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{{Short description|Jain temple in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Adinatha temple
| native_name = आदिनाथ मन्दिर
| native_name_lang = sa
| image = Krajuraho Adinath temple 2010.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| map_size = 250
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.845111|79.936607|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| deity = [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha Rishabhadeva]]
| district = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| established = 11th century CE
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]]
| designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i)(iii)}}(i)(iii)
| designation1_date = 1986 <small>([[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 240]
}}
'''Adinatha temple''' ([[IAST]]: Ādinātha Mandir) is a [[Digambara]] [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|temple]] located at [[Khajuraho]] in [[Madhya Pradesh, India]]. It is dedicated to [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]], although its exterior walls also feature Hindu deities. This particular temple was originally built as a [[Hindu temple]] before being subsequently made into a Jain temple.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Flügel |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIgqBgAAQBAJ |title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues |date=2006-02-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-23552-0 |pages=406 |language=en}}</ref> This temple is part of [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] along with other temples in [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web|title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date = 25 June 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
The Adinatha temple is dated to the late 11th century CE.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Adinatha|2016}} It was probably constructed slightly later than the [[Vamana Temple, Khajuraho|Vamana temple]].{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}} The architectural features of the Pārśvanātha and Adinātha temples exhibit significant evidence suggesting that these structures were initially constructed as Hindu temples before being subsequently adopted by the Jain community in the 13th century.<ref name=":0" />

In the garbhgraha, there is a black schist (or basalt) statue of Lord Adinath with a three line inscription. It gives the date (samvat 1215 (1158 AD). It gives the name of the donor as Kumarnandi and the sculptor as Ramaveva. It mention that Kumarnandi was the disciple of Bhanukirti, who was disciple of Rajanandi, who was disciple of Ramachandra of [[Mula Sangha]]. The inscription includes 3 [[shardulavikridita]] verses in literary Sanskrit.<ref>[B.L Nagarch, Jaina Inscriptions of Khajuraho, In Hīrālāla Jaina Smriti Granth, Dharmacandra Jaina & R. K. Sharma (eds.), Sharada Pub. House. pp. 69-74 (2002)]</ref>

The temple has been classified as a [[Lists of Indian Monuments of National Importance|Monument of National Importance]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].{{sfn|ASI MP List|2016}}

== Architecture ==

The plan and design of the Adinatha temple is similar to that of the [[Vamana Temple, Khajuraho|Vamana temple]]. There are only a few differences between the two temples. For example, the top row of the outer wall of the Adinatha temple depicts a flying [[vidyadhara]], while that of the Vamana temple shows diamond-shaped decorations. The curvilinear [[shikhara|tower]] of the Adinatha temple is of better proportions than that of the Vamana temple. This, combined with a somewhat more evolved sculptural style, suggests that the Adinatha temple was constructed after the Vamana temple.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Adinatha|2016}}

Only two major parts of the temple now survive: the [[antarala|vestibule]] and the sanctum.{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}} The roof of the vestibule is particularly remarkable for its elegant design.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Adinatha|2016}}

== Sculptures ==

The exterior walls of the temple have three bands of sculptures featuring [[surasundari]]s (graceful women), flying [[vidyadhara]] couples, [[vyala]]s (mythical lion-like being), and a dancer with musicians.{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}} Despite the shrine's Jain affiliation, the external walls also feature carvings of the Hindu deities.{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=209}} The niches feature sculptures of the Jain [[Yakshini]]s: [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]], [[Chakreshvari]], and [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]].{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}}

<gallery mode="packed">
Pretty sculptures.jpg | Adinatha temple sculptures
Adinath Temple Sculptures.jpg | Close-up of a sculpture
Jain group of temples - Khajuraho 22.jpg | Chandela-era statue of Adinatha in the sanctum
</gallery>

One sculpture found at the temple shows a sitting Adinatha with an [[ushnisha]] on his head. It features a [[dharmachakra]] with a small bull figure.{{sfn|Umakant Premanand Shah|1987|p=121}} The right side of the seat has the figure of a pot-bellied [[yaksha]] with a cup and a moneybag in his hands. The left side has the figure of the [[yakshini]] [[Chakreshvari]] sitting on a [[Garuda]]. She has four arms; each of the two upper arms hold a chakra.{{sfn|Umakant Premanand Shah|1987|p=122}}

Another sculpture with similar iconography also features a yaksha, a yakshini, and a bull with a dharmachakra. The Adinatha is shown sitting in [[Lotus position|padmasana]] pose on a cushioned seat with lotuses and diamond motifs.{{sfn|Umakant Premanand Shah|1987|p=122}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{commons category}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ali Javid |author2=Tabassum Javeed |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |year=2008 |publisher=Algora |isbn=978-0-87586-482-2 }}
* {{cite web |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |title=Adinatha Temple |url=http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur_khajuraho_adinathatemple.html |access-date=2016-11-16 |ref={{harvid|ASI Bhopal Adinatha|2016}} }}
* {{cite web |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Madhya Pradesh |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_mp.asp |access-date=2016-11-16 |ref={{harvid|ASI MP List|2016}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102195954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_mp.asp |archive-date=2 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite book |author=Umakant Premanand Shah |authorlink=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina Iconography |publisher=Abhinav |year=1987 |isbn=9788170172086 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC&pg=PA122 }}
{{refend}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Khajuraho Group of Monuments}}

[[Category:Khajuraho]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:11th-century Jain temples]]

Adinatha temple, Khajuraho - Revision history

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