A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada - Revision history

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	After surviving two [[Myocardial infarction\|heart attacks]] during his maritime journey,{{sfn\|Rosen\|2007\|p=12}} Bhaktivedanta Swami finally arrived at the [[Boston Harbor]] on 17 September 1965, and then continued on to [[New York City]].{{sfn\|Goswami\|2002\|p=281}}		After surviving two [[Myocardial infarction\|heart attacks]] during his maritime journey,{{sfn\|Rosen\|2007\|p=12}} Bhaktivedanta Swami finally arrived at the [[Boston Harbor]] on 17 September 1965, and then continued on to [[New York City]].{{sfn\|Goswami\|2002\|p=281}}

	== Later years (~~1965-1977~~) ==		== Later years (1965–1977) ==

	=== Beginnings in New York City ===		=== Beginnings in New York City ===
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	=== Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead ===		=== Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead ===

	In the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'', and so in Prabhupada's teachings, Krishna is seen as the original and supreme manifestation of Bhagavan{{sfn\|Goswami\|2012\|p=23}} – in [[Sanskrit]], ''svayam-bhagavan'', or the Supreme Personality of Godhead ~~himself~~.{{sfn\|Goswami\|2012\|p=142–145}} No one is equal to or greater than Krishna.{{sfn\|Goswami\|2012\|p=132}} Brahman and Paramatma are partial realizations of Krishna.{{sfn\|Goswami\|2012\|p=132}} The various [[Vishnu]] forms, such as [[Rama]] and [[Narasimha]], are "nondifferent" from Krishna; they are the same Personality of Godhead, appearing in different roles. The form of Krishna is the original and the most complete form. In the [[Deva (Hinduism)#Important Devas\|Hindu pantheon]], he taught the gods other than the Vishnu forms are [[Deva (Hinduism)\|demigods]] — that is, assistants of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.{{sfn\|Sherbow\|2004\|pp=133–134}}		In the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'', and so in Prabhupada's teachings, Krishna is seen as the original and supreme manifestation of Bhagavan{{sfn\|Goswami\|2012\|p=23}} – in [[Sanskrit]], ''svayam-bhagavan'', or the Supreme Personality of Godhead Himself.{{sfn\|Goswami\|2012\|p=142–145}} No one is equal to or greater than Krishna.{{sfn\|Goswami\|2012\|p=132}} Brahman and Paramatma are partial realizations of Krishna.{{sfn\|Goswami\|2012\|p=132}} The various [[Vishnu]] forms, such as [[Rama]] and [[Narasimha]], are "nondifferent" from Krishna; they are the same Personality of Godhead, appearing in different roles. The form of Krishna is the original and the most complete form. In the [[Deva (Hinduism)#Important Devas\|Hindu pantheon]], he taught the gods other than the Vishnu forms are [[Deva (Hinduism)\|demigods]] — that is, assistants of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.{{sfn\|Sherbow\|2004\|pp=133–134}}

	=== The energies of the Absolute ===		=== The energies of the Absolute ===
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	Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he pointed out that "today I may be a [[Hindu]], but tomorrow I may become a [[Christians\|Christian]] or [[Muslim]]. In this way, faiths can be changed, but [[dharma]] is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection, and it can not be changed, because it is permanent, according to him".<ref name="Harvnb\|Cole\|Dwayer\|2007\|p=25"/> While the ISKCON theology of [[personal god]] is close to Christian theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of [[bhakti]] and a missionary he sometimes would add that "already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing with ''[[karatalas]]'' (hand-cymbals) and ''[[mridanga]]s'' (drums)".<ref>{{Harvnb\|Cole\|Dwayer\|2007\|p=6}}</ref>		Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he pointed out that "today I may be a [[Hindu]], but tomorrow I may become a [[Christians\|Christian]] or [[Muslim]]. In this way, faiths can be changed, but [[dharma]] is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection, and it can not be changed, because it is permanent, according to him".<ref name="Harvnb\|Cole\|Dwayer\|2007\|p=25"/> While the ISKCON theology of [[personal god]] is close to Christian theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of [[bhakti]] and a missionary he sometimes would add that "already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing with ''[[karatalas]]'' (hand-cymbals) and ''[[mridanga]]s'' (drums)".<ref>{{Harvnb\|Cole\|Dwayer\|2007\|p=6}}</ref>

	His approach to modern knowledge was similar to that of sectarian [[Orthodox Judaism]], where modernity's skills and technical knowledge are encouraged, but the values rejected. "Whatever our engagement is, by offering the result to Krishna, we become Krishna conscious".<ref name="char">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.iskcon.com/icj/contributors.html#Selengut \|title=Charisma and Religious Innovation: Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON \|publisher=[[ISKCON Communications Journal]] \|access-date=31 May 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516204151/http://www.iskcon.com/icj/4_2/4_2charisma.html#Selengut \|archive-date=16 May 2008 \|url-status = dead}} (self-published)</ref> Similar to many traditional religions, he considered sexuality and spirituality as conflicting opposites.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Cole\|Dwayer\|2007\|p=224}}</ref> -->		His approach to modern knowledge was similar to that of sectarian [[Orthodox Judaism]], where modernity's skills and technical knowledge are encouraged, but the values rejected. "Whatever our engagement is, by offering the result to Krishna, we become Krishna conscious".<ref name="char">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.iskcon.com/icj/contributors.html#Selengut \|title=Charisma and Religious Innovation: Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON \|publisher=[[ISKCON Communications Journal]] \|access-date=31 May 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516204151/http://www.iskcon.com/icj/4_2/4_2charisma.html#Selengut \|archive-date=16 May 2008 \|url-status = dead \|website=iskcon.com}} (self-published)</ref> Similar to many traditional religions, he considered sexuality and spirituality as conflicting opposites.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Cole\|Dwayer\|2007\|p=224}}</ref> -->

	=== Spiritual practices ===		=== Spiritual practices ===
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	The primary spiritual practice Prabhupada taught was [[Kirtan\|''Krishna sankirtana'']] (also called ''kirtan'' or ''kirtana''), in which people musically chant together names of Krishna, especially in the form of the ''maha-mantra'': {{Blockquote\|''Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare<br/>Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.''}}''Kirtan'' literally means "description" hence "praise", and ''sankirtana'' indicates ''kirtan'' performed by people together.{{sfn\|Goswami\|2012\|pp=177–178}}		The primary spiritual practice Prabhupada taught was [[Kirtan\|''Krishna sankirtana'']] (also called ''kirtan'' or ''kirtana''), in which people musically chant together names of Krishna, especially in the form of the ''maha-mantra'': {{Blockquote\|''Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare<br/>Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.''}}''Kirtan'' literally means "description" hence "praise", and ''sankirtana'' indicates ''kirtan'' performed by people together.{{sfn\|Goswami\|2012\|pp=177–178}}

	On the authority of traditional [[Sanskrit literature\|Sanskrit texts]], Chaitanya Mahaprabhu had taught that Krishna ''kirtan'' is the most effective method for spiritual realization in the present age (''[[Kali Yuga\|Kali-yuga]]'') – more effective than silent meditation (''[[Dhyana in Hinduism\|dhyana]]''), speculative study (''[[Jñāna\|jnana]]''), worship in temples (''[[Puja (Hinduism)\|puja]]''), or performing the various physical or mental disciplines of ''[[yoga]]''. ''Krishna kirtan'', he had taught, can be done by anyone, anywhere, at any time, and without hard-and-fast rules. Because the names of Krishna are "transcendental sounds", identical with Krishna ~~himself~~, the chanting is spiritually uplifting.{{sfn\|Ketola\|2008\|p=51}}		On the authority of traditional [[Sanskrit literature\|Sanskrit texts]], Chaitanya Mahaprabhu had taught that Krishna ''kirtan'' is the most effective method for spiritual realization in the present age (''[[Kali Yuga\|Kali-yuga]]'') – more effective than silent meditation (''[[Dhyana in Hinduism\|dhyana]]''), speculative study (''[[Jñāna\|jnana]]''), worship in temples (''[[Puja (Hinduism)\|puja]]''), or performing the various physical or mental disciplines of ''[[yoga]]''. ''Krishna kirtan'', he had taught, can be done by anyone, anywhere, at any time, and without hard-and-fast rules. Because the names of Krishna are "transcendental sounds", identical with Krishna Himself, the chanting is spiritually uplifting.{{sfn\|Ketola\|2008\|p=51}}

	[[File:Hare Kṛṣṇa Kīrtana and purport.ogg\|thumb\|Prabhupada leads ''[[Kirtan\|Hare Krishna kirtan]]'' and explains the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)\|maha-mantra]]''. October 1966.\|280x280px]]		[[File:Hare Kṛṣṇa Kīrtana and purport.ogg\|thumb\|Prabhupada leads ''[[Kirtan\|Hare Krishna kirtan]]'' and explains the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)\|maha-mantra]]''. October 1966.\|280x280px]]
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	==== Deity worship ====		==== Deity worship ====

	In accordance with Vaishnava teachings, Prabhupada introduced the worship of Krishna in the form of a ''[[murti]]'': figures cast in metal or carved in stone or wood to match descriptions of Krishna given in Vaishnava texts. Scholar of religion Kenneth Valpey writes: {{Blockquote\|"Prabhupāda explained that although omnipresent, Kṛṣṇa makes ~~himself~~ perceivable and hence worshipable through material elements which are, after all, his own 'energies.' Based on this reasoning one should understand the image of Kṛṣṇa to be 'Kṛṣṇa personally,' appearing in a way quite suitable for our vision,' that is, perceivable by ordinary persons with ordinary powers of sight".{{sfn\|Valpey\|2006\|p=127 citing a lecture by Prabhupada}}}}		In accordance with Vaishnava teachings, Prabhupada introduced the worship of Krishna in the form of a ''[[murti]]'': figures cast in metal or carved in stone or wood to match descriptions of Krishna given in Vaishnava texts. Scholar of religion Kenneth Valpey writes: {{Blockquote\|"Prabhupāda explained that although omnipresent, Kṛṣṇa makes Himself perceivable and hence worshipable through material elements which are, after all, his own 'energies.' Based on this reasoning one should understand the image of Kṛṣṇa to be 'Kṛṣṇa personally,' appearing in a way quite suitable for our vision,' that is, perceivable by ordinary persons with ordinary powers of sight".{{sfn\|Valpey\|2006\|p=127 citing a lecture by Prabhupada}}}}
	Prabhupada taught that because Krishna is personally present as the ~~deity~~ (the term Prabhupada used for such a form), worshiping the ~~deity~~ helps one develop loving exchanges with Krishna. Prabhupada installed deities in ISKCON temples worldwide.{{sfn\|R. S. Dasa\|1985\|pp=70–72}}		Prabhupada taught that because Krishna is personally present as the Deity (the term Prabhupada used for such a form), worshiping the Deity helps one develop loving exchanges with Krishna. Prabhupada installed deities in ISKCON temples worldwide.{{sfn\|R. S. Dasa\|1985\|pp=70–72}}

	Food prepared and offered to the ~~deity~~ of Krishna with devotion becomes sanctified as [[Prasada\|''krishna-prasadam'']] ("mercy of Krishna"). Prabhupada taught that eating only ''prasadam'' purifies one's existence and helps one develop in ''bhakti''.{{sfn\|Zeller\|2012\|p=686}} From the beginning of his mission, Prabhupada distributed ''prasadam'' to visitors{{sfn\|Dwyer\|2010\|p=29}}{{sfn\|Zeller\|2012\|pp=682-683}} and soon made it into the movement's primary outreach vehicle.{{sfn\|Zeller\|2012\|p=688}}{{sfn\|Knott\|1986\|p=72}} A weekly ''prasadam'' feast for the public has always been a program at all of ISKCON centers.{{sfn\|King\|2012b\|pp=444, 448}}{{sfn\|Zeller\|2012\|p=681}} Prabhupada wrote, "The Hare Krishna Movement is based on the principle: chant Hare Krishna mantra at every moment, both inside and outside of the temples, and, as far as possible, distribute prasadam".{{sfn\|King\|2012b\|p=442, citing Prabhupada's purport to ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' 4.12.10}}		Food prepared and offered to the Deity of Krishna with devotion becomes sanctified as [[Prasada\|''krishna-prasadam'']] ("mercy of Krishna"). Prabhupada taught that eating only ''prasadam'' purifies one's existence and helps one develop in ''bhakti''.{{sfn\|Zeller\|2012\|p=686}} From the beginning of his mission, Prabhupada distributed ''prasadam'' to visitors{{sfn\|Dwyer\|2010\|p=29}}{{sfn\|Zeller\|2012\|pp=682-683}} and soon made it into the movement's primary outreach vehicle.{{sfn\|Zeller\|2012\|p=688}}{{sfn\|Knott\|1986\|p=72}} A weekly ''prasadam'' feast for the public has always been a program at all of ISKCON centers.{{sfn\|King\|2012b\|pp=444, 448}}{{sfn\|Zeller\|2012\|p=681}} Prabhupada wrote, "The Hare Krishna Movement is based on the principle: chant Hare Krishna mantra at every moment, both inside and outside of the temples, and, as far as possible, distribute prasadam".{{sfn\|King\|2012b\|p=442, citing Prabhupada's purport to ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' 4.12.10}}

	==== Living in Vrindavan ====		==== Living in Vrindavan ====
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	While working to establish his movement, Prabhupada had to deal with problems caused even by leading disciples, who, monks or not, could still hold on to intellectual baggage, disdain for authority, and ambitions for power.{{sfn\|Tamal Krishna Goswami\|1997}} In 1968 Prabhupada's first ''sannyasi'' disciple openly disregarded Prabhupada's instructions to him and twisted core tenets of Prabhupada's teachings. This foreshadowed succession problems and issues of authority that Prabhupada's movement would face both during Prabhupada's presence and after.{{sfn\|Tamal Krishna Goswami\|1997}}		While working to establish his movement, Prabhupada had to deal with problems caused even by leading disciples, who, monks or not, could still hold on to intellectual baggage, disdain for authority, and ambitions for power.{{sfn\|Tamal Krishna Goswami\|1997}} In 1968 Prabhupada's first ''sannyasi'' disciple openly disregarded Prabhupada's instructions to him and twisted core tenets of Prabhupada's teachings. This foreshadowed succession problems and issues of authority that Prabhupada's movement would face both during Prabhupada's presence and after.{{sfn\|Tamal Krishna Goswami\|1997}}

	Unlike Indian gurus who declared themselves ''[[avatar]]s'', divine appearances of God, Prabhupada, from the very beginning of his preaching, called himself only a servant or representative of God.{{sfn\|Daner\|1976\|p=19}} But in 1970 four of Prabhupada's early ''sannyasis'' announced at a large ISKCON gathering that Prabhupada's followers had failed to recognize that Prabhupada was Krishna: God ~~himself~~. Prabhupada expelled those ''sannyasis'' from his Society (he eventually readmitted them after they recanted their claim).{{sfn\|Tamal Krishna Goswami\|1997}}		Unlike Indian gurus who declared themselves ''[[avatar]]s'', divine appearances of God, Prabhupada, from the very beginning of his preaching, called himself only a servant or representative of God.{{sfn\|Daner\|1976\|p=19}} But in 1970 four of Prabhupada's early ''sannyasis'' announced at a large ISKCON gathering that Prabhupada's followers had failed to recognize that Prabhupada was Krishna: God Himself. Prabhupada expelled those ''sannyasis'' from his Society (he eventually readmitted them after they recanted their claim).{{sfn\|Tamal Krishna Goswami\|1997}}

	In 1972, without consulting Prabhupada, eight of the twelve members of the GBC held a meeting in New York aimed at centralizing control of ISKCON's activities and finances. Their plans would have lessened Prabhupada's own oversight and set aside his emphasis on the autonomy of each ISKCON center. This prompted Prabhupada to suspend the entire GBC "until further notice", establish direct lines of communication with each temple's leaders, and re-emphasize spiritual purity, the selfless and voluntary nature of devotional life, and the exemplary conduct befitting ISKCON leaders. He said he wanted this, not corporate bureaucracy and excessive centralization. (He later unsuspended the GBC).{{sfn\|Tamal Krishna Goswami\|1997}}		In 1972, without consulting Prabhupada, eight of the twelve members of the GBC held a meeting in New York aimed at centralizing control of ISKCON's activities and finances. Their plans would have lessened Prabhupada's own oversight and set aside his emphasis on the autonomy of each ISKCON center. This prompted Prabhupada to suspend the entire GBC "until further notice", establish direct lines of communication with each temple's leaders, and re-emphasize spiritual purity, the selfless and voluntary nature of devotional life, and the exemplary conduct befitting ISKCON leaders. He said he wanted this, not corporate bureaucracy and excessive centralization. (He later unsuspended the GBC).{{sfn\|Tamal Krishna Goswami\|1997}}
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	== Sources ==		== Sources ==
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	=== Academic and documentary ===		=== Academic and documentary ===
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	* {{URL\|https://vanipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page\|Vanipedia}} — Online repository of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's legacy		* {{URL\|https://vanipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page\|Vanipedia}} — Online repository of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's legacy
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{{Short description|Indian spiritual teacher (1896–1977)}}
{{redirect|Bhaktivedanta|the college under same name|Bhaktivedanta College}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Fanpov|date=November 2021}}
{{Third-party|date=November 2021}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami
| monastic_name = {{IAST|Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī}}
| honorific-prefix = His Divine Grace
| honorific-suffix = {{IAST|Prabhupāda}}
| image = Prabhupada singing (Germany 1974).jpg
| alt =
| caption = A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in Germany, 1974
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| philosophy = [[Bhakti yoga]]
| denomination = [[Vaishnavism]]
| sect = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
| temple = Gaudiya Math, ISKCON
| other_name =
| birth_name = Abhay Charan De
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|09|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1977|11|8|1896|09|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Vrindavan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| resting_place = Srila Prabhupada's ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhi Mandir]]'', [[Krishna Balaram Mandir|ISKCON Vrindavan]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|27.57196|77.67729}}
| alma_mater = [[Scottish Church College]], [[University of Calcutta]]<ref name="Info"/>
| location =
| period = 1966–1977
| consecration =
| predecessor =
| reason =
| rank =
| teacher =
| reincarnation_of =
| students =
| works = ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is]]'', ''[[Bhāgavata Purāṇa#Translations|Śrīmad Bhāgavatam]]'' (translation), ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya Caritāmṛta]]'' (trans.)
| initiation = ''[[Diksha]]'', 1933 (by [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]])<br />''[[Sannyasa]]'', 1959 (by [[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]])
| initiation_date =
| initiation_place =
| initiator =
| ordination =
| previous_post =
| present_post =
| post = Founder-''[[Acharya]]'' of [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]]
| website = {{url|https://prabhupada.krishna.com}}
| background = #ffca6e
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami''' ({{IAST3|Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī}}; 1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977<ref name="Info"/>), born '''Abhay Charan De''' and called ''[[Prabhupāda|Prabhupada]]'' in the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON), was an Indian [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] guru who founded ISKCON,<ref name="Srivatsa" /> commonly known as the "Hare Krishna movement".<ref name="Info" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinreligio0000unse |title=Who's Who in Religion |edition=2nd |location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=[[Marquis Who's Who]] |year=1977 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinreligio0000unse/page/531/mode/1up 531] |isbn=0-8379-1602-X |quote=Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, leader, Hare Krishna Movement. Founder, Internat. Soc. for Krishna Consciousness, 1965.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Britannica|255215|Hare Krishna|J. Gordon Melton}}</ref> Members of ISKCON view Bhaktivedanta Swami as a representative and messenger of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|author-link=Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|year=1968|title=Prabhupada: Messenger of The Supreme Lord|location=India|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|Bhaktivedanta Book Trust Publications]]|pages=vi|isbn=978-8189574307}}</ref>

Born in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]), he was educated at the [[Scottish Church College]].<ref name="Info">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|pages=77–78}}</ref> While working at a small [[pharmaceutical]] business,<ref name="Rodes">{{Harvnb|Rhodes|2001|p=178}}</ref> he met and became a follower of [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]]. In 1959, after his retirement, he left his family to become a ''[[sannyasa|sannyasi]]'' and started writing commentaries on Vaishnava scriptures.<ref name="SDG9">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 9}}</ref> As a travelling Vaishnava monk, he became an influential communicator of Gaudiya Vaishnavite theology to India and specifically to the [[Western world]] through his leadership of ISKCON, founded in 1966.<ref name = kk2>{{Harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|p=217}}</ref><ref name="ex23">{{Harvnb|Ekstrand|Bryant|2004|p=23}}</ref> He was criticized by [[Anti-cult movement|anti-cult groups]], but was appreciated by several American [[religious scholar]]s.<ref name="Vasan2">{{Harvnb|Vasan|Lewis|2005|p=129}}</ref>

He has been described as a [[Charismatic authority|charismatic leader]] who was successful in acquiring followers in many countries including the United States, Europe and India.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 24579924|title = Unrecognized charisma? A study and comparison of five charismatic leaders: Charles Taze Russell, Joseph Smith, L Ron Hubbard, Swami Prabhupada and Sun Myung Moon|journal = Max Weber Studies|volume = 12|issue = 2|pages = 185–204|last1 = Chryssides|first1 = George D.|year = 2012|doi = 10.15543/MWS/2012/2/4}}</ref><ref>"in an evaluation of the nature of the [[guru]], [[Larry Shinn]], a scholar of religions, utilised [[Max Weber]]'s analysis of charisma in order to understand Prabhupada and the issue of leadership in [[ISKCON]]..."status as charismatic leader" {{Harvnb|Knott|1997|loc=Chapter: Prabhupada and role of guru}}</ref><ref name="Shinn87">{{Harvnb|Shinn|1987|p=49}}</ref> After his death in 1977, ISKCON, the society he founded based on a form of Hindu [[Krishnaism]] using the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' as a central scripture, continued to grow. In February 2014, ISKCON's news agency reported reaching a milestone of distributing over half a billion of his books since 1965.<ref name="Smullen">{{cite web | url = http://iskconnews.org/bbt-reaches-half-a-billion-books-distributed-since-1965,4286/ | title = BBT reaches half a billion books distributed since 1965 | access-date = 27 February 2014 | last = Smullen | first = Madhava | date = 12 February 2014 | website = ISKCON News}}</ref>

==Biography==

===Early life===
Prabhupada was born Abhay Charan on 1 September 1896 in Calcutta.<ref name="Info" /> He was also called Nandulāl. His parents, Gour Mohan De and Rajani De, were devout [[Vaishnava]]s and resided at 6 Sitakanta Banerjee Lane, Calcutta.<ref name = "SDG2">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 2}}</ref>

Abhay Charan studied at the [[Scottish Church College]]. He is said to have refused his degree in response to [[Non-cooperation movement|Gandhi's calls]] to challenge British rule.<ref name="Info" /> At the age of 22, he was married in 1919 to Radharani Devi, who was then 11 years old, in a [[Arranged marriage|marriage arranged]] by their parents. At 14, Radharani Devi gave birth to their first son.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prabhupada.org.uk/articles1/48_53/48.htm |title=Srila Prabhupada's marriage |access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref>

===Religious journey===
{{Vaishnavism}}
In 1922, he met his [[parampara|spiritual master]], [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura]], in Prayagraj. He was asked to spread the message of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] in the English language.<ref name="SDGPRA">{{Harvnb|Goswami|1984|loc=page xv}}</ref> In 1933 he became a formally initiated disciple of Bhaktisiddhānta. In 1944, he started the publication called ''[[Back to Godhead]]'',<ref name = hk34/><ref name="SDGPRA1">{{Harvnb|Goswami|1984|loc=page xviii}}</ref> for which he was writer, designer, publisher, editor, copy editor and distributor.<ref name="SDG5">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol. 1 Chapter 5}}</ref>

In 1947, the Gaudiya Vaishnava Society gave him the title ''Bhaktivedanta,'' (''{{IAST|[[bhakti]]-[[vedānta]]}}'').<ref>A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]] (1998) ''The secrets of transcendental love'', {{ISBN|0-89213-273-6}}, p. 73: "The spiritual harmony of knowledge and devotion is well expressed in the phrase ''bhakti-vedānta''"</ref> He is well known by the honorific ''{{IAST|[[Prabhupāda]]}}''<ref>{{cite book |author=Aparna Chattopadhyay |title=Pearls of Spiritual Wisdom |publisher=Pustak Mahal, India |year=2004 |page=37 |isbn=81-223-0858-9 }}</ref>

From 1950 onwards, he lived at the medieval Radha-Damodar [[mandir]] in the holy town of [[Vrindavan]], where he began his commentary and translation work of the [[Sanskrit]] work [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Charles S. J. White |title=A Catalogue of Vaishnava Literature on Microfilms in the Adyar Library |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |year=2004 |isbn=81-208-2067-3}}</ref> His [[guru]], [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura]], had always encouraged him to print books.<ref name="SDG4RK">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 4}} "''{{IAST|Āmār icchā chila kichu bai karānā}}: ''"Standing by [[Rādhā-kuṇḍa|{{IAST|Rādhā-kuṇḍa}}]] and beholding his spiritual master, Abhay felt the words deeply enter his own life – "If you ever get money, print books."</ref> referring to the need for the literary presentation of the Vaishnava culture.<ref name="SDG4">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 4}}</ref>

===Renunciation===
Prabhupada also lived at [[Gaudiya Matha]] at [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], where he wrote and edited the ''{{IAST|Gauḍīya Patrikā}}'' magazine. There he also donated the statue of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] which stands on the altar beside those of [[Radha Krishna]] (named ''Śrī Śrī Rādhā Vinodavihārījī''). In September 1959, he was initiated as a ''[[sannyasa|sannyasi]]'' by his friend [[Bhakti Prajnana Keshava]] and was given the title of ''[[Swami]]''. He published the first book of ''Bhagavata Purana''.<ref name="SDGm">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter ''This momentous hour of need''}}</ref>

===Mission to the West===
{{main|International Society for Krishna Consciousness}}

Prabhupada was the first Hindu preacher to take advantage of the removal of [[National Origins Formula|national quotas]] by the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965 Immigration Act]] of the United States.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|2017|p=xxxvi}}</ref> In July 1966, he founded the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) in [[New York City]].<ref name="Srivatsa" /> He defended the name, arguing that ''Krishna'' included all other forms and concepts of God.<ref name="ex122">{{Harvnb|Ekstrand|Bryant|2004|pp=120–122}}</ref> In 1967, a centre was started in [[San Francisco]].<ref name="Vasan">{{Harvnb|Vasan|Lewis|2005|p=128}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=22}}</ref> He travelled throughout America with his disciples, popularising the movement through street chanting (''[[sankirtana]]''), book distribution and public speeches. [[George Harrison]] of [[The Beatles]] produced a recording with some of the devotees in London and helped establish the [[Radha Krisna Temple]] there.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=23}}</ref>

Over the following years, his role as preacher and leader of Krishna consciousness movement took him around the world several times setting up temples and communities in other continents.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book|title=Hinduism and modernity|publisher=Blackwell Pub|year=2003|isbn=0-631-20862-3|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|page=178|author=Smith, David Nichol}}</ref> By the time of his death in [[Vrindavan]] in 1977, ISKCON had become an internationally known expression of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="Vasan" />

Through his mission, he followed and preached the teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and introduced [[bhakti yoga]] to an international audience.<ref name="Smith" /><ref name="translation" /> Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism this was viewed as the fulfilment of a long time mission to introduce Caitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings to the world.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=5}}</ref>

===Death===
Bhaktivedanta Swami died on 14 November 1977 at the age of 81, in Vrindavan, India. His body was buried in [[Krishna Balaram Mandir]] in Vrindavan.<ref name="Info"/>

==In India==
Beginning his public preaching mission in India, he founded the League of Devotees in [[Jhansi]] in 1953.<ref>[http://www.prabhupadaconnect.com/League_of_Devotees.html League of Devotees article] prabhupadaconnect.com</ref> On his return to India in 1971, he oversaw the construction of temples in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=27}}</ref> [[Mayapur]] and [[Vrindavan]]. To promote the vedic education within the modern Indian education structure, he started a chain of [[ISKCON schools]]. The [[Government of India]] has issued commemorative stamp<ref>
{{cite web| url=http://prabhupada.krishna.com/shrines-and-memorials | title=prabhupada.krishna.com| website=www.krishna.com| access-date=8 January 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130326020806/http://prabhupada.krishna.com/shrines-and-memorials| archive-date= 26 March 2013 |url-status = live}} see "Commemorative Stamp" section, including image</ref> and a Rs 125 commemorative coin in his honour.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi releases special commemorative coin on ISKCON founder's 125th birth anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-coin-on-iskcon-founders-125th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85835377.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=1 September 2021}}</ref>

==Monuments==
[[File:Prabhupada's Palace of Gold at New Vrindaban.jpg|thumb|right|ISKCON [[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]] in [[West Virginia]], USA]]

A number of ''[[Samādhi#Samadhi as mausoleum|samadhi]]s'' or shrines to Bhaktivedanta Swami were constructed by the members of ISKCON, with those in Mayapur and Vrindavan in India being notable. [[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]], built by the [[New Vrindavan]] community in 1979, was intended to be a residence for Bhaktivedanta Swami, but grew into a tourist attraction.<ref name="ShinnBrom1987q">{{Harvnb|Shinn|Bromley|1987|p=124}}</ref>

==Books and publishing==
[[File:Srila Prabhupada Room at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan.jpg|alt=Srila Prabhupada Room at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan|thumb|Srila Prabhupada Room at Radha Damodar Mandir in [[Vrindavan]]|left]]Bhaktivedanta Swami's books are considered one of his most significant contributions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sharma|1981|p=971}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.acbspn.com/reviews.htm| title=Scholars reviews of Srila Prabhupada's books| website=www.acbspn.com| access-date=31 May 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515205053/http://www.acbspn.com/reviews.htm| archive-date=15 May 2008|url-status = dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the final twelve years of his life, Bhaktivedanta Swami translated over sixty volumes of classic [[Hindu texts|Hindu]] scriptures (e.g. ''[[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' and ''[[Srimad Bhagavatam]]'') into the English language.<ref name="Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25">{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25}}</ref> His ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|Bhagavad-gītā As It Is]]'' was published by [[Macmillan Publishers]] in 1968 with an unabridged edition in 1972.<ref>[[Maheswar Neog]] [https://books.google.com/books?ei=Ks9DSJ3YH6a4iQHiq8yIBQ&id=LhB4AAAAIAAJ&dq=Macmillan+Bhagavad+Gita&q=Macmillan&pgis=1#search Professor Maheswar Neog Felicitation Volume] (1990)</ref><ref>Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1968). ''The Bhagavad-gita As It Is'', first edition. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://btg.krishna.com/macmillan-miracle|title=The Macmillan Miracle
|website=www.krishna.com|access-date=2 June 2008|last=Rosen|first=S|author-link=Satyaraja Dasa| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080606024529/http://www.krishna.com/en/node/1523| archive-date= 6 June 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref> It is now available in over sixty languages around the world with some of his other books available in over eighty different languages.<ref name = hk34>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=34}}</ref><ref name="translation">{{cite web| url=http://www.bbt.info/files/languages/Books_in_Print_JUN06.pdf| title=The matrix of principal published translated works. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust offers a 2006 summary PDF file showing which books translated in which languages| publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | access-date=30 May 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528180745/http://www.bbt.info/files/languages/Books_in_Print_JUN06.pdf| archive-date=28 May 2008|url-status = dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref> In February 2014, ISKCON's news agency reported reaching a milestone of distributing over half a billion books authored by Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada since 1965.<ref name="Smullen"/>

The [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] was established in 1972 to publish his works.<ref name="Srivatsa">{{Harvnb|Goswami et al.|1983|p=986}}</ref><ref name="ShinnBrom">{{Harvnb|Shinn|Bromley|1989|p=53}}</ref>

[[File:Palaceanddevotees 1982.jpg|thumb|[[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]] in 1982|left]]

Bhaktivedanta Swami said:

{{blockquote|Actually, it doesn't matter – Krishna or Christ – the name is the same. The main point is to follow the injunctions of the Vedic scriptures that recommend chanting the name of God in this age.<ref name="Ssr1">{{Harvnb|Bhaktivedanta|2003|loc=}}</ref>}}

Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he would point out that "today I may be a [[Hindu]], but tomorrow I may become a [[Christians|Christian]] or [[Muslim]]. In this way faiths can be changed, but [[dharma]] is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection and it can not be changed, because it is permanent, according to him".<ref name="Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25"/> While the [[ISKCON]] theology of [[personal god]] is close to Christian theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of [[bhakti]] and a missionary he sometimes would add that "already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing with ''[[karatalas]]'' (hand-cymbals) and ''[[mridanga]]s'' (drums)".<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=6}}</ref>

His approach to modern knowledge is similar to that of sectarian [[Orthodox Judaism]], where the skills and technical knowledge of modernity are encouraged, but the values rejected. "Whatever our engagement is, by offering the result to Krishna we become Krishna conscious".<ref name="char">{{cite web |url=http://www.iskcon.com/icj/contributors.html#Selengut |title=Charisma and Religious Innovation: Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON |publisher=[[ISKCON Communications Journal]] |access-date=31 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516204151/http://www.iskcon.com/icj/4_2/4_2charisma.html#Selengut |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status = dead}} (self published)</ref> Bhaktivedanta Swami himself taught a dualism of body and soul and that of the genders. Similar to many traditional religions he considered sexuality and spirituality as conflicting opposites.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=224}}</ref> Among some liberal male followers there is a positive recognition of his example in applying the spirit of the law according to time, place, person and circumstance, rather than literal tracing of the tradition.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=223}}</ref>

==Works==
[[File:Prabhupadasamadhi.jpg|thumb|228x228px|[[Samadhi]] of Prabhupada in [[Vrindavan]].]]

===Bengali writings===
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Gītār Gān}}
|language=bn
|date=c. 1973
}}

* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Vairāgya-vidyā}}
|language=bn
|date=1977
}}
: A collection of his early Bengali essays, which were originally printed in a monthly magazine that he edited called {{IAST|Gauḍīya Patrika}}. Starting in 1976, [[Bhakti Charu Swami]] reprinted these essays into Bengali booklets called {{IAST|Bhagavāner Kathā}} (Knowledge of the Supreme) [from 1948 & 1949 issues], {{IAST|Bhakti Kathā}} (The Science of Devotion), {{IAST|Jñāna Kathā}} (Topics of Spiritual Science), {{IAST|Muni-gānera Mati-bhrama}} (The Deluded Thinkers), and ''Buddhi-yoga'' (The Highest Use of Intelligence), which he later combined into ''Vairāgya-vidyā''. In 1992, an English translation was published called ''Renunciation Through Wisdom''.<ref>{{cite book|author=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|date=1992|title=Renunciation Through Wisdom|url=https://archive.org/details/renunciationthro0000acbh/page/n8/mode/1up|translator=Bhakti Charu Swami|translator-link=Bhakti Charu Swami|trans-title={{IAST|Vairagya Vidyā}}|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|isbn=0-947259-04-X|lccn=95120622|oclc=30848069|pages=vii-viii}}</ref>
* {{cite book
|title=Buddhi-yoga
|language=bn
}}
* {{cite book
|title=Bhakti-ratna-boli
|language=bn
}}

===Discography===
* {{cite AV media
|title=Krishna Consciousness
|type=12 in. [[LP record]]
|location=New York, NY
|publisher=Happening Records
|date=1966
|oclc=11402285
|id=[https://www.discogs.com/A-C-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Krishna-Consciousness/release/2706370 CA2210]
}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|title=The Happening Album: "Krishna Consciousness" {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/the-happening-album-krishna-consciousness/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedantas}}</ref>
* {{cite AV media
|title=Govinda
|type=12 in. [[LP record]]
|location=Los Angeles, CA
|publisher=Golden Avatar Productions
|date=1973
|lccn=94748438
|oclc=12622399
|id=[https://www.discogs.com/AC-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Prabhupada-Govinda/release/2734043 GOPI-108]
}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|title=Gopinatha single, Govinda LP {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/gopinatha-single-govinda-lp/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedantas}}</ref>
* {{cite AV media
|title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa Meditation}}
|type=2 x 12 in. [[LP record]]s
|location=Germany
|publisher=Radha Krsna Productions
|date=1974
|oclc=17247069
|id=[https://www.discogs.com/AC-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Prabhupada-Krsna-Meditation/release/2580755 RKP-1005]
}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|title=KRSNA Meditation Album {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/krsna-meditation-album/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedanta}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

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| isbn = 0-89213-133-0
}}
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| author=Harvey Cox
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NHNeOx8UZJYC&q=New+Vrindavan%5D%5D+in+West+Virginia&pg=PA123
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| year = 1989
| isbn = 0-8387-5144-X
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}{{Commons category|Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada}}
* {{url|https://vedabase.io/en/|Bhaktivedanta Vedabase}} – Official online multilingual library of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
* {{url|https://vrajvrindavan.com/srila-prabhupada/|Srila Prabhupada – Biography, Books, Hare Krishna Movement, Teachings, Samadhi}}
* {{url|https://www.srilaprabhupadalila.org/who-is-srila-prabhupada|Who is Srila Prabhupada}}
* {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Hinduism/Gurus_and_Saints/Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada/}}
* {{IMDb name|nm4152034}}
* {{BNF|118918976}} – Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1896-1977)
* {{Worldcat author|lccn-n79133133}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada}}

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[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:Simple living advocates]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]
[[Category:Indian animal rights activists]]
[[Category:Anti–World War II activists]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Bengali–English translators]]