancient-mauryan-technology-brings-water-hope-to-dry-magadh-in-bihar/story-aMtlAukgnrYEFR4vjB1DrL.html|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>), as they were a cheap, easily-repairable way to manage water resources. By the early 20th century local governments had established registries to organize the distribution of water rights, and 35% of South Bihar's cropped land was being cultivated using water supplied by ''ahar-pynes''. However, usage of ''ahar-pynes'' greatly declined in the 20th century as the South Bihari population began to adopt more modern agricultural techniques, such as [[Tube well|tube wells]] (which are heavily subsidized by the Indian government).<ref name=":0" /> Many older ''ahar-pynes'' were abandoned and fell into disrepair, with some becoming receptacles for waste water.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-20|title=TBI Videos: Magadh Jal Jamaat Helps Revive 2000-year old Flood Water Harvesting Systems in Gaya, Bihar|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/6963/tbi-videos-magadh-jal-jamaat-helps-revive-2000-year-old-flood-water-harvesting-systems-in-gaya-bihar/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Revival ===
In the 21st century, renewed attention has led to some sources advocating for the re-establishments of ''ahar-pynes''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Proponents of the system cite the cheap cost of establishing ''ahar-pynes'' when compared to large-scale irrigation projects, and note that the community-driven history of the system will reduce maintenance costs while increasing the wealth of the local populace.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water resource management in India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Bihar]]

Ahar Pyne - Revision history

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