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{{original research|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Afghans in India
| image =
| caption =
| langs = [[Hindi]]{{·}}[[Urdu]]. [[Pashto]]
| population = Over 18,000<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tough-times-follow-afghan-refugees-fleeing-taliban-to-delhi/1146123/1] Jul 24 2013. Retrieved 2019-05-01</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-afghanistan-refugees-idUSKBN19E04V] June 22, 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-01</ref>
| popplace = [[Delhi]]{{·}}[[Kolkata]]{{·}}[[Bangalore]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Sikhism]]{{·}}[[Islam]]{{·}}[[Christianity]]<ref>[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/an-afghan-church-grows-in-delhi/ An Afghan Church Grows in Delhi]. July 22, 2013. Retrieved 2015-02-04.</ref><ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2013/july/afghanistan-christian-converts-in-new-delhi-india.html?paging=off Where Afghan Christians Flee After Converting to Christianity]. July 25, 2013. Retrieved 2015-02-04.</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}

'''Afghan Indians''' are Indian citizens and non-citizen residents born in, or with ancestors from, Afghanistan. The [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]] newspaper reported the presence of about 18,000 [[Afghan nationality law|Afghan nationals]] residing in India in 2011, citing India's Foreign Ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tough-times-follow-afghan-refugees-fleeing-taliban-to-delhi/1146123/2|title=Tough times follow Afghan refugees fleeing Taliban to Delhi - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref> Apart from citizens and expatriates, there are many communities in India who trace their ancestries back to [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] forefathers.

==History==
{{Further|Afghanistan-India relations}}
The earliest record of Afghans in India (people from modern-day Afghanistan; they should not be confused with the ethnic [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] people from Afghanistan who were historically called [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]]) are the rulers from (present-day) Afghanistan who began setting up dynasties in [[Northern India]] around 10 century onwards, until the Mughal's arrival in India. These dynasties include [[Ghaznavids]] (Turkic origin rulers from Ghazni in modern-day Afghanistan), [[Ghorids]] (Exact ethnic origin is distputed from Ghor in present-day central Afghanistan), [[Khilji dynasty]] (a Turko Afghan dynasty from eastern and southern Afghanistan), and [[Lodhi dynasty]]. Mughal rule was briefly interrupted by the [[Sur dynasty]] before Mughals regained the power. Other Pashtuns began invading India until the [[Sikh Empire]] came to power. This formed a barrier between Afghanistan ([[Durrani Empire]]) and British India. Afghans were required visas to enter India after this period.

The great [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] emperor [[Sher Shah Suri]] (Farid Khan) defeated the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1540. After his accidental death in 1545, his son [[Islam Shah]] became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal army under [[Babur]] and then as the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son [[Humayun]] was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Shah overran the state of Bengal and established the [[Sur Dynasty]]. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself a gifted administrator as well as a capable general. His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably [[Akbar]], son of Humayun.
He extended the Grand Trunk Road from Chittagong in the frontiers of the province of Bengal in near eastern India to Kabul in Afghanistan in the far northwest of the country.

During the 19th century many Afghans migrated to India. Prominent among them were the families of [[Nawab of Sardhana]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft_djvu.txt/ Page 13: The Golden Book of India, by Sir Roper Lethbridge. McMillan & Co., 1893, London.]</ref> and the [[Qizilbashi]] Agha family of [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]].<ref>[http://libasapp.pakkapapita.com/?p=5452]</ref> Both the families had martial lineage and belonged to the feudal aristocracy.<ref>[https://aghafamilyofsrinagarkashmir.wordpress.com/]</ref>

During the 20th century, a small number of Indians of Afghan heritage became involved in [[Bollywood]] film making industry. This includes, [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Salman Khan]] and others. After the start of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1979, a number of Afghans immigrated to India. Most of them were Hindu and Sikh Afghans who are neither native Tajiks nor Pashtuns from Afghanistan. Thousands of Afghan refugees that have been living in India have since become Indian citizens.<ref name=UNHCR>[http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/news/opendoc.htm?tbl=NEWS&id=441190254&page=news UNHCR]</ref><ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e4876d6&submit=GO 2013 UNHCR regional operations profile - South Asia]</ref>

Recently, [[Adnan Sami]] became an Indian citizen on 1 January 2016. He is a Pashtun from his father [[Arshad Sami Khan]]'s side. Adnan's grandfather General Mehfooz Jan hailed from [[Herat]], [[Afghanistan]] and was the governor of four provinces in [[Afghanistan]], namely [[Herat]], [[Kabul]], [[Jalalabad]] and [[Balkh]], under the reign of King [[Amanullah Khan]]. Adnan's great-grandfather General Ahmed Jan was the military adviser to King [[Abdur Rahman Khan]]. General Ahmed Jan was the conqueror of [[Kafiristan]] and named it [[Nuristan]]. However, at the time of the [[Habibullah Kalakani]] revolution in [[Afghanistan]], Adnan's grandfather General Mehfooz Jan was assassinated. The family therefore migrated to [[Peshawar]], which was a part of [[British India]] at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/Adnan-Sami-Fastest-fingers-first/articleshow/37852222.cms|title=Adnan Sami: Fastest fingers first|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Residence in India ==
India has not signed the [[United Nations Convention against Torture]] (CAT) nor the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees|1951 Convention relating to refugees]]. It also does not have any domestic legislation in place to ensure their basic rights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-afghanistan-refugees-idUSKBN19E04V|title=Afghan women refugees resurrected as India's plastic waste warriors|date=2017-06-23|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-05-02|language=en}}</ref> Many Afghans do not have work permits in India. They have trouble enrolling their children in school, and cannot even get a local phone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tough-times-follow-afghan-refugees-fleeing-taliban-to-delhi/1146123/1|title=Tough times follow Afghan refugees fleeing Taliban to Delhi - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref> They carry UNHCR registration certificates, and do little more than just survive.<ref name=":0" /> Some Afghans make less than their Indian counter parts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/falling-short-how-india-treats-those-seeking-refuge/story-Y96NXag08KXxzaNjkOND5M.html|title=Falling short: How India treats those seeking refuge|date=2015-09-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref> Others own successful small businesses.

=== Naturalisation ===
To be eligible for [[Naturalization|naturalisation]], a refugee must have lived in India for 12 years or have been married to an Indian for seven years. The length of stay must be supported by documentation - a Residence Permit issued by the Indian government - for it to count towards naturalisation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2005/5/428c967e4/afghan-refugees-search-indian-identity.html|title=Afghan refugees in search of Indian identity|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|website=UNHCR|language=en|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref> [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] reported, as of 2005, only 10 cases<ref name=":1" /> of naturalisation had reached the last stage of the naturalisation process at the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs of India]].

== Pashto-speaking communities of India ==
The following are places where Pashtun culture can be found: Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal and Indore); Punjab (Maler Kotla and Mianwali); Bihar (Gaya, Sherghati, Patna, Aurangabad and Sasaram); and Uttar Pradesh (Malihabad, Etawah, Shahjahanpur, Rampur).

There are a large number of Pashto-speaking Pakhtuns in the Indian states of [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]] and the territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/05aug13/news.htm|title=Special focus on Gujjars, Paharis: CM|publisher=[[Daily Excelsior]]|access-date=2009-08-22}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Although their exact numbers are hard to determine, it is at least in excess of 100,000 for it is known that in 1954 over 100,000 nomadic Pakhtuns living in Kashmir Valley were granted Indian
citizenship.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209153349/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2004|title=Pashtoons in Kashmir|date=20 July 1954|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-08-22|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Today [[jirga]]s are frequently held.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061030/asp/nation/story_6934322.asp|title=Justice rolls in Kashmir, Afghan-style|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=2009-08-22}}</ref> Those settled and living in the Kashmir Valley speak [[Pashto language|Pashto]], and are found chiefly in the southwest of the valley, where Pashtun colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting are the Kukikhel [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridis]] of Dramghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashto. They wear colorful dress and carry swords and shields. The [[Afridi]]s and the Machipurians, who belong to the [[Yusufzai]] tribe, are liable to military service, in return for which they hold certain villages free of revenue. The Pashtuns chiefly came in under the [[Durranis]], but many were brought by [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharajah Gulab Singh]] for service on the frontier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/P/people.htm|title=Saiyids, Mughals, Pashtuns and Galawans|publisher=OPF|access-date=2007-06-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070515140617/http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/P/people.htm |archive-date = 15 May 2007}}</ref> Pashto is also spoken in two villages, Dhakki and Changnar (Chaknot), located on the [[Line of Control]] in [[Kupwara District]].<ref name="SIL">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sil.org/silewp/2005/silewp2005-008.pdf|title=A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir|publisher=[[SIL International]]|access-date=2009-06-11}}</ref> In response to demand by the Pashtun community living in the state, Kashir TV has recently launched a series of Pushto-language programs.<ref>http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001207/j&k.htm</ref>

==See also==
*[[Afghan diaspora]]
*[[Pathans in India]]
*[[Pashtun diaspora]]
* [[Indians in Afghanistan]]
* [[UNHCR India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{EI3|last=Gommans|first=Jos J. L.|title=Afghāns in India|year=2007|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/afghans-in-india-COM_0013?s.num=119&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.start=100&s.q=Khan}}

{{Afghan diaspora}}
{{Pashtun Diaspora}}
{{Immigration to India}}

[[Category:Afghan diaspora in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Afghan expatriates in India| ]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Immigration to India]]
[[Category:Pashtun diaspora]]

Afghans in India - Revision history

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

>Arora6688 at 04:34, 17 May 2021