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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|Pakistan\|Earth sciences}}~~
	* [[Meena (TV series)#Episodes\|''Meena'' - "Life Smiled Again"]]		* [[Meena (TV series)#Episodes\|''Meena'' - "Life Smiled Again"]]
	* [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]]		* [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]]
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	{{Earthquakes in Pakistan}}		{{Earthquakes in Pakistan}}
	{{Himalayan earthquakes}}		{{Himalayan earthquakes}}
	~~{{Portal bar\|India\|Pakistan\|Earth sciences}}~~
	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}

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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmir earthquake, 2005}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmir earthquake, 2005}}

			{{#seo:
			\|keywords=2005 disasters in Asia, 2005 disasters in India, 2005 disasters in Pakistan, 2005 earthquakes, 21st century in Azad Kashmir, Earthquakes in Afghanistan, Earthquakes in Pakistan, Disasters in Azad Kashmir, October 2005 events in Asia, October 2005 events in Pakistan
			\|description=
			}}

	[[Category:2005 disasters in Asia]]		[[Category:2005 disasters in Asia]]
	[[Category:2005 disasters in India]]		[[Category:2005 disasters in India]]

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{{Short description|Earthquake in South Asia}}
{{Redirect|Kashmir earthquake|the 1555 earthquake|1555 Kashmir earthquake|the 1885 earthquake|1885 Kashmir earthquake|the 2019 earthquake|2019 Kashmir earthquake}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| name = 2005 Kashmir earthquake
| timestamp = 2005-10-08 03:50:40
| anss-url = usp000e12e
| isc-event = 7703077
| image = Destroyed building in Muzaffarabad after the earthquake (2005).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Destroyed building in Muzaffarabad
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = {{Location map+ | Pakistan
| places =
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=34.53|long=69.1|label_size=100|label=Kabul|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=33.74|long=73.07|label_size=100|label=Islamabad|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=28.61|long=77.20|label_size=100|label=Delhi|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=31.55|long=74.34|label_size=100|label=Lahore|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=34.45|long=73.65|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
| width = 250
| float = center
| caption =
| relief = yes }}
| local-date = 08 October 2005
| local-time = 08:50:39 [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]
| duration =
| magnitude = 7.6 {{M|w|link=y}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| depth = {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| location = {{Coord|34.45|73.65|type:event_region:PK|display=inline,title}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Oblique-slip faults|Oblique-slip]]
| affected = [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]]
| damages =
| intensity = {{MMI|XI}} <ref name="Ali et. al">{{cite journal |author1=Zahid Ali |author2=Muhammad Qaisar |author3=Tariq Mahmood |author4=Muhammad Ali Shah |author5=Talat Iqbal |author6=Leonello Serva |author7=Alessandro M. Michetti |author8=Paul W. Burton |title=The Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, earthquake of 8 October 2005: surface faulting, environmental effects and macroseismic intensity |journal=Special Publications |date=2009 |volume=316 |issue=1 |pages=155–172 |doi=10.1144/SP316.9 |url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/316/1/155?ck=nck |publisher=The Geological Society of London|bibcode=2009GSLSP.316..155A |s2cid=128469925 }}</ref>
| pga = 
| tsunami =
| landslide = Yes<ref name=Bulmer/>
| foreshocks =
| aftershocks = 5.9 {{M|w}} 8 Oct at 03:57<ref name=USGS1/> <br /> 5.8 {{M|w}} 8 Oct at 03:58<ref name=USGS2/> <br /> 6.4 {{M|w}} 8 Oct at 10:46<ref name=USGS3/>
| casualties = 86,000–87,351 dead<ref name=PAGER-CAT/> <br /> 69,000–75,266 injured<ref name=PAGER-CAT/> <br /> 2.8 million displaced<ref name=PAGER-CAT/>
}}

An earthquake occurred at {{tooltip|08:50:39 Pakistan Standard Time|03:50:39 GMT}} on 8 October in [[Azad Kashmir]] . It was [[epicenter|centred]] near the city of [[Muzaffarabad]], and also affected nearby [[Balakot]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and some areas of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It registered a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 7.6 and had a maximum [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''Extreme''). The earthquake was also felt in [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[India]], and the [[Xinjiang]] region. The severity of the damage caused by the earthquake is attributed to severe upthrust. Over 86,000 people died, a similar number were injured, and millions were displaced. It is considered the [[Lists of earthquakes#Deadliest earthquakes|deadliest earthquake]] in [[South Asia]], surpassing the [[1935 Quetta earthquake]].<ref name="Dawn_Quetta_2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/25/fea.htm|title=The great Quetta tragedy|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN Newspaper]]|date=25 October 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027020142/http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/25/fea.htm|archive-date=27 October 2005|access-date=24 January 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Earthquake==
[[File:earthquake Information for Pakistan.png|thumb|left|200px|Map depicting regional tectonic plates]]
Kashmir lies in the area of collision of the [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]] and [[India Plate|Indian tectonic plates]]. The geological activity born out of this collision, also responsible for the birth of the Himalayan mountain range, is the cause of unstable [[seismicity]] in the region. The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) measured its magnitude as a minimum of 7.6 on the [[moment magnitude scale]], with its epicentre about {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, and {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-northeast of the national capital Islamabad.

===Intensity===
[[File:USGS Shakemap - 2005 Kashmir earthquake.jpg|thumb|right|200px|USGS Shakemap for the event]]
The earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of XI (''Extreme'') evaluated in an area around the epicentre,<ref name="Ali et. al" /> between the towns of Muzaffarabad and Balakot. It was also assigned XI on the [[Environmental Seismic Intensity scale]]. Field surveys of heavy damage to buildings and other structures in Balakot determined that the Modified Mercalli intensity exceeded X. At Muzaffarabad, the intensity peaked at VIII–IX (''Severe–Violent''). Intensity VII–VIII (''Very strong–Severe'') was determined in the areas south of Muzaffarabad.<ref name="EERI1stReport">{{Cite web|title=First Report on the Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005|url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/kashmir_eeri_1st_report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629222020/https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/kashmir_eeri_1st_report.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2006|website=eeri.org}}</ref>

The maximum intensity in India was VIII (''Destructive'') on the [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale]] (MSK), and was felt at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]]. MSK VII was felt in [[Kupwara]] and [[Baramulla]]. In [[Srinagar]], the earthquake was felt with an MSK intensity of V. At areas where the seismic intensity was lower, collapses were documented.<ref name="EERI1stReport" />

===Aftershocks===
There were many secondary earthquakes in the region, mainly to the northwest of the original epicentre. A series of strong aftershocks occurred near [[Muzaffarabad]].<ref>[http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/pak-in-panic-as-quake-rocks-kashmir/153050 "Pak in panic as quake rocks Kashmir"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208171252/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/pak-in-panic-as-quake-rocks-kashmir/153050 |date=8 December 2015 }} Reuters, ''The Financial Express'', 19 October 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2006.</ref> As of 27 October 2005<ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KKEE-6HWRYR?OpenDocument "Pakistan: A summary report on Muzaffarabad earthquake"] ''ReliefWeb'', 7 November 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2006.</ref> there had been more than 978 aftershocks with a magnitude of 4.0 and above that continued to occur daily. Since then, measurements from satellites have shown that mountain parts directly above the [[epicenter]] have risen by a few meters, giving ample proof that the Himalayas are still being formed and growing, and that this earthquake was a consequence of that.<ref>BBC series: ''Earth: The Power of the Planet.'', part 1. ''Volcano''</ref>

==Damage and casualties==
{{Refimprove section|date=October 2022}}
===Pakistan===
[[File:Muzaffarabad - 2005 Kashmir earthquake.jpg|thumb|[[Muzaffarabad]] after the earthquake]]

Most of the devastation hit northern Pakistan and [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]]. In Kashmir, the three main districts were badly affected and Muzaffarabad, the state capital of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, was hardest hit in terms of casualties and destruction. Hospitals, schools, and rescue services including police and armed forces were paralysed. There was virtually no infrastructure and communication was badly affected. More than 70% of all casualties were estimated to have occurred in Muzaffarabad. Bagh, the second-most-affected district, accounted for 15% of the total casualties.{{cn|date=October 2022}} In [[Islamabad]], the Margalla Towers, an apartment complex in [[F-10, Islamabad|sector F-10]], collapsed resulting in the deaths of an estimated 70 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbasi |first=Kashif |date=2019-12-21 |title=Only three multi-storey buildings operating with completion certificates |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1523416 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> One [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] and two [[Japanese people|Japanese]] were among the dead there.<ref name="REUTERS_1008" />

The Pakistani government's official death toll as of November 2005 stood at 87,350 although it is estimated that the death toll could have reached over 100,000. Approximately 138,000 were injured and over 3.5 million rendered homeless. According to government figures, 19,000 children died in the earthquake, most of them in widespread collapses of school buildings. The earthquake affected more than 500,000 families. In addition, approximately 250,000 farm animals died due to the collapse of stone barns, and more than 500,000 large animals required immediate shelter from the harsh winter.{{cn|date=October 2022}} About 200 soldiers were also killed in the epicentral area.<ref name="REUTERS_1008" />

As Saturday is a normal school day in the region, most students were at schools when the earthquake struck. Many were buried under collapsed school buildings. In [[Mansehra District]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], one collapsing school killed 350 students, while another school in the same district killed an additional fifty students.<ref name="REUTERS_1008">{{Cite web|title=Big quake hits subcontinent; thousands feared dead|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SP251100.htm|date=8 October 2005|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013063419/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SP251100.htm|url-status=dead|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Many people were also trapped in their homes and because it was the month of [[Ramadan]], most people were taking a nap after their pre-dawn meal and did not have time to escape. Reports indicate that entire towns and villages were completely wiped out in northern Pakistan, with other surrounding areas also suffering severe damage.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

:"...a second, massive wave of death will happen if we do not step up our efforts now", [[Kofi Annan]] said on 20 October with reference to the thousand remote villages in which people "are in need of medical attention, food, clean water and shelter and the 120,000 survivors that have not yet been reached."<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1835627,00.html "Thousands at risk of starving in earthquake aid shortfall"] ''The Times'', 21 October 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref>

According to Pakistan's Interior Minister [[Aftab Ahmad Sherpao]], Prime Minister [[Shaukat Aziz]] "made the appeal to survivors" on 26 October to come down to valleys and cities for relief,<ref name=bloomberg>{{citation|title=Pakistan Asks Quake Survivors to Leave Mountains Before Winter|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aH5Z2m5aPhRw|first=Khalid|last=Qayum|date=26 October 2005|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> because bad weather, mountainous terrain, landslides and blocked roads are making it difficult for relief workers to reach each house and the winter snows are imminent."

===India===
At least 1,350 people were killed and 6,266 injured in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in Indian administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Kashmir-earthquake-of-2005|title=Kashmir earthquake of 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/27/world/asia/twentytwo-tetanus-deaths-reported-in-pakistan-quake-zone.html|title=Twenty-two tetanus deaths reported in Pakistan quake zone|work=The New York Times |date=27 October 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/10/16/relief-helicopter-crashes-in-pakistan|title=pakistan toll at 38000 is expected to rise}}</ref> In [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] there were over 150 deaths.<ref name="REUTERS_1008" /> The tremors were reportedly felt as far away as [[Delhi]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

===Afghanistan===
Four deaths were reported in [[Afghanistan]], including a young girl who died in [[Jalalabad]], after a wall collapsed on her. The quake was felt in [[Kabul]], but the effects were minimal there.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

==Response==
{{Main|International response to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake}}
[[File:pakistan aid.jpg|thumb|Pakistani soldiers carry tents away from a U.S. Army CH-47 Chinook helicopter]]

The national and international humanitarian response to the crisis was extensive. In the initial phases of response, the Pakistan Medical corps, Corps of Engineers, Army aviation and a large number of infantry units played important roles. Lt. Gen Afzal, Maj. Gen. Imtiaz, and Maj. Gen Javid were the leaders of their formations. Maj. Gen Farrukh Seir was in charge of foreign relief co-ordination. The relief work in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was led by IAS officers of the state administration, Bashir Runyal and [[Jaipal Singh Law]]. In early 2006, the Government of Pakistan organized a donors' conference to raise money for reconstruction and development of the area. A total of $6.2 billion was pledged and a large amount of the money was delivered in terms of services of international [[NGO]]s with high pay scales. The rest of the money pledged, which was given to the Government of Pakistan for reconstruction and development, was used by a reconstruction authority called [[Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority]].

Well over US$5.4 billion (400 billion [[Pakistani rupee]]s)<ref>{{cite web|title=The Pakistan Earthquake of October 2005: A Reminder of Human-Science Interaction in Natural Disasters Risk Management |author=Amr S. Elnashai |url=http://www.ips.uiuc.edu/ilint/mt/iir/online/2006/11/the_pakistan_earthquake_of_oct.html |work=The Illinois International Review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029170810/http://www.ips.uiuc.edu/ilint/mt/iir/online/2006/11/the_pakistan_earthquake_of_oct.html |archive-date=29 October 2007 |url-status=dead |date=6 November 2006 |access-date=16 March 2009 }}</ref> in aid arrived from all around the world. US Marine and Army helicopters stationed in neighbouring [[Afghanistan]] quickly flew aid into the devastated region along with five [[CH-47 Chinook]] helicopters from the [[Royal Air Force]] that were deployed from the United Kingdom. Five crossing points were opened on the [[Line of Control]] (LOC), between India and Pakistan, to facilitate the flow of humanitarian and medical aid to the affected region, and aid teams from different parts of Pakistan and around the world came to the region to assist in relief efforts.<ref name=bloomberg1>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&sid=aH5Z2m5aPhRw&refer=top_world_news "Pakistan Asks Quake Survivors to Leave Mountains Before Winter"] (''[[Bloomberg News]]''), 26 October 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/9626146 "New figures put quake toll at more than 79,000"] AP, NBC News, 19 October 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6J93HT?OpenDocument "South Asia Earthquake: Fact Sheet #25 (FY 2006)"] ''[[ReliefWeb]]'', 17 November 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2006.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan|Earth sciences}}
* [[Meena (TV series)#Episodes|''Meena'' - "Life Smiled Again"]]
* [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]]
* [[October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake]]
* [[2019 Kashmir earthquake]]
* [[List of earthquakes in 2005]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Pakistan]]
* [[List of earthquakes in India]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Afghanistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Bulmer>{{citation|title=Landslide hazards after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake|first1=M.|last1=Bulmer|first2=T.|last2=Farquhar|first3=M.|last3=Roshan|first4=S. S.|last4=Akhtar|first5=S. K.|last5=Wahla|year=2007|journal=EOS|volume=88|number=5|pages=53–68|doi=10.1029/2007eo050001|bibcode=2007EOSTr..88...53B|s2cid=140661236 }}</ref>
<ref name=ISC-GEM>{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|year=2014|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 1.05}}</ref>
<ref name=PAGER-CAT>{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog (Earthquake ID 20051008035040) |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|author=USGS |date=4 September 2009 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |series=Version 2008_06.1}}</ref>



<ref name=USGS1>{{cite web|title=M5.9 - Pakistan|author=USGS|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000e12f#general_summary|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref>
<ref name=USGS2>{{cite web|title=M5.8 - Pakistan|author=USGS|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000e12h#general_summary|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref>
<ref name=USGS3>{{cite web|title=M6.4 - Pakistan|author=USGS|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000e166#general_summary|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|title=Displacement field and slip distribution of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake from SAR imagery|url=http://bullard.esc.cam.ac.uk/~rwalker/pdf/2006_kashmir_grl.pdf|first1=E.|last1=Pathier|first2=E. J.|last2=Fielding|first3=T. J.|last3=Wright|first4=R.|last4=Walker|first5=B. E.|last5=Parsons|first6=S.|last6=Hensley|year=2006|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=33|issue=L20310|pages=L20310|doi=10.1029/2006GL027193|bibcode=2006GeoRL..3320310P|doi-access=free}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|2005 Kashmir earthquake}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301233509/http://azfarrizvi.com/home/portfolio/earthquake-diaries/ Television series 'Earthquake Diaries' on the rescue efforts]
*[http://www.ips-dc.org/articles/the_earthquake_and_the_us_response The Earthquake and the U.S. Response] – [[Institute for Policy Studies]]
*[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/KashmirEarthquake/ When The Earth Moved Kashmir] – [[NASA Earth Observatory]]
*[http://www.ndma.gov.pk/new/aboutus/Earthquake2005.pdf The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005: Impacts in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326041422/http://www.ndma.gov.pk/new/aboutus/Earthquake2005.pdf |date=26 March 2015 }} – [[Earthquake Engineering Research Institute]]
*[http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Earthquake2005Pakistan.html The Earthquake of 8 October 2005 in northern Pakistan] – George Pararas-Carayannis
*[http://www.dawn.com/news/1211695/remembering-oct-8-2005-the-day-the-earth-shook Remembering Oct 8, 2005: The day the earth shook] – ''[[DAWN (newspaper)|DAWN]]''
*{{EQ-isc-link|7703077}}
*{{ReliefWeb-link|eq-2005-000174-pak}}

{{Earthquakes in 2005}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}
{{Earthquakes in Pakistan}}
{{Himalayan earthquakes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Pakistan|Earth sciences}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmir earthquake, 2005}}
[[Category:2005 disasters in Asia]]
[[Category:2005 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2005 disasters in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2005 Kashmir earthquake| ]]
[[Category:2005 earthquakes]]
[[Category:21st century in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Disasters in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:October 2005 events in Asia]]
[[Category:October 2005 events in Pakistan]]

2005 Kashmir earthquake - Revision history

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