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	The '''Adivasi Cobra Force''' ([[Abbreviation\|abbreviated]] '''ACF'''), also known as the '''Adivasi Cobra Militant Force''' (abbreviated '''ACMF'''), was an militant insurgent group in [[Lower Assam]], [[India]], with the claimed objective of protecting the [[Adivasi]] people through armed combat.<ref name="SATP">{{cite web\|title=Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF)\|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/acf.htm\|website=www.satp.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Surrendered Adivasi rebels seek interlocutor to start talks\|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/12060102.cms~~?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst~~\|publisher=Times Of India\|date=24 February 2012}}</ref>		The '''Adivasi Cobra Force''' ([[Abbreviation\|abbreviated]] '''ACF'''), also known as the '''Adivasi Cobra Militant Force''' (abbreviated '''ACMF'''), was an militant insurgent group in [[Lower Assam]], [[India]], with the claimed objective of protecting the [[Adivasi]] people through armed combat.<ref name="SATP">{{cite web\|title=Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF)\|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/acf.htm\|website=www.satp.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Surrendered Adivasi rebels seek interlocutor to start talks\|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/12060102.cms\|publisher=Times Of India\|date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

	==Formation==		==Formation==
	In the late 1990s, Assam was beset by various ethnic riots between [[Bodo people\|Bodos]] and [[Santhals]]. The Bodos began joining groups such as the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] and the [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]]. In early 1996, over 100 people from both communities were killed in riots.<ref>~~[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1520/15201370.htm Bloodshed in Assam]~~ {{~~Webarchive~~\|~~url=~~https://web.archive.org/web/20071022111735/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1520/15201370.htm ~~\|date=2007-10-22~~ }} Frontline — Sep. 26 — Oct. 09, 1998</ref> In response, the Santals, claiming threats to their interests formed many groups with other [[Naga people\|Naga]] tribes in the area and the ACF was formed on 7 July 1996.<ref name="MIPT">{{cite web\|title=Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF) \|url=http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930034433/http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 \|archivedate=September 30, 2007 }}</ref>		In the late 1990s, Assam was beset by various ethnic riots between [[Bodo people\|Bodos]] and [[Santhals]]. The Bodos began joining groups such as the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] and the [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]]. In early 1996, over 100 people from both communities were killed in riots.<ref>{{usurped\|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071022111735/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1520/15201370.htm Bloodshed in Assam]}} Frontline — Sep. 26 — Oct. 09, 1998</ref> In response, the Santals, claiming threats to their interests formed many groups with other [[Naga people\|Naga]] tribes in the area and the ACF was formed on 7 July 1996.<ref name="MIPT">{{cite web\|title=Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF) \|url=http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930034433/http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 \|archivedate=September 30, 2007 }}</ref>

	==Ideology==		==Ideology==
	The ACF ~~does~~ not espouse any political ideology nor is it separatist like many other groups in the [[Seven Sister States]]. It ~~claims~~ to be an outlet to protect the tribals who were allegedly "ethnically cleansed" during the 1996 riots from [[Bodo people\|Bodo]] organizations. They ~~demand~~ reparations for the [[Santals]] displaced by and killed in the riots and ~~demand~~ that "[[adivasis]]" be recognized as a protected people by the [[Government of India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061104061547/http://www.gipe.ernet.in/working%20paper/mitra_working%20paper.pdf Three Essays on the Economics and Finance of Terrorism] — Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics</ref>		The ACF did not espouse any political ideology nor is it separatist like many other groups in the [[Seven Sister States]]. It claimed to be an outlet to protect the tribals who were allegedly "ethnically cleansed" during the 1996 riots from [[Bodo people\|Bodo]] terrorist organizations. They demanded reparations for the [[Santals]] displaced by and killed in the riots and demanded that "[[adivasis]]" be recognized as a protected people by the [[Government of India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061104061547/http://www.gipe.ernet.in/working%20paper/mitra_working%20paper.pdf Three Essays on the Economics and Finance of Terrorism] — Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics</ref>

	==Organization==		==Organization==
	Estimates of the number of operatives in the organization ~~range~~ from 100<ref name="SATP" /> to 350.<ref name="MIPT" /> The group operated out of [[Kokrajhar]] and [[Bongaigaon]] districts. The commander of the organization was [[Durga Minz]] and the chairman was [[Xabrias Khakha]]. The other main leader was [[Kandu Murmu]].<ref name="SATP" />		Estimates of the number of operatives in the organization ranged from 100<ref name="SATP" /> to 350.<ref name="MIPT" /> The group operated out of [[Kokrajhar]] and [[Bongaigaon]] districts. The commander of the organization was [[Durga Minz]] and the chairman was [[Xabrias Khakha]]. The other main leader was [[Kandu Murmu]].<ref name="SATP" />

	==Activities==		==Activities==
	The organization ~~has~~ a large training program in [[Bhutan]]. In 2000, [[Indian Security Forces]] destroyed an ACF camp in [[Kokrajhar]]; however, one year later, they completed a large-scale extortion drive in [[Kokrajhar]], [[Bongaigaon]] and [[Dhubri]] to fund the terror camp in [[Bhutan]].		The organization had a large training program in [[Bhutan]]. In 2000, [[Indian Security Forces]] destroyed an ACF camp in [[Kokrajhar]]; however, one year later, they completed a large-scale extortion drive in [[Kokrajhar]], [[Bongaigaon]] and [[Dhubri]] to fund the terror camp in [[Bhutan]].

	Their attacks mainly ~~target~~ the [[Assam]]ese government and [[Bodo people\|Bodo]] militants.		Their attacks mainly targeted the [[Assam]]ese government and [[Bodo people\|Bodo]] militants.

	On 9 September 2001 the group signed a cease-fire with the [[Government of India]] which was to last until January 2002. The ceasefire held until 2004 and was then extended by the [[Government of India]] on 1 July 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040820070039/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/02/stories/2004070206041101.htm Ceasefire extended] The Hindu — 2 July 2004</ref> In 2005, chairman [[Xabrias Khakha]] said that the ACF was considering becoming a [[List of recognised political parties in India\|legitimate political party]] to contest [[Politics of Assam\|elections in Assam]].<ref name="MIPT" />		On 9 September 2001, the group signed a cease-fire with the [[Government of India]] which was to last until January 2002. The ceasefire held until 2004 and was then extended by the [[Government of India]] on 1 July 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040820070039/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/02/stories/2004070206041101.htm Ceasefire extended] The Hindu — 2 July 2004</ref> In 2005, chairman [[Xabrias Khakha]] said that the ACF was considering becoming a [[List of recognised political parties in India\|legitimate political party]] to contest [[Politics of Assam\|elections in Assam]].<ref name="MIPT" />

	==References==		==References==

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{{Infobox war faction
|name = Adivasi Cobra Force
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|war = the [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
|image =
|caption =
|active= {{Start date|1996|7|7|df=yes}}–{{End date|2012|1|24|df=yes}}
|leaders =
|ideology = [[Adivasi|Adivasi interests]]
|partof =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|headquarters =
|area = [[Lower Assam]], [[India]]
|size = 100<ref name="SATP" />–350<ref name="MIPT" />
|allies =
|opponents = {{flag|India}}
|battles = [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
|website =
}}

The '''Adivasi Cobra Force''' ([[Abbreviation|abbreviated]] '''ACF'''), also known as the '''Adivasi Cobra Militant Force''' (abbreviated '''ACMF'''), was an militant insurgent group in [[Lower Assam]], [[India]], with the claimed objective of protecting the [[Adivasi]] people through armed combat.<ref name="SATP">{{cite web|title=Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF)|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/acf.htm|website=www.satp.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Surrendered Adivasi rebels seek interlocutor to start talks|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/12060102.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|publisher=Times Of India|date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

==Formation==
In the late 1990s, Assam was beset by various ethnic riots between [[Bodo people|Bodos]] and [[Santhals]]. The Bodos began joining groups such as the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] and the [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]]. In early 1996, over 100 people from both communities were killed in riots.<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1520/15201370.htm Bloodshed in Assam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022111735/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1520/15201370.htm |date=2007-10-22 }} Frontline — Sep. 26 — Oct. 09, 1998</ref> In response, the Santals, claiming threats to their interests formed many groups with other [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes in the area and the ACF was formed on 7 July 1996.<ref name="MIPT">{{cite web|title=Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF) |url=http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930034433/http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 |archivedate=September 30, 2007 }}</ref>

==Ideology==
The ACF does not espouse any political ideology nor is it separatist like many other groups in the [[Seven Sister States]]. It claims to be an outlet to protect the tribals who were allegedly "ethnically cleansed" during the 1996 riots from [[Bodo people|Bodo]] organizations. They demand reparations for the [[Santals]] displaced by and killed in the riots and demand that "[[adivasis]]" be recognized as a protected people by the [[Government of India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061104061547/http://www.gipe.ernet.in/working%20paper/mitra_working%20paper.pdf Three Essays on the Economics and Finance of Terrorism] — Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics</ref>

==Organization==
Estimates of the number of operatives in the organization range from 100<ref name="SATP" /> to 350.<ref name="MIPT" /> The group operated out of [[Kokrajhar]] and [[Bongaigaon]] districts. The commander of the organization was [[Durga Minz]] and the chairman was [[Xabrias Khakha]]. The other main leader was [[Kandu Murmu]].<ref name="SATP" />

==Activities==
The organization has a large training program in [[Bhutan]]. In 2000, [[Indian Security Forces]] destroyed an ACF camp in [[Kokrajhar]]; however, one year later, they completed a large-scale extortion drive in [[Kokrajhar]], [[Bongaigaon]] and [[Dhubri]] to fund the terror camp in [[Bhutan]].

Their attacks mainly target the [[Assam]]ese government and [[Bodo people|Bodo]] militants.

On 9 September 2001 the group signed a cease-fire with the [[Government of India]] which was to last until January 2002. The ceasefire held until 2004 and was then extended by the [[Government of India]] on 1 July 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040820070039/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/02/stories/2004070206041101.htm Ceasefire extended] The Hindu — 2 July 2004</ref> In 2005, chairman [[Xabrias Khakha]] said that the ACF was considering becoming a [[List of recognised political parties in India|legitimate political party]] to contest [[Politics of Assam|elections in Assam]].<ref name="MIPT" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Assam]]
[[Category:Santhal]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in India]]

Adivasi Cobra Force - Revision history

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