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{{Short description|Arab tribal chieftain (died 631)}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Abd Allah ibn Ubayy
| image =
| caption =
| death_date = 631
| birth_place = [[Medina#Etymology|Yathrib]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]
| death_place = Medina, Hejaz, Arabia
| branch = [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]]
| branch_label = Tribe
| serviceyears = 617–629
| battles = {{tree list}}
*Under Khazraj:
**[[Fijar Wars]] (late 6th-century)
**[[Battle of Buath]] (617)
*Under Muslims:
**[[Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa|Expedition against Qaynuqa]] (624)
**[[Invasion of Banu Nadir|Expedition against Nadir]] (625)
**[[Battle of Uhud]] (625)
**[[Expedition of al-Muraysi'|Expedition of al-Muraysi]] (627)
**[[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah|March to Hudaybiyya]] (629)
{{tree list/end}}
| spouse = Khawla bint al-Mundhir al-Najjari<br/>Lubna bint Ubada al-Qauqali<br/>Rayta bint Amir ibn Qays al-Saidi<br/>
| children = {{plainlist|
*[[Abd-Allah ibn Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy|Abd Allah]]
}}
| relations = {{plainlist|
*Ubayy ibn Salul (father)
*Uzza bint Ka'b (mother)
}}
| laterwork =
| other_name = ''al-Munafiq'' ('the Hypocrite')
}}

'''ʿAbd Allāh ibn 'Ubayy ibn Salūl''' ({{lang-ar|عبد الله بن أبي بن سلول}}), died 631, was a chieftain of the [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]] tribe of [[Medina]] during the time of [[Muhammad]]. Despite seemingly converting to [[Islam]], Ibn Ubayy actively conspired against the [[Muslims]] and led a group of saboteurs to cripple them from within.

His relentless antagonistic attitudes against Muhammad earned him the infamous title of "Leader of the [[Munafiq|Hypocrites]]".

==Origins and early life==

Ibn Ubayy was the son of Ubayy ibn Salul and Uzza bint Ka'ab, both hailing from [[Banu Khazraj]], one of the most influential tribes in [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] Medina. He was appointed as one of the elites of the tribe and led battles against rival tribes in the area. The famous of which was the decades-old protracted conflict against the [[Banu Aws]].

He occupied a high status in Medina society. Due to popular support, he was set to become chief. This was put on hold when Muhammad arrived.<ref name="EoI-AiU">William Montgomery Watt, "`Abd Allah b. Ubayy", ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''</ref><ref name="RM156">Maxime Rodinson, ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'' (2002), p. 156</ref> Muhammad taught a new faith and constructed a peaceful, united Medina.<ref name="Glubb 161">Glubb (2002), p. 161, 164f.</ref> The residents of Medina wholeheartedly [[Shahada|embraced Islam]], becoming [[Ansar (Islam)|The Helpers]].

Muhammad, being a resident of [[Mecca|Makkah]], has gained a huge following in Medina in a short while. This sparked lethal jealousy from some of Medina's old elites. Ibn Ubayy began seeing his influence disappear but remained a well-respected man.<ref name="Glubb 161" /><ref name="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20040625103910/http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html#The%20earliest%20biography%20of%20Muhammad,%20by%20ibn%20Ishaq The earliest biography of Muhammad]´''</ref>

==Conversion==
Ibn Ubayy converted to Islam as many others were converting as well. [[Maxime Rodinson]] noted that "He thought it wiser to join than to stand out against it".<ref name="RM156"/> However it probable that he converted very soon after the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]], at the same time as [[Sa'd ibn Mua'dh]].<ref>Rudi Paret, ''Mohammed und der Koran'', Stuttgart: [[Kohlhammer Verlag]] (1957), p. 103.</ref> It is generally accepted that he chose to become Muslim out of personal honor rather than sincere belief.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref name="M285">Saif-ur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, ''[[Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum]]'' (2002), p. 285</ref><ref name="restatement">Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy, ''[http://al-islam.org/restatement/57.htm Restatement of History of Islam]''</ref> However according to Maxime Rodinson, he may have converted out of a "genuine sympathy with monotheist ideas fostered by his friendly relations with the [[Jews]]".<ref>Rodinson (2002), p. 157</ref>

Ibn Ubayy became a "figurehead for those Arabs of Medina who, openly or secretly, sneered at the Prophet's teaching and complained of the confusion and the danger which the coming of the Muslims had brought to Medina".<ref name="Glubb 161"/> [[Ibn Ishaq]] writes that some of the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] "were not altogether convinced of the political wisdom of supporting the apostle: these came to be regarded as paying lip-service to Islam, but hiding treachery in their hearts, and they were known and reviled as 'the Hypocrites'".<ref name="Ibn Ishaq"/>

==Military campaigns==
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}
{{Main|List of expeditions of Muhammad}}

===Banu Qaynuqa===
{{Main|Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa}}
A Muslim woman visited a jewellery shop in the Banu Qaynuqa marketplace and she was pestered to uncover her face. The goldsmith, a Jew, pinned her clothing such that she was unveiled upon getting up. A Muslim man coming upon the resulting commotion, killed the goldsmith in retaliation and was in turn killed by the Jews. Enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa.<ref name="Mubarakpuri 2005 284">{{citation |title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA284 | first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications | isbn= 978-9960-899-55-8| page= 284}}</ref><ref name= "Stillman">{{citation | last = Stillman | title = The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book}}.</ref><ref name= "Ishaq1">Guillaume 363, ibn Kathir 2</ref>

The Muslims besieged the Banu Qaynuqa and forced them to surrender after two weeks. Ibn Ubayy appealed to Muhammad for leniency for the Banu Qaynuqa as they were allies for years.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/> He grabbed hold of the top of Muhammad's breast plate as he turned away, provoking his anger.<ref name="RM173">Rodinson (2002), p. 173</ref> "Let me go," Muhammad said. Ibn Ubayy replied:<ref name="Muir3-13">William Muir, ''The Life of Mohammad'', vol. 3, chapter 13</ref>
{{blockquote|Nay [...] I will not let thee go, until thou hast compassion on my friends; 300 soldiers armed in mail, and 400 unequipped, - they defended me on the fields of Hadaick and Boath from every foe. Wilt thou cut them down in one day, O Mohammad? As for me, I am one verily that feareth the vicissitudes of fortune.}}Then, Muhammad acceded to his request and gave the Banu Qaynuqa three days to leave the city.<ref name="RM173" />

Ibn Ubayy's last sentence has been interpreted in various ways. Rodinson considered it as threat against Muhammad,<ref name="RM173"/> [[William Montgomery Watt]] said that Ibn Ubayy "urged their importance as a fighting unit in view of the expected Meccan onslaught".<ref name="EoI-AiU"/>

Muslims have seen the episode as another evidence for Ibn Ubayy's double-standards since he insisted that adherence to Islam had not completely severed the old obligations of tribal and personal loyalty.<ref>Glubb (p. 197) refers to Ubada ibn al-Samit as an alternative; a Muslim from the tribe of Aws and also an ally of the Qunayqa, he then renounced his friendship the Jews.</ref> However, Ibn Ubayy had not defended the Banu Qaynuqa but merely pleaded for mercy. His plea implies that Muhammad intended to put the Banu Qaynuqa to death, as he later did with the [[Banu Qurayza]], but after Ibn Ubayy's intercession, they were merely expelled from Medina, their property to Muhammad and [[Muhajirun|The Migrants]].<ref name="Glubb 197">Glubb (2002), p. 197f.</ref>

===Battle of Uhud===
{{further|Battle of Uhud}}
In the consultations preceding the approaching [[Mecca]]n attack on Medina in 625, Ibn Ubayy had favoured Muhammad's original plan to defend from the strongholds inside Medina itself:<blockquote>...our city is a virgin, inviolate. We have never gone forth to our enemies, but we have suffered loss: remaining within our walls, we have beaten them off with slaughter. Leave the Coreish alone. If they remain, it will be in evil case; when they retire, it will be disappointed and frustrated in their designs.<ref name="Muir3-14">William Muir, ''The Life of Mohammad'', vol. 3, chapter 14</ref></blockquote>Some young Muslims, however, argued that the Meccans should be fought outside the city. Persuaded by the latter, Muhammad adopted an offensive strategy. According to Islamic tradition,{{which|date=January 2020}} Ibn Ubayy expressed his anger about his advice being rejected: "We do not know why we shall kill ourselves".<ref>al-Mubarakpuri (2002), p. 298</ref>

When Muhammad marched out to fight the Meccans, Ibn Ubayy also marched out with 300 of his own men and his remaining Jewish allies, according to [[al-Waqidi]]; however, Muhammad ordered him to send the Jews back into the town, calling them "idolaters". Ibn Ubayy then led his men back to Medina, retiring to the strongholds, while Muhammad resumed his advance.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref name="Muir3-14"/> Islamic tradition presumes that Ibn Ubayy turned back to protect the town or his own possessions.<ref name="Muir3-14"/><ref name="Glubb 202">Glubb (2002), p. 202-205.</ref> According to Watt, Surah {{cite quran|3|166|style=nosup|expand=no}} interprets Ibn Ubayy's withdrawal as showing "cowardice and lack of belief in God and the Prophet"<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref>Some scholars interpret the Surah to indicate that Ibn Ubayy stayed in the town in the first place; A. Schaade, "`Abd-Allah b. Ubaiy", Enzyklopädie des Islam.</ref>

Muhammad's 700 men met the 3000 of the Quraish in the [[Battle of Uhud]] and were defeated. The Quraish, however, did not succeed in killing Muhammad, and did not attempt to occupy the town of Medina, possibly because they knew it was guarded by Ibn Ubayy.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref name="Glubb 215">Glubb (2002), p. 215f.</ref> Rodinson suggests that the Meccans did not want to reforge the very unity of the population, which had been jeopardised by Muhammad's defeat.<ref>Rodinson (2002), p. 182</ref>

===Banu Nadir===
{{Main|Invasion of Banu Nadir}}
Ibn Ubay was also involved in Muhammad's conflict with another Jewish tribe, the [[Banu Nadir]]. Ibn Ishaq writes that when Muhammad ordered the tribe to leave the city within ten days, "certain persons of Medina who were not Believers sent a message to the Banu al-Nadir: 'Hold out, and defend yourselves; we shall not surrender you to Muhammad. If you are attacked we shall fight with you and if you are sent away we shall go with you'".<ref name="Ibn Ishaq"/> Other sources include or even identify the persons with the Muslim Ibn Ubayy. Waqidi reports that Ibn Ubayy, at first, strove to bring about a reconciliation, and [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] relates that Abd-Allah accused Muhammad of treachery and urged the Nadir to resist by promising aid.<ref name="Muir3-15">William Muir, ''The Life of Muhammad'', vol. 3, chapter 15.</ref> However, as the promised help failed to materialise, the Nadir surrendered and Muhammad expelled them from the city.<ref>V. Vacca, "Nadir, Banu'l", ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''</ref><ref name="jewenc">[[Hartwig Hirschfeld]], "[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=192&letter=A&search=Banu%20Khazraja Abdallah ibn Ubaiy]", ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''.</ref>

Watt considered this to be the first instance in which Ibn Ubayy went beyond verbally criticising Muhammad to intriguing against him, a practice Watt saw as continuing for the next two years.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/>

===Controversy during Mustaliq campaign===
{{Main|Invasion of Banu Mustaliq}}
In 627, Ibn Ubayy participated in a raid against the [[Banu Mustaliq]]. On the march home, conflict arose between the [[Muhajirun]] and the Ansar when a [[Bedouin]] servant of [[Umar]] pushed an ally of the Khazraj. Hearing of this, Ibn Ubayy reportedly voiced his discontent:<ref name="Muir3-16">William Muir, ''The Life of Mohammad'', vol. 3, chapter 16</ref>

{{blockquote|This... ye have brought upon yourselves, by inviting these strangers to dwell amongst us. When we return to Medina, the Mightier shall surely expel the Meaner!}}Watt described the phrase as an attempt by Ibn Ubayy "to undermine Muhammad's authority and make men think of expelling him".<ref name="EoI-AiU" /> Muhammad forestalled any fighting by immediately continuing the march. Ibn Ubayy denied having said so and Muhammad accepted the excuse, but after their return to Medina, the "Munafiqun" would be reprimanded in Surah {{cite quran|63|8|style=nosup|expand=no}}. Reportedly, Muhammad rejected the advice of Umar, who counselled to have Ibn Ubayy killed and the offer of [[Abd-Allah ibn Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy|Ibn Ubayy's own son]], a fervent Muslim, to kill his own father.<ref name="Muir3-16" /><ref>Akram Diya Al-Umari, ''[http://www.islaam.com/Article.aspx?id=423 The Bonds of Faith Are the Bases of the Links Between Men] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018235017/http://www.islaam.com/Article.aspx?id=423 |date=October 18, 2006 }}'' (1991).</ref><ref name="Glubb 262">Glubb (2002), p. 262f.</ref>

Later during the march, Muhammad's wife [[Aisha#Accusation of adultery|Aisha]] was rumoured to have committed adultery, and Ibn Ubay was among those spreading the rumour.<ref name="Muir3-16"/><ref name="EoI-A">William Montgomery Watt, "Aisha bint Abi Bakr", ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''</ref><ref name="Glubb 264">Glubb (2002), p. 264f.</ref>

One of the chiefs of the Aws asked for the permission to punish the slanderers without incurring a feud, but the Khazraj opposed that. After Muhammad had announced that he had received a revelation confirming Aisha's innocence, he had her three of her accusers, who had come forward, punished by eighty lashes. He did not venture to enforce the sentence against Ibn Ubayy, who had not come forward.<ref name="Muir3-16"/>

==Death==
According to Watt, after 627, there is no record of Ibn Ubayy "actively opposing Muhammad or intriguing against him". In 628, Ibn Ubayy participated in the march to [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah|Hudaybiyya]].<ref name="EoI-AiU"/> According to Rudi Paret, Muhammad's "most dangerous rival" was now on Muhammad's side.<ref>Rudi Paret, ''Mohammed und der Koran'', Stuttgart: Kohlhammer (1957), p. 126.</ref>

In 630, when Muhammad launched a [[Battle of Tabouk|campaign]] against the [[Byzantine Empire]] during a time of drought and food shortage created serious discontent in Medina, Ibn Ubayy expressed his sympathy for those criticizing the expedition as untimely. As the army assembled, Ibn Ubayy's troops formed a separate camp and turned back to Medina when Muhammad's forces set out.<ref name="Glubb 333">Glubb (2002), p. 333f.</ref> That possibly happened with Muhammad's consent because of Ibn Ubayy's ill health.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref name="Muir4-28">William Muir, ''The Life of Muhammad'', vol. 3, chapter 14</ref> After Muhammad's return, those criticizing the campaign and had remained behind were chided in Surah {{cite quran|9|81|style=nosup|expand=no}}.<ref name="Muir4-28"/>

Ibn Ubayy died two months after Muhammad's return, in 631. Despite the various conflicts between the two men, Muhammad did not show signs of vindictiveness towards Ibn Ubayy and attended his funeral and prayed above his grave, but afterwards revealed a verse in Surah at-Tawbah which denies him forgiveness, condemned him and the ''Munafiqun'',<ref name="restatement" />

<blockquote>Whether you (O Muhammad ﷺ) ask forgiveness for them (hypocrites) or ask not forgiveness for them – (and even) if you ask seventy times for their forgiveness – Allah will not forgive them because they have disbelieved in Allah and His Messenger. And Allah guides not those people who are rebellious (80).</blockquote>Ibn Ubayy's death signalled the end of the so-called Munafiqun faction, as "there was no one left ... possessed of power or influence".<ref name="Muir4-28" />

Ibn Ubayy married three times and left behind nine children, all of whom became devout Muslims.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/>

==See also==
*[[List of expeditions of Muhammad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite encyclopedia|author=Watt, William Montgomery|author-link=W. Montgomery Watt|title='Abd Allah b. Ubayy|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online|editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs |publisher= Brill Academic Publishers|issn=1573-3912}}
*{{cite book|last=Rodinson|first=Maxime|author-link=Maxime Rodinson|title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam|year=2002|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|isbn=1-86064-827-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqR_mU0qpE4C}}
*{{cite book|last=Glubb|first=John Bagot|author-link=John Bagot Glubb | title=The Life and Times of Muhammad|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|orig-year=1970|year=2002|isbn=0-8154-1176-6}}
*{{cite book|last=al-Mubarakpuri | first=Saif-ur-Rahman|author-link=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri| title=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum ("The Sealed Nectar")|publisher=Riyadh: Darussalam publishers. | year=2002|isbn=1-59144-071-8}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=FhjPV9mVnNEC&dq=%22Abd-Allah+ibn+Ubayy%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA283 Rodney J. Phillips, The Muslim Empire and the Land of Gold, 2008, Eloquent Books]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy}}
[[Category:631 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Khazrajite people]]
[[Category:Opponents of Muhammad]]

Abd Allah ibn Ubayy - Revision history

AdolphMassola0: update page for accuracy and fixed typos to improve readability

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article