Abdul Qayyum Khan - Revision history

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	{{Short description\|20th-century Pakistani politician}}		{{Short description\|20th-century Pakistani politician}}
	{{About\|the British Indian and Pakistani politician of Kashmiri origin\|the Pashtun educationist and politician\|Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum\|the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir politician\|Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan\|the Pakistani Olympic hockey player\|Abdul Qayyum Khan (field hockey)}}		{{About\|the British Indian and Pakistani politician of Kashmiri origin\|the Pashtun educationist and politician\|Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum\|the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir politician\|Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan\|the Pakistani Olympic hockey player\|Abdul Qayyum Khan (field hockey)}}
	{{Use Pakistani English\|date=April ~~2022~~}}		{{Use Pakistani English\|date=April 2018}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April ~~2022~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2018}}
	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder
	\| image =		\| image =
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	==Early life==		==Early life==
	Abdul Qayyum Khan was born in the [[Chitral (princely state)\|State of Chitral]] but had Kashmiri origin.{{sfn\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|2009\|p=267}}		Abdul Qayyum Khan was born in the [[Chitral (princely state)\|State of Chitral]] but had Kashmiri origin.{{sfn\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|2009\|p=267}}
	His father, Khan Abdul Hakim, was originally from the Wanigam village in the [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]],{{sfn\|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris\|2015\|pp=171–172}}{{sfn\|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2\|2015\|p=85}}<ref>{{citation\|title=Diplomat\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfttAAAAMAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Mirza Hashim Baig}}</ref> but worked as a [[Tehsildar]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)\|North-West Frontier Province]] (N.W.F.P., now called [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in Pakistan in 2017) of [[British India]].{{citation needed\|date=April ~~2022~~}}		His father, Khan Abdul Hakim, was originally from the Wanigam village in the [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]],{{sfn\|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris\|2015\|pp=171–172}}{{sfn\|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2\|2015\|p=85}}<ref>{{citation\|title=Diplomat\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfttAAAAMAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Mirza Hashim Baig}}</ref> but worked as a [[Tehsildar]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)\|North-West Frontier Province]] (N.W.F.P., now called [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in Pakistan in 2017) of [[British India]].{{citation needed\|date=April 2018}}

	Khan was educated at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[London School of Economics]].{{sfn\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|2009\|p=268}} He became a [[barrister]] of the [[Lincoln's Inn]].<ref>{{citation \|last=Spain \|first=James William \|title=Pathans of the Latter Day \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9uAAAAMAAJ \|year=1995 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-577576-1 \|page=110}}</ref>		Khan was educated at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[London School of Economics]].{{sfn\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|2009\|p=268}} He became a [[barrister]] of the [[Lincoln's Inn]].<ref>{{citation \|last=Spain \|first=James William \|title=Pathans of the Latter Day \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9uAAAAMAAJ \|year=1995 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-577576-1 \|page=110}}</ref>

	One of his brothers, [[Abdul Hamid Khan (Pakistan-occupied Kashmiri politician)]], was a prime minister of [[~~Pakistan-occupied~~ Kashmir]],{{sfn\|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris\|2015\|pp=171–172}} and another brother, Khan Abdul Rauf Khan, was a renowned lawyer.{{citation needed\|date=May ~~2022~~}}		One of his brothers, [[Abdul Hamid Khan (Pakistan-occupied Kashmiri politician)]], was a prime minister of [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]],{{sfn\|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris\|2015\|pp=171–172}} and another brother, Khan Abdul Rauf Khan, was a renowned lawyer.{{citation needed\|date=May 2017}}

	==Legal career==		==Legal career==
	Abdul Qayum Khan was one of the eminent lawyers of N.W.F.P. During his professional career he conducted some very important cases. He used to practice in criminal law. Mirza Shams ul Haq was his most trustworthy colleague, who remained always close to him during profession and politics. Abdul Qayum was also assisted in his chambers by Muhammad Nazirullah Khan advocate, who later served as a provincial secretary general and senior vice president of Pakistan Muslim League.{{citation needed\|date=April ~~2022~~}}		Abdul Qayum Khan was one of the eminent lawyers of N.W.F.P. During his professional career he conducted some very important cases. He used to practice in criminal law. Mirza Shams ul Haq was his most trustworthy colleague, who remained always close to him during profession and politics. Abdul Qayum was also assisted in his chambers by Muhammad Nazirullah Khan advocate, who later served as a provincial secretary general and senior vice president of Pakistan Muslim League.{{citation needed\|date=April 2017}}

	==Political career==		==Political career==
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	=== First Kashmir War ===		=== First Kashmir War ===
	{{expand section\|date=April ~~2022~~}}		{{expand section\|date=April 2018}}

	Qayyum Khan was a key instigator of the [[First Kashmir War]], if not the chief instigator.{{efn\|		Qayyum Khan was a key instigator of the [[First Kashmir War]], if not the chief instigator.{{efn\|
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	Qayyum Khan's administration was known for its development work in the province, including the construction of [[University of Peshawar\|Peshawar University]] and the Warsak dam.		Qayyum Khan's administration was known for its development work in the province, including the construction of [[University of Peshawar\|Peshawar University]] and the Warsak dam.
	He introduced compulsory free education up to middle school level in Frontier province, the first province of Pakistan to have this reform. He also made poor friendly amendments to the land revenue laws. He evoked opposition from a section of the feudal class due to his egalitarian policies.		He introduced compulsory free education up to middle school level in Frontier province, the first province of Pakistan to have this reform. He also made poor friendly amendments to the land revenue laws. He evoked opposition from a section of the feudal class due to his egalitarian policies.
	His political stand was opposition to the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] movement of Ghaffar Khan.<ref>Jalal, Ayesha(1991)The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence. Lahore. Vanguard</ref>{{failed verification\|date=April ~~2022~~}} His alleged role in ordering the [[Babrra massacre]] is one which he faces much criticism. He led the Muslim League to a landslide victory in the 1951 elections, despite opposition from the Khudai Khidmatgar movement and opposition from federally backed fellow Muslim league opponents like [[Yusuf Khattak]].<ref>Afzal, M. Rafique (2002). Political Parties in Pakistan: 1947–1958, Vol. 1. Islamabad, National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research.</ref>		His political stand was opposition to the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] movement of Ghaffar Khan.<ref>Jalal, Ayesha(1991)The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence. Lahore. Vanguard</ref>{{failed verification\|date=April 2017}} His alleged role in ordering the [[Babrra massacre]] is one which he faces much criticism. He led the Muslim League to a landslide victory in the 1951 elections, despite opposition from the Khudai Khidmatgar movement and opposition from federally backed fellow Muslim league opponents like [[Yusuf Khattak]].<ref>Afzal, M. Rafique (2002). Political Parties in Pakistan: 1947–1958, Vol. 1. Islamabad, National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research.</ref>

	Qayyum Khan served as the Chief Minister till 23 April 1953.<ref name="Dawn 2002"/>		Qayyum Khan served as the Chief Minister till 23 April 1953.<ref name="Dawn 2002"/>

	=== Central Government ===		=== Central Government ===
	{{unreferenced section\|date=April ~~2022~~}}		{{unreferenced section\|date=April 2017}}
	He served as central minister for Industries, Food and Agriculture in 1953.		He served as central minister for Industries, Food and Agriculture in 1953.

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	Appointed federal interior minister by [[Zulfiqar Bhutto]], he served in that post till the 1977 elections, when his party suffered a near total rout. After [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq\|Zia-ul-Haq]]s assumption of power, Qayyum Khan tried to unify all the disparate Muslim League factions. His efforts were inconclusive and he died on 22 October 1981.<ref name="nytimes"/>		Appointed federal interior minister by [[Zulfiqar Bhutto]], he served in that post till the 1977 elections, when his party suffered a near total rout. After [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq\|Zia-ul-Haq]]s assumption of power, Qayyum Khan tried to unify all the disparate Muslim League factions. His efforts were inconclusive and he died on 22 October 1981.<ref name="nytimes"/>

	He was always opposed by [[Khan Habibullah Khan]]; they were lifelong rivals since they were young classmates at [[Islamia College (Peshawar)\|Islamia College]], [[Peshawar]].{{citation needed\|date=April ~~2022~~}}		He was always opposed by [[Khan Habibullah Khan]]; they were lifelong rivals since they were young classmates at [[Islamia College (Peshawar)\|Islamia College]], [[Peshawar]].{{citation needed\|date=April 2018}}

	==Criticism==		==Criticism==
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	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==
	* {{cite journal \|first=Rakesh \|last=Ankit \|title=By George: The Cunningham Contribution \|journal=Epilogue \|volume=4 \|number=3 \|url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html \|date=March 2010 \|pages=33–35 \|ref={{sfnref\|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution\|~~2022~~}} \|access-date=7 April 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132231/http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html \|archive-date=15 November 2016 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all }}		* {{cite journal \|first=Rakesh \|last=Ankit \|title=By George: The Cunningham Contribution \|journal=Epilogue \|volume=4 \|number=3 \|url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html \|date=March 2010 \|pages=33–35 \|ref={{sfnref\|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution\|2010}} \|access-date=7 April 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132231/http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html \|archive-date=15 November 2016 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all }}
	* {{citation \|last=Effendi \|first=Col. M. Y. \|title=Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849-1971 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeXeAAAAMAAJ \|year=2007 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=Karachi \|isbn=978-0-19-547203-5 \|ref={{sfnref\|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry\|~~2022~~}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Effendi \|first=Col. M. Y. \|title=Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849-1971 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeXeAAAAMAAJ \|year=2007 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=Karachi \|isbn=978-0-19-547203-5 \|ref={{sfnref\|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry\|2007}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Hodson \|first=H. V. \|title=The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC2UoAEACAAJ \|year=1969 \|publisher=Hutchinson \|location=London \|isbn=9780090971503 \|ref={{sfnref\|Hodson, The Great Divide\|1969}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Hodson \|first=H. V. \|title=The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC2UoAEACAAJ \|year=1969 \|publisher=Hutchinson \|location=London \|isbn=9780090971503 \|ref={{sfnref\|Hodson, The Great Divide\|1969}}}}
	* {{citation \|author=ISPR \|title=Defence Media 1991 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peHeAAAAMAAJ \|year=1991 \|publisher=Inter Services Public Relations \|ref={{sfnref\|ISPR, Defence and Media 1991\|1991}}}}		* {{citation \|author=ISPR \|title=Defence Media 1991 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peHeAAAAMAAJ \|year=1991 \|publisher=Inter Services Public Relations \|ref={{sfnref\|ISPR, Defence and Media 1991\|1991}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Jaffrelot \|first=Christophe \|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot \|title=Pakistan: Nationalism without A Nation \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC&pg=PA44 \|year=2002 \|publisher=Zed Books \|isbn=978-1-84277-117-4 \|ref={{sfnref\|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation\|~~2022~~}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Jaffrelot \|first=Christophe \|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot \|title=Pakistan: Nationalism without A Nation \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC&pg=PA44 \|year=2002 \|publisher=Zed Books \|isbn=978-1-84277-117-4 \|ref={{sfnref\|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation\|2002}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Kamran \|first=Tahir \|title=Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan: 1950s \|journal=South Asian Studies \|volume=24 \|number=2 \|year=2009 \|pages=257–282 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/1881130/4l3v6l9rwgsjcgx.pdf \|ref={{sfnref\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|~~2022~~}} }}{{dead link\|date=July 2022\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}		* {{citation \|last=Kamran \|first=Tahir \|title=Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan: 1950s \|journal=South Asian Studies \|volume=24 \|number=2 \|year=2009 \|pages=257–282 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/1881130/4l3v6l9rwgsjcgx.pdf \|ref={{sfnref\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|2009}} }}{{dead link\|date=July 2022\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}
	* {{citation \|last=Siddiqi \|first=A. R. Brig. \|chapter=Vivid memories and lost opportunities \|title=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Volume 48 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvttAAAAMAAJ \|year=2000 \|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society \|ref={{sfnref\|Siddiqi, Vivid memories and lost opportunities\|2000}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Siddiqi \|first=A. R. Brig. \|chapter=Vivid memories and lost opportunities \|title=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Volume 48 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvttAAAAMAAJ \|year=2000 \|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society \|ref={{sfnref\|Siddiqi, Vivid memories and lost opportunities\|2000}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Samad \|first=Yunas \|title=A Nation in Turmoil: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1937-1958 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUNuAAAAMAAJ \|year=1995 \|publisher=Sage \|isbn=978-0-8039-9214-6 \|ref={{sfnref\|Samad, A Nation in Turmoil\|1995}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Samad \|first=Yunas \|title=A Nation in Turmoil: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1937-1958 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUNuAAAAMAAJ \|year=1995 \|publisher=Sage \|isbn=978-0-8039-9214-6 \|ref={{sfnref\|Samad, A Nation in Turmoil\|1995}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Saraf \|first=Muhammad Yusuf \|title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 \|year=2015 \|orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons \|publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies \|location=Mirpur \|ref={{sfnref\|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2\|~~2022~~}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Saraf \|first=Muhammad Yusuf \|title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 \|year=2015 \|orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons \|publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies \|location=Mirpur \|ref={{sfnref\|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2\|2015}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Snedden \|first=Christopher \|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ \|year=2015 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 \|ref={{sfnref\|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris\|~~2022~~}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Snedden \|first=Christopher \|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ \|year=2015 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 \|ref={{sfnref\|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris\|2015}}}}

	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==

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{{Short description|20th-century Pakistani politician}}
{{About|the British Indian and Pakistani politician of Kashmiri origin|the Pashtun educationist and politician|Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum|the Azad Kashmir politician|Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan|the Pakistani Olympic hockey player|Abdul Qayyum Khan (field hockey)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| name = Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan
| native_name = عبد القیوم خان |
| office1 = 17th [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Minister for Interior]]
| term_start1 = 13 May 1972
| term_end1 = 13 January 1977
| president1 =
| primeminister1 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
| predecessor1 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
| successor1 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]|
| office2 = 1st [[Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province]]
| term_start2 = 23 August 1947
| term_end2 = 23 April 1953
| predecessor2 = [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]]
| successor2 = [[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1901|06|16|}}
| birth_place = [[Chitral]], [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1981|10|23|1901|06|16|}}<ref name="nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/24/obituaries/abdul-qayyum-khan-served-as-pakistani-interior-minister.html Obituary and profile of Abdul Qayyum Khan on New York Times newspaper website], Published 24 October 1981, Retrieved 26 May 2017</ref>
| death_place = [[Peshawar]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Pakistan]]
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Qayyum)]] (1970-1981)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1934-1945) [[All-India Muslim League]] (1945-1947) [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] (1947-1958) [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (1962-1970)
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]], London School of Economics, Lincoln Inn
| governor2 = [[George Cunningham (civil servant)|George Cunningham]] [[Ambrose Flux Dundas]] [[Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid]] [[Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (judge)|Muhammad Ibrahim Khan]] [[I. I. Chundrigar]] [[Khwaja Shahabuddin]]
}}
'''Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri''' ({{lang-ur|عبدالقیوم خان کشمیری}}) (16 July 1901 – 23 October 1981<ref name="nytimes"/>) was a major figure in [[British Raj|British India]]n and later [[Pakistan]] politics, in particular in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North-West Frontier Province]], where served as the deputy speaker of the provincial assembly, first [[Chief Minister (Pakistan)|Chief Minister]] of North-West Frontier Province and served as [[Interior Minister of Pakistan]] in the central government from 1972 to 1977.<ref name="nytimes"/>

==Early life==
Abdul Qayyum Khan was born in the [[Chitral (princely state)|State of Chitral]] but had Kashmiri origin.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}}
His father, Khan Abdul Hakim, was originally from the Wanigam village in the [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]],{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|pp=171–172}}{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=85}}<ref>{{citation|title=Diplomat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfttAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Mirza Hashim Baig}}</ref> but worked as a [[Tehsildar]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]] (N.W.F.P., now called [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in Pakistan in 2017) of [[British India]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Khan was educated at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[London School of Economics]].{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=268}} He became a [[barrister]] of the [[Lincoln's Inn]].<ref>{{citation |last=Spain |first=James William |title=Pathans of the Latter Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9uAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577576-1 |p=110}}</ref>

One of his brothers, [[Abdul Hamid Khan (Azad Kashmiri politician)]], was a prime minister of [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]],{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|pp=171–172}} and another brother, Khan Abdul Rauf Khan, was a renowned lawyer.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

==Legal career==
Abdul Qayum Khan was one of the eminent lawyers of N.W.F.P. During his professional career he conducted some very important cases. He used to practice in criminal law. Mirza Shams ul Haq was his most trustworthy colleague, who remained always close to him during profession and politics. Abdul Qayum was also assisted in his chambers by Muhammad Nazirullah Khan advocate, who later served as a provincial secretary general and senior vice president of Pakistan Muslim League.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

==Political career==
=== Indian National Congress ===
Starting his political career in 1934 with the [[Indian National Congress]], Khan quickly rose to serve as an elected member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] (1937–38) and the deputy leader of the Congress in the Assembly. At that time he admired [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]. He authored a book, ''Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier'',<ref>{{citation |last=Kh̲ān |first='Abdul Qayyūm |title=Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3BCAAAAIAAJ |year=1945 |publisher=Hind Kitabs |location=Bombay}}</ref> in which he praised Ghaffar Khan and denounced Jinnah and the two-nation theory. Abdul Qayyum Khan said that the North West Frontier Province would [[opposition to the partition of India|resist the partition of India]] with its blood.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Islam |first1=Shamsul |title=Saying No to Partition: Muslim leaders from 1940-1947 |url=https://sabrangindia.in/indepth/saying-no-partition-muslim-leaders-1940-1947 |publisher=SabrangIndia |language=en |date=4 December 2015|quote=Abdul Quaiyum Khan from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) declared that his province would resist Partition of the country with its blood.}}</ref> He switched his loyalties to the Muslim League in 1945.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=268}} He later claimed that Ghaffar Khan was plotting Jinnah's assassination.<ref name="Korejo">M.S. Korejo (1993) The Frontier Gandhi, his place in history. Karachi : Oxford University Press.</ref> He banned his own book after he became the Chief Minister in the N.W.F.P. The book however continued fetching royalties even after he joined the Muslim League.<ref name="Malik2002">{{citation|last=Malik|first=Murtaza|title=The Curtain Rises: Uncovered Conspiracies in Pakistan, Afghanistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJHaAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Royal Book Company|isbn=978-969-407-271-5|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Akhtar |first=Jamna Das |title=Political Conspiracies in Pakistan: Liaquat Ali's murder to Ayub Khan's exit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVfRAAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Punjabi Pustak Bhandar |p=105}}</ref>

=== Muslim League and Partition ===
In the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 provincial elections]], Khan campaigned for the [[All-India Muslim League]] along with [[Pir of Manki Sharif]]. However, the Muslim League won only 17 seats in comparison to the 30 seats of the Congress Party. The Congress Party formed the provincial government under the premiership of [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] (popularly known as "Dr. Khan Sahib").{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation|2002|p=14}}{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}}

Abdul Qayyum Khan was put in charge of destabilising the Congress government in the province through street agitations, ideological rhetoric and acquisition of sympathetic Muslim officers in the government.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}} The presence of a Congress government at the extreme north-west of the Indian subcontinent was anomalous, and the province became a bone of contention between the Congress and the Muslim League as part of the [[Partition of India]].{{sfn|Hodson, The Great Divide|1969|p=277, 282}} Eventually, the British decided to hold a referendum to determine which dominion the province should go to. [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] demanded a separate nation of 'Pakhtunistan' comprising both the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] and Pashtun parts of [[Afghanistan]]. When it was denied by the [[British Raj]], he and his party boycotted the referendum held by the British government. The Muslim League won an easy victory for Pakistan (289,244 votes against 2,874 for India).{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}}

Within a week of the independence of Pakistan, the Congress government was dismissed under orders from Governor General [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]]. Abdul Qayyum Khan was put in charge of a minority government on 23 August 1947. Khan navigated through the troubled waters ably, winning the defection of enough Congress legislators to support his government.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267, 268}}<ref name="Dawn 2002">[https://www.dawn.com/news/62608 Religious parties to rule NWFP a second time], ''Dawn'', 20 October 2002.</ref>

=== First Kashmir War ===
{{expand section|date=April 2018}}

Qayyum Khan was a key instigator of the [[First Kashmir War]], if not the chief instigator.{{efn|
* {{harvtxt|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=47}}: [In September 1947] "He [Abdul Qayyum Khan] was, therefore, of the opinion that while an internal revolt was desirable, what really was needed was an organised attack from Pakistan. It seems that he had already established contact with Major Khurshid Anwar and had drawn up a plan for the entry of tribesmen into the State through Muzaffarabad."
* {{harvtxt|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution|2010|p=34}}: [In October 1947] 'Iskander Mirza came to the Governor and finally brought him into the loop. The Defence Secretary briefed the Governor "all the underground history; apologised on behalf of Liaquat for keeping him in the dark and confirmed that it was decided about a month ago that Poonchis' revolt should be helped. Jinnah sanctioned the project 15 days ago while Abdul Qayyum was in it from the beginning."'
* {{harvtxt|ISPR, Defence and Media 1991|1991|p=100}}: "The Kashmir war had three to four distinct phases. Initially there were spontaneous uprisings... In the second phase volunteers and Mujahideen joined the lashkars. In this phase the handling of operations was in the hands of Khan Abdul Qayyum, Chief Minister of NWFP, Khawaja Abdul Rahim, the Commissioner of Rawalpindi and a few other spirited leaders, without any control by the Federal Government."
* {{harvtxt|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry|2007|p=149}}: "However, it was Qayyum Khan, Chief Minister of NWFP, and the 'Young Turks' of the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] who launched the invasion of the state."
* {{harvtxt|Siddiqi, Vivid memories and lost opportunities|2000}}: [In November 1947] "The Governor, Sir George Cunningham, and the Premier (as a provincial Chief Minister was then known), Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, were in charge of the tribal outflow and reinforcements. Of the two, mainly Qayyum Khan had been responsible for the induction of the tribal lashkars in the Kashmir jihad."
}}

=== North-West Frontier Province ===
As the premier of the NWFP, Qayyum Khan faced internal dissension. The Pir of Manki Sharif, who was a key figure in the campaign for referendum, was miffed that he was passed over for the post. He objected to Khan holding both the premiership of the state and the presidency of the provincial [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]. The Pir gathered disgruntled legislators and intended to bring a vote of no-confidence against Khan. Khan diffused his efforts. Then the Pir formed a separate party under the banner of [[All Pakistan Awami Muslim League]]. An exasperated Khan responded with "full fury and force". He forced out the Pir of Manki Sharif from the NWFP and imprisoned nine other leaders. Despite the crackdown, the Awami Muslim League contested the provincial elections in 1951 to win 4 seats.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=269}}

Qayyum Khan's administration was known for its development work in the province, including the construction of [[University of Peshawar|Peshawar University]] and the Warsak dam.
He introduced compulsory free education up to middle school level in Frontier province, the first province of Pakistan to have this reform. He also made poor friendly amendments to the land revenue laws. He evoked opposition from a section of the feudal class due to his egalitarian policies.
His political stand was opposition to the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] movement of Ghaffar Khan.<ref>Jalal, Ayesha(1991)The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence. Lahore. Vanguard</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2017}} His alleged role in ordering the [[Babrra massacre]] is one which he faces much criticism. He led the Muslim League to a landslide victory in the 1951 elections, despite opposition from the Khudai Khidmatgar movement and opposition from federally backed fellow Muslim league opponents like [[Yusuf Khattak]].<ref>Afzal, M. Rafique (2002). Political Parties in Pakistan: 1947–1958, Vol. 1. Islamabad, National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research.</ref>

Qayyum Khan served as the Chief Minister till 23 April 1953.<ref name="Dawn 2002"/>

=== Central Government ===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2017}}
He served as central minister for Industries, Food and Agriculture in 1953.

Arrested by the [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] regime, he was disqualified from politics and imprisoned for two years before finally being released.

Contesting the [[1970 General Election in Pakistan]] from three seats as leader of the [[Muslim League (Qayyum)|Pakistan Muslim League-Qayyum faction]], he won two [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] seats, one provincial seat and, in 1973, entered into alliance with the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) after [[East Pakistan]] broke away in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].

Appointed federal interior minister by [[Zulfiqar Bhutto]], he served in that post till the 1977 elections, when his party suffered a near total rout. After [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]s assumption of power, Qayyum Khan tried to unify all the disparate Muslim League factions. His efforts were inconclusive and he died on 22 October 1981.<ref name="nytimes"/>

He was always opposed by [[Khan Habibullah Khan]]; they were lifelong rivals since they were young classmates at [[Islamia College (Peshawar)|Islamia College]], [[Peshawar]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==Criticism==
=== Babrra massacre===
{{Main|Babrra massacre}}
Under the orders of Abdul Qayyum Khan<ref name= "M.Rafique Afzal" >Pakistan: History and Politics, 1947–1971 (1 April 2002) by M.Rafique Afzal p38 OUP Pakistan {{ISBN|0-19-579634-9}}</ref> the [[Babrra massacre]] occurred on 12 August 1948 in the [[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda District]] of the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] (now Khyber Pukhtunkhwa) of [[Pakistan]], when workers of the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] movement were fired upon by the [[Government of the North-West Frontier Province|provincial government]].<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2008/09/15/op.htm#2 Miscreants and militants] DAWN. Retrieved 15 September 2008</ref> According to official figures, around 15 protestors were killed while around 40 were injured. However, Khudai Khidmatgar sources maintained that around 150 were killed and 400 were injured.<ref name=badshah>{{cite book|title=Ghaffar Khan, Nonviolent Badshah of the Pakhtuns|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi|publisher=Penguin Books India|page=210|date=1 January 2004|quote=Official figures mentioned fifteen dead fifty injured, but KK (Khudai Khidmatgar) sources maintained that 150 had been killed and 400 wounded}}</ref>

In September 1948, then Chief Minister, Abdul Qayyum Khan gave a statement in the provincial assembly, "I had imposed section 144 at Babra. When the people did not disperse, then firing was opened on them. They were lucky that the police had finished ammunition; otherwise not a single soul would have been left alive". Khan Qayyum said hinting at the four members of the opposition in the provincial assembly. He said; "If they were killed, the government would not care about them."<ref name="nation">[https://nation.com.pk/02-Sep-2016/august-12-1948-remembering-pakistan-s-forgotten-massacre-at-babrra 12 August 1948: Remembering Pakistan's forgotten massacre at Babrra]. ''The Nation''.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]
* [[Yusuf Khattak]]
* [[Babrra massacre]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |title=By George: The Cunningham Contribution |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=3 |url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html |date=March 2010 |pages=33–35 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution|2010}} |access-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132231/http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html |archive-date=15 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
* {{citation |last=Effendi |first=Col. M. Y. |title=Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849-1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeXeAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |ISBN=978-0-19-547203-5 |ref={{sfnref|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hodson |first=H. V. |title=The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC2UoAEACAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |ref={{sfnref|Hodson, The Great Divide|1969}}}}
* {{citation |author=ISPR |title=Defence Media 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peHeAAAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Inter Services Public Relations |ref={{sfnref|ISPR, Defence and Media 1991|1991}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Pakistan: Nationalism without A Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC&pg=PA44 |year=2002 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-84277-117-4 |ref={{sfnref|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation|2002}}}}
* {{citation |last=Kamran |first=Tahir |title=Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan: 1950s |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=24 |number=2 |year=2009 |pp=257–282 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/1881130/4l3v6l9rwgsjcgx.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009}} }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation |last=Siddiqi |first=A. R. Brig. |chapter=Vivid memories and lost opportunities |title=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Volume 48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvttAAAAMAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society |ref={{sfnref|Siddiqi, Vivid memories and lost opportunities|2000}}}}
* {{citation |last=Samad |first=Yunas |title=A Nation in Turmoil: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1937-1958 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-0-8039-9214-6 |ref={{sfnref|Samad, A Nation in Turmoil|1995}}}}
* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 |year=2015 |orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |location=Mirpur |ref={{sfnref|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}}}

== Further reading ==
* Hassan, Syed Minhaj-ul. NWFP Administration under Abdul Qaiyum Khan, 1947–53.
* Qaiyum, Abdul, Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier, Bombay, 1945

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]
|years=1947–1953
|before= [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]]|
after=[[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]}}

{{succession box |title=[[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]
|years=1972–1977
|before= [[Kwaja ]]|
after=[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]}}
{{end}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Abdul Qayyum}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Interior Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Hockey Federation presidents]]
[[Category:People of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
[[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:30, 7 February 2022
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	His father, Khan Abdul Hakim, was originally from the Wanigam village in the [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]],{{sfn\|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris\|2015\|pp=171–172}}{{sfn\|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2\|2015\|p=85}}<ref>{{citation\|title=Diplomat\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfttAAAAMAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Mirza Hashim Baig}}</ref> but worked as a [[Tehsildar]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)\|North-West Frontier Province]] (N.W.F.P., now called [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in Pakistan in 2017) of [[British India]].{{citation needed\|date=April 2018}}		His father, Khan Abdul Hakim, was originally from the Wanigam village in the [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]],{{sfn\|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris\|2015\|pp=171–172}}{{sfn\|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2\|2015\|p=85}}<ref>{{citation\|title=Diplomat\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfttAAAAMAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Mirza Hashim Baig}}</ref> but worked as a [[Tehsildar]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)\|North-West Frontier Province]] (N.W.F.P., now called [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in Pakistan in 2017) of [[British India]].{{citation needed\|date=April 2018}}

	Khan was educated at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[London School of Economics]].{{sfn\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|2009\|p=268}} He became a [[barrister]] of the [[Lincoln's Inn]].<ref>{{citation \|last=Spain \|first=James William \|title=Pathans of the Latter Day \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9uAAAAMAAJ \|year=1995 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-577576-1 \|p=110}}</ref>		Khan was educated at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[London School of Economics]].{{sfn\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|2009\|p=268}} He became a [[barrister]] of the [[Lincoln's Inn]].<ref>{{citation \|last=Spain \|first=James William \|title=Pathans of the Latter Day \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9uAAAAMAAJ \|year=1995 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-577576-1 \|page=110}}</ref>

	One of his brothers, [[Abdul Hamid Khan (Azad Kashmiri politician)]], was a prime minister of [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]],{{sfn\|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris\|2015\|pp=171–172}} and another brother, Khan Abdul Rauf Khan, was a renowned lawyer.{{citation needed\|date=May 2017}}		One of his brothers, [[Abdul Hamid Khan (Azad Kashmiri politician)]], was a prime minister of [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]],{{sfn\|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris\|2015\|pp=171–172}} and another brother, Khan Abdul Rauf Khan, was a renowned lawyer.{{citation needed\|date=May 2017}}
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	==Political career==		==Political career==
	=== Indian National Congress ===		=== Indian National Congress ===
	Starting his political career in 1934 with the [[Indian National Congress]], Khan quickly rose to serve as an elected member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] (1937–38) and the deputy leader of the Congress in the Assembly. At that time he admired [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]. He authored a book, ''Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier'',<ref>{{citation \|last=Kh̲ān \|first='Abdul Qayyūm \|title=Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3BCAAAAIAAJ \|year=1945 \|publisher=Hind Kitabs \|location=Bombay}}</ref> in which he praised Ghaffar Khan and denounced Jinnah and the two-nation theory. Abdul Qayyum Khan said that the North West Frontier Province would [[opposition to the partition of India\|resist the partition of India]] with its blood.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Islam \|first1=Shamsul \|title=Saying No to Partition: Muslim leaders from 1940-1947 \|url=https://sabrangindia.in/indepth/saying-no-partition-muslim-leaders-1940-1947 \|publisher=SabrangIndia \|language=en \|date=4 December 2015\|quote=Abdul Quaiyum Khan from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) declared that his province would resist Partition of the country with its blood.}}</ref> He switched his loyalties to the Muslim League in 1945.{{sfn\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|2009\|p=268}} He later claimed that Ghaffar Khan was plotting Jinnah's assassination.<ref name="Korejo">M.S. Korejo (1993) The Frontier Gandhi, his place in history. Karachi : Oxford University Press.</ref> He banned his own book after he became the Chief Minister in the N.W.F.P. The book however continued fetching royalties even after he joined the Muslim League.<ref name="Malik2002">{{citation\|last=Malik\|first=Murtaza\|title=The Curtain Rises: Uncovered Conspiracies in Pakistan, Afghanistan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJHaAAAAMAAJ\|date=1 January 2002\|publisher=Royal Book Company\|isbn=978-969-407-271-5\|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{citation \|last=Akhtar \|first=Jamna Das \|title=Political Conspiracies in Pakistan: Liaquat Ali's murder to Ayub Khan's exit \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVfRAAAAMAAJ \|year=1969 \|publisher=Punjabi Pustak Bhandar \|p=105}}</ref>		Starting his political career in 1934 with the [[Indian National Congress]], Khan quickly rose to serve as an elected member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] (1937–38) and the deputy leader of the Congress in the Assembly. At that time he admired [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]. He authored a book, ''Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier'',<ref>{{citation \|last=Kh̲ān \|first='Abdul Qayyūm \|title=Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3BCAAAAIAAJ \|year=1945 \|publisher=Hind Kitabs \|location=Bombay}}</ref> in which he praised Ghaffar Khan and denounced Jinnah and the two-nation theory. Abdul Qayyum Khan said that the North West Frontier Province would [[opposition to the partition of India\|resist the partition of India]] with its blood.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Islam \|first1=Shamsul \|title=Saying No to Partition: Muslim leaders from 1940-1947 \|url=https://sabrangindia.in/indepth/saying-no-partition-muslim-leaders-1940-1947 \|publisher=SabrangIndia \|language=en \|date=4 December 2015\|quote=Abdul Quaiyum Khan from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) declared that his province would resist Partition of the country with its blood.}}</ref> He switched his loyalties to the Muslim League in 1945.{{sfn\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|2009\|p=268}} He later claimed that Ghaffar Khan was plotting Jinnah's assassination.<ref name="Korejo">M.S. Korejo (1993) The Frontier Gandhi, his place in history. Karachi : Oxford University Press.</ref> He banned his own book after he became the Chief Minister in the N.W.F.P. The book however continued fetching royalties even after he joined the Muslim League.<ref name="Malik2002">{{citation\|last=Malik\|first=Murtaza\|title=The Curtain Rises: Uncovered Conspiracies in Pakistan, Afghanistan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJHaAAAAMAAJ\|date=1 January 2002\|publisher=Royal Book Company\|isbn=978-969-407-271-5\|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{citation \|last=Akhtar \|first=Jamna Das \|title=Political Conspiracies in Pakistan: Liaquat Ali's murder to Ayub Khan's exit \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVfRAAAAMAAJ \|year=1969 \|publisher=Punjabi Pustak Bhandar \|page=105}}</ref>

	=== Muslim League and Partition ===		=== Muslim League and Partition ===
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	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==
	* {{cite journal \|first=Rakesh \|last=Ankit \|title=By George: The Cunningham Contribution \|journal=Epilogue \|volume=4 \|number=3 \|url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html \|date=March 2010 \|pages=33–35 \|ref={{sfnref\|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution\|2010}} \|access-date=7 April 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132231/http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html \|archive-date=15 November 2016 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all }}		* {{cite journal \|first=Rakesh \|last=Ankit \|title=By George: The Cunningham Contribution \|journal=Epilogue \|volume=4 \|number=3 \|url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html \|date=March 2010 \|pages=33–35 \|ref={{sfnref\|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution\|2010}} \|access-date=7 April 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132231/http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html \|archive-date=15 November 2016 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all }}
	* {{citation \|last=Effendi \|first=Col. M. Y. \|title=Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849-1971 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeXeAAAAMAAJ \|year=2007 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=Karachi \|~~ISBN~~=978-0-19-547203-5 \|ref={{sfnref\|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry\|2007}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Effendi \|first=Col. M. Y. \|title=Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849-1971 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeXeAAAAMAAJ \|year=2007 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=Karachi \|isbn=978-0-19-547203-5 \|ref={{sfnref\|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry\|2007}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Hodson \|first=H. V. \|title=The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC2UoAEACAAJ \|year=1969 \|publisher=Hutchinson \|location=London \|ref={{sfnref\|Hodson, The Great Divide\|1969}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Hodson \|first=H. V. \|title=The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC2UoAEACAAJ \|year=1969 \|publisher=Hutchinson \|location=London \|isbn=9780090971503 \|ref={{sfnref\|Hodson, The Great Divide\|1969}}}}
	* {{citation \|author=ISPR \|title=Defence Media 1991 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peHeAAAAMAAJ \|year=1991 \|publisher=Inter Services Public Relations \|ref={{sfnref\|ISPR, Defence and Media 1991\|1991}}}}		* {{citation \|author=ISPR \|title=Defence Media 1991 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peHeAAAAMAAJ \|year=1991 \|publisher=Inter Services Public Relations \|ref={{sfnref\|ISPR, Defence and Media 1991\|1991}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Jaffrelot \|first=Christophe \|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot \|title=Pakistan: Nationalism without A Nation \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC&pg=PA44 \|year=2002 \|publisher=Zed Books \|isbn=978-1-84277-117-4 \|ref={{sfnref\|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation\|2002}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Jaffrelot \|first=Christophe \|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot \|title=Pakistan: Nationalism without A Nation \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC&pg=PA44 \|year=2002 \|publisher=Zed Books \|isbn=978-1-84277-117-4 \|ref={{sfnref\|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation\|2002}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Kamran \|first=Tahir \|title=Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan: 1950s \|journal=South Asian Studies \|volume=24 \|number=2 \|year=2009 \|pp=257–282 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/1881130/4l3v6l9rwgsjcgx.pdf \|ref={{sfnref\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|2009}} }}{{Dead link\|date=September 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}		* {{citation \|last=Kamran \|first=Tahir \|title=Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan: 1950s \|journal=South Asian Studies \|volume=24 \|number=2 \|year=2009 \|pages=257–282 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/1881130/4l3v6l9rwgsjcgx.pdf \|ref={{sfnref\|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan\|2009}} }}{{Dead link\|date=September 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}
	* {{citation \|last=Siddiqi \|first=A. R. Brig. \|chapter=Vivid memories and lost opportunities \|title=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Volume 48 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvttAAAAMAAJ \|year=2000 \|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society \|ref={{sfnref\|Siddiqi, Vivid memories and lost opportunities\|2000}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Siddiqi \|first=A. R. Brig. \|chapter=Vivid memories and lost opportunities \|title=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Volume 48 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvttAAAAMAAJ \|year=2000 \|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society \|ref={{sfnref\|Siddiqi, Vivid memories and lost opportunities\|2000}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Samad \|first=Yunas \|title=A Nation in Turmoil: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1937-1958 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUNuAAAAMAAJ \|year=1995 \|publisher=Sage \|isbn=978-0-8039-9214-6 \|ref={{sfnref\|Samad, A Nation in Turmoil\|1995}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Samad \|first=Yunas \|title=A Nation in Turmoil: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1937-1958 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUNuAAAAMAAJ \|year=1995 \|publisher=Sage \|isbn=978-0-8039-9214-6 \|ref={{sfnref\|Samad, A Nation in Turmoil\|1995}}}}