2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami - Revision history

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

2023-08-13T17:01:55Z

Removed empty portal template using script

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:31, 13 August 2023
Line 625:		Line 625:
	{{Humanitarian Aid\|state=collapsed}}		{{Humanitarian Aid\|state=collapsed}}
	}}		}}
	~~{{Portal bar\|Asia\|Indonesia\|Sri Lanka\|Thailand\|India\|Myanmar\|Somalia\|Earth sciences\|2000s}}~~
	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}

WikiDwarfBOT: Cleanup: Source modification. Information added.

2023-07-21T19:19:28Z

Cleanup: Source modification. Information added.

Show changes

MetaBOT: robot: added template for meta tags

2023-07-08T16:34:39Z

robot: added template for meta tags

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:04, 8 July 2023
Line 624:		Line 624:
	{{Portal bar\|Asia\|Indonesia\|Sri Lanka\|Thailand\|India\|Myanmar\|Somalia\|Earth sciences\|2000s}}		{{Portal bar\|Asia\|Indonesia\|Sri Lanka\|Thailand\|India\|Myanmar\|Somalia\|Earth sciences\|2000s}}
	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}

			{{#seo:
			\|keywords=2004 disasters in India, 2004 disasters in Sri Lanka, Earthquakes in Sumatra, 2004 earthquakes, 2004 in India, 2004 in Indonesia, 2004 in Sri Lanka, 2004 in the Maldives, 2004 in Somalia, 2004 in Thailand, 2004 tsunamis, Articles containing video clips, December 2004 events in Asia, History of Southeast Asia, History of the Indian Ocean, Megathrust earthquakes in India, Megathrust earthquakes in Sumatra, Natural disasters in India, Natural disasters in Indonesia, Natural disasters in Somalia, Natural disasters in Sri Lanka, Earthquakes in Thailand, Earthquakes in Myanmar, Tsunamis in India, 2000s in Andhra Pradesh, 2000s in Kerala, 2000s in Tamil Nadu, Tsunamis in Thailand, Tsunamis in Myanmar
			\|description=
			}}

	[[Category:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami\| ]]		[[Category:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami\| ]]

Bot at 00:30, 18 March 2023

2023-03-18T00:30:27Z

← Older revision	Revision as of 06:00, 18 March 2023
(No difference)

Bot at 00:30, 18 March 2023

2023-03-18T00:30:27Z

Show changes

WikiDwarfBOT: robot: Trimming article to decrease server load

2022-09-02T05:38:33Z

robot: Trimming article to decrease server load

← Older revision	Revision as of 11:08, 2 September 2022
(No difference)

WikiDwarfBOT: robot: Trimming article to decrease server load

2022-09-02T05:38:33Z

robot: Trimming article to decrease server load

← Older revision	Revision as of 11:08, 2 September 2022
(No difference)

WikiDwarfBOT: robot: Trimming article to decrease server load

2022-09-02T05:38:33Z

robot: Trimming article to decrease server load

Show changes

CleanupBot: clean up, typos fixed: between 2004-2007 → between 2004 and 2007

2021-08-16T03:46:09Z

clean up, typos fixed: between 2004-2007 → between 2004 and 2007

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:16, 16 August 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Megathrust underwater earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean}}		{{Short description\|Megathrust underwater earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean}}
	~~{{pp-protected\|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing\|disruptive editing]] despite multiple protections. Enough.\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use British English\|date=March 2017}}		{{Use British English\|date=March 2017}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}
Line 486:		Line 485:
	In addition to other forms of aid,<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Ocean tsunami \|date=19 December 2014 \|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/indian-ocean-tsunami \|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. Scientists had developed significant ecological expertise from work with the [[Great Barrier Reef]], in Australia's northeastern waters.<ref name="Australia">{{cite book \|title=Australia’s response to the Indian Ocean tsunami REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 30 JUNE 2005 \|date=2005 \|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia \|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/34F36A2FE297C7BD49257074001D828E-ausaid-tsunami-06sep.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>		In addition to other forms of aid,<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Ocean tsunami \|date=19 December 2014 \|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/indian-ocean-tsunami \|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. Scientists had developed significant ecological expertise from work with the [[Great Barrier Reef]], in Australia's northeastern waters.<ref name="Australia">{{cite book \|title=Australia’s response to the Indian Ocean tsunami REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 30 JUNE 2005 \|date=2005 \|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia \|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/34F36A2FE297C7BD49257074001D828E-ausaid-tsunami-06sep.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>

	In response to the unprecedented situation, the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) worked with governments in the region to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami \|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/unep255.doc.htm \|website=United Nations \|access-date=3 October 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111221153/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=414&ArticleID=4692&l=en \|archive-date=11 January 2005 \|date=30 December 2004 \|url-status=unfit}}</ref> UNEP established an emergency fund, set up a Task Force to respond to requests for assistance from countries affected by the tsunami, and was able to mobilize and distribute approximately US$9.3 million for environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction between 2004-2007. Funding came from other international agencies and from countries including Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<ref name="UNEP2008">{{cite book \|title=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 \|date=2008 \|publisher=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 United Nations Environment Programme \|url=https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/PT_recovery.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|title=United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development\|access-date=22 April 2006\|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060412095140/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|archive-date=12 April 2006 \|url-status = live}}</ref>		In response to the unprecedented situation, the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) worked with governments in the region to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami \|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/unep255.doc.htm \|website=United Nations \|access-date=3 October 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111221153/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=414&ArticleID=4692&l=en \|archive-date=11 January 2005 \|date=30 December 2004 \|url-status=unfit}}</ref> UNEP established an emergency fund, set up a Task Force to respond to requests for assistance from countries affected by the tsunami, and was able to mobilize and distribute approximately US$9.3 million for environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction between 2004 and 2007. Funding came from other international agencies and from countries including Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<ref name="UNEP2008">{{cite book \|title=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 \|date=2008 \|publisher=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 United Nations Environment Programme \|url=https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/PT_recovery.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|title=United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development\|access-date=22 April 2006\|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060412095140/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|archive-date=12 April 2006 \|url-status = live}}</ref>

	Evidence suggested that the presence of [[mangroves]] in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. As a result, [[mangrove restoration]] become a focus of a number of projects, with varied success. Such approaches to [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal \|last1=Zimmer \|first1=Katarina \|title=Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way? \|journal=Knowable Magazine \|date=22 July 2021 \|doi=10.1146/knowable-072221-1 \|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/many-mangrove-restorations-fail \|access-date=11 August 2021 \|doi-access=free}}</ref>		Evidence suggested that the presence of [[mangroves]] in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. As a result, [[mangrove restoration]] become a focus of a number of projects, with varied success. Such approaches to [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal \|last1=Zimmer \|first1=Katarina \|title=Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way? \|journal=Knowable Magazine \|date=22 July 2021 \|doi=10.1146/knowable-072221-1 \|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/many-mangrove-restorations-fail \|access-date=11 August 2021 \|doi-access=free}}</ref>

CleanupBot: clean up

2021-08-12T12:25:42Z

clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, 12 August 2021
Line 171:		Line 171:
	The tsunami arrived on the island as a small brown-orange colored flood. Moments later, the ocean floor was exposed to as much as {{cvt\|1\|km}} in places, which was followed by a massive second and third tsunami wave. Amateur video recorded at the city of [[Galle]] showed a large deluge flooding the city, carrying debris and sweeping away people while in the coastal resort town of [[Beruwala]], the tsunami appeared as a huge brown-orange colored bore which reached the first level of a hotel, causing destruction and taking people unaware. Other videos recorded showed that the tsunami appeared like a flood raging inland. The construction of seawalls and breakwaters reduced the power of waves at some locations.		The tsunami arrived on the island as a small brown-orange colored flood. Moments later, the ocean floor was exposed to as much as {{cvt\|1\|km}} in places, which was followed by a massive second and third tsunami wave. Amateur video recorded at the city of [[Galle]] showed a large deluge flooding the city, carrying debris and sweeping away people while in the coastal resort town of [[Beruwala]], the tsunami appeared as a huge brown-orange colored bore which reached the first level of a hotel, causing destruction and taking people unaware. Other videos recorded showed that the tsunami appeared like a flood raging inland. The construction of seawalls and breakwaters reduced the power of waves at some locations.

	The largest run-up measured was at {{cvt\|12.5\|m}} with inundation distance of {{cvt\|390\|-\|1500\|m}} in [[Yala National Park\|Yala]].<ref name="earthquakespectra.org">{{cite journal\|title=Sri Lanka Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami\|journal=Earthquake Spectra\|first1=James\|last1=Goff\|first2=Philip L-F.\|last2=Liu\|first3=Bretwood\|last3=Higman\|first4=Robert\|last4=Morton\|first5=Bruce E.\|last5=Jaffe\|first6=Harindra\|last6=Fernando\|first7=Patrick\|last7=Lynett\|first8=Hermann\|last8=Fritz\|first9=Costas\|last9=Synolakis\|first10=Starin\|last10=Fernando\|display-authors=1\|volume=22\|issue=S3\|pages=155–172\|doi=10.1193/1.2205897\|year=2006\|s2cid=220297852}}</ref> In [[Hambantota]], tsunami run-ups measured {{cvt\|11\|m}} with the greatest inundation distance of {{cvt\|2\|km}}. Tsunami run-up measurements along the Sri Lankan coasts are at {{cvt\|2.4\|-\|4.11\|m}}.<ref name="~~earthquakespectra~~.org"/><ref name="~~nzsee~~.org~~.nz~~"/> Tsunami waves measured on the east coast ranged from {{cvt\|4.5\|-\|9\|m}} at Pottuvill to [[Batticaloa]] at {{cvt\|2.6\|-\|5\|m}} in the north-east around [[Trincomalee]] and {{cvt\|4\|-\|5\|m}} in the west coast from Moratuwa to Ambalangoda.		The largest run-up measured was at {{cvt\|12.5\|m}} with inundation distance of {{cvt\|390\|-\|1500\|m}} in [[Yala National Park\|Yala]].<ref name="earthquakespectra.org">{{cite journal\|title=Sri Lanka Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami\|journal=Earthquake Spectra\|first1=James\|last1=Goff\|first2=Philip L-F.\|last2=Liu\|first3=Bretwood\|last3=Higman\|first4=Robert\|last4=Morton\|first5=Bruce E.\|last5=Jaffe\|first6=Harindra\|last6=Fernando\|first7=Patrick\|last7=Lynett\|first8=Hermann\|last8=Fritz\|first9=Costas\|last9=Synolakis\|first10=Starin\|last10=Fernando\|display-authors=1\|volume=22\|issue=S3\|pages=155–172\|doi=10.1193/1.2205897\|year=2006\|s2cid=220297852}}</ref> In [[Hambantota]], tsunami run-ups measured {{cvt\|11\|m}} with the greatest inundation distance of {{cvt\|2\|km}}. Tsunami run-up measurements along the Sri Lankan coasts are at {{cvt\|2.4\|-\|4.11\|m}}.<ref name="nzsee.org.nz"/><ref name="earthquakespectra.org"/> Tsunami waves measured on the east coast ranged from {{cvt\|4.5\|-\|9\|m}} at Pottuvill to [[Batticaloa]] at {{cvt\|2.6\|-\|5\|m}} in the north-east around [[Trincomalee]] and {{cvt\|4\|-\|5\|m}} in the west coast from Moratuwa to Ambalangoda.

	Sri Lanka tsunami height survey:		Sri Lanka tsunami height survey:
Line 486:		Line 486:
	In addition to other forms of aid,<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Ocean tsunami \|date=19 December 2014 \|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/indian-ocean-tsunami \|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. Scientists had developed significant ecological expertise from work with the [[Great Barrier Reef]], in Australia's northeastern waters.<ref name="Australia">{{cite book \|title=Australia’s response to the Indian Ocean tsunami REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 30 JUNE 2005 \|date=2005 \|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia \|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/34F36A2FE297C7BD49257074001D828E-ausaid-tsunami-06sep.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>		In addition to other forms of aid,<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Ocean tsunami \|date=19 December 2014 \|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/indian-ocean-tsunami \|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. Scientists had developed significant ecological expertise from work with the [[Great Barrier Reef]], in Australia's northeastern waters.<ref name="Australia">{{cite book \|title=Australia’s response to the Indian Ocean tsunami REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 30 JUNE 2005 \|date=2005 \|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia \|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/34F36A2FE297C7BD49257074001D828E-ausaid-tsunami-06sep.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>

	In response to the unprecedented situation, the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) worked with governments in the region to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami \|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/unep255.doc.htm \|website=United Nations \|access-date=3 October 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111221153/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=414&ArticleID=4692&l=en \|archive-date=11 January 2005 \|date=30 December 2004 \|url-status=unfit}}</ref> UNEP established an emergency fund, set up a Task Force to respond to requests for assistance from countries affected by the tsunami, and was able to mobilize and distribute approximately US$ 9.3 million for environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction between 2004-2007. Funding came from other international agencies and from countries including Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<ref name="UNEP2008">{{cite book \|title=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 \|date=2008 \|publisher=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 United Nations Environment Programme \|url=https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/PT_recovery.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|title=United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development\|access-date=22 April 2006\|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060412095140/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|archive-date=12 April 2006 \|url-status = live}}</ref>		In response to the unprecedented situation, the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) worked with governments in the region to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami \|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/unep255.doc.htm \|website=United Nations \|access-date=3 October 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111221153/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=414&ArticleID=4692&l=en \|archive-date=11 January 2005 \|date=30 December 2004 \|url-status=unfit}}</ref> UNEP established an emergency fund, set up a Task Force to respond to requests for assistance from countries affected by the tsunami, and was able to mobilize and distribute approximately US$9.3 million for environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction between 2004-2007. Funding came from other international agencies and from countries including Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<ref name="UNEP2008">{{cite book \|title=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 \|date=2008 \|publisher=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 United Nations Environment Programme \|url=https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/PT_recovery.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|title=United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development\|access-date=22 April 2006\|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060412095140/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|archive-date=12 April 2006 \|url-status = live}}</ref>

	Evidence suggested that the presence of [[mangroves]] in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. As a result, [[mangrove restoration]] become a focus of a number of projects, with varied success. Such approaches to [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal \|last1=Zimmer \|first1=Katarina \|title=Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way? \|journal=Knowable Magazine \|date=22 July 2021 \|doi=10.1146/knowable-072221-1 \|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/many-mangrove-restorations-fail \|access-date=11 August 2021 \|doi-access=free}}</ref>		Evidence suggested that the presence of [[mangroves]] in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. As a result, [[mangrove restoration]] become a focus of a number of projects, with varied success. Such approaches to [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal \|last1=Zimmer \|first1=Katarina \|title=Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way? \|journal=Knowable Magazine \|date=22 July 2021 \|doi=10.1146/knowable-072221-1 \|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/many-mangrove-restorations-fail \|access-date=11 August 2021 \|doi-access=free}}</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:16, 16 August 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Megathrust underwater earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean}}		{{Short description\|Megathrust underwater earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean}}
	~~{{pp-protected\|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing\|disruptive editing]] despite multiple protections. Enough.\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use British English\|date=March 2017}}		{{Use British English\|date=March 2017}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}
Line 486:		Line 485:
	In addition to other forms of aid,<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Ocean tsunami \|date=19 December 2014 \|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/indian-ocean-tsunami \|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. Scientists had developed significant ecological expertise from work with the [[Great Barrier Reef]], in Australia's northeastern waters.<ref name="Australia">{{cite book \|title=Australia’s response to the Indian Ocean tsunami REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 30 JUNE 2005 \|date=2005 \|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia \|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/34F36A2FE297C7BD49257074001D828E-ausaid-tsunami-06sep.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>		In addition to other forms of aid,<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Ocean tsunami \|date=19 December 2014 \|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/indian-ocean-tsunami \|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. Scientists had developed significant ecological expertise from work with the [[Great Barrier Reef]], in Australia's northeastern waters.<ref name="Australia">{{cite book \|title=Australia’s response to the Indian Ocean tsunami REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 30 JUNE 2005 \|date=2005 \|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia \|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/34F36A2FE297C7BD49257074001D828E-ausaid-tsunami-06sep.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>

	In response to the unprecedented situation, the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) worked with governments in the region to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami \|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/unep255.doc.htm \|website=United Nations \|access-date=3 October 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111221153/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=414&ArticleID=4692&l=en \|archive-date=11 January 2005 \|date=30 December 2004 \|url-status=unfit}}</ref> UNEP established an emergency fund, set up a Task Force to respond to requests for assistance from countries affected by the tsunami, and was able to mobilize and distribute approximately US$9.3 million for environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction between 2004-2007. Funding came from other international agencies and from countries including Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<ref name="UNEP2008">{{cite book \|title=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 \|date=2008 \|publisher=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 United Nations Environment Programme \|url=https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/PT_recovery.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|title=United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development\|access-date=22 April 2006\|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060412095140/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|archive-date=12 April 2006 \|url-status = live}}</ref>		In response to the unprecedented situation, the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) worked with governments in the region to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami \|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/unep255.doc.htm \|website=United Nations \|access-date=3 October 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111221153/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=414&ArticleID=4692&l=en \|archive-date=11 January 2005 \|date=30 December 2004 \|url-status=unfit}}</ref> UNEP established an emergency fund, set up a Task Force to respond to requests for assistance from countries affected by the tsunami, and was able to mobilize and distribute approximately US$9.3 million for environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction between 2004 and 2007. Funding came from other international agencies and from countries including Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<ref name="UNEP2008">{{cite book \|title=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 \|date=2008 \|publisher=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 United Nations Environment Programme \|url=https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/PT_recovery.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|title=United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development\|access-date=22 April 2006\|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060412095140/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|archive-date=12 April 2006 \|url-status = live}}</ref>

	Evidence suggested that the presence of [[mangroves]] in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. As a result, [[mangrove restoration]] become a focus of a number of projects, with varied success. Such approaches to [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal \|last1=Zimmer \|first1=Katarina \|title=Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way? \|journal=Knowable Magazine \|date=22 July 2021 \|doi=10.1146/knowable-072221-1 \|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/many-mangrove-restorations-fail \|access-date=11 August 2021 \|doi-access=free}}</ref>		Evidence suggested that the presence of [[mangroves]] in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. As a result, [[mangrove restoration]] become a focus of a number of projects, with varied success. Such approaches to [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal \|last1=Zimmer \|first1=Katarina \|title=Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way? \|journal=Knowable Magazine \|date=22 July 2021 \|doi=10.1146/knowable-072221-1 \|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/many-mangrove-restorations-fail \|access-date=11 August 2021 \|doi-access=free}}</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, 12 August 2021
Line 171:		Line 171:
	The tsunami arrived on the island as a small brown-orange colored flood. Moments later, the ocean floor was exposed to as much as {{cvt\|1\|km}} in places, which was followed by a massive second and third tsunami wave. Amateur video recorded at the city of [[Galle]] showed a large deluge flooding the city, carrying debris and sweeping away people while in the coastal resort town of [[Beruwala]], the tsunami appeared as a huge brown-orange colored bore which reached the first level of a hotel, causing destruction and taking people unaware. Other videos recorded showed that the tsunami appeared like a flood raging inland. The construction of seawalls and breakwaters reduced the power of waves at some locations.		The tsunami arrived on the island as a small brown-orange colored flood. Moments later, the ocean floor was exposed to as much as {{cvt\|1\|km}} in places, which was followed by a massive second and third tsunami wave. Amateur video recorded at the city of [[Galle]] showed a large deluge flooding the city, carrying debris and sweeping away people while in the coastal resort town of [[Beruwala]], the tsunami appeared as a huge brown-orange colored bore which reached the first level of a hotel, causing destruction and taking people unaware. Other videos recorded showed that the tsunami appeared like a flood raging inland. The construction of seawalls and breakwaters reduced the power of waves at some locations.

	The largest run-up measured was at {{cvt\|12.5\|m}} with inundation distance of {{cvt\|390\|-\|1500\|m}} in [[Yala National Park\|Yala]].<ref name="earthquakespectra.org">{{cite journal\|title=Sri Lanka Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami\|journal=Earthquake Spectra\|first1=James\|last1=Goff\|first2=Philip L-F.\|last2=Liu\|first3=Bretwood\|last3=Higman\|first4=Robert\|last4=Morton\|first5=Bruce E.\|last5=Jaffe\|first6=Harindra\|last6=Fernando\|first7=Patrick\|last7=Lynett\|first8=Hermann\|last8=Fritz\|first9=Costas\|last9=Synolakis\|first10=Starin\|last10=Fernando\|display-authors=1\|volume=22\|issue=S3\|pages=155–172\|doi=10.1193/1.2205897\|year=2006\|s2cid=220297852}}</ref> In [[Hambantota]], tsunami run-ups measured {{cvt\|11\|m}} with the greatest inundation distance of {{cvt\|2\|km}}. Tsunami run-up measurements along the Sri Lankan coasts are at {{cvt\|2.4\|-\|4.11\|m}}.<ref name="~~earthquakespectra~~.org"/><ref name="~~nzsee~~.org~~.nz~~"/> Tsunami waves measured on the east coast ranged from {{cvt\|4.5\|-\|9\|m}} at Pottuvill to [[Batticaloa]] at {{cvt\|2.6\|-\|5\|m}} in the north-east around [[Trincomalee]] and {{cvt\|4\|-\|5\|m}} in the west coast from Moratuwa to Ambalangoda.		The largest run-up measured was at {{cvt\|12.5\|m}} with inundation distance of {{cvt\|390\|-\|1500\|m}} in [[Yala National Park\|Yala]].<ref name="earthquakespectra.org">{{cite journal\|title=Sri Lanka Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami\|journal=Earthquake Spectra\|first1=James\|last1=Goff\|first2=Philip L-F.\|last2=Liu\|first3=Bretwood\|last3=Higman\|first4=Robert\|last4=Morton\|first5=Bruce E.\|last5=Jaffe\|first6=Harindra\|last6=Fernando\|first7=Patrick\|last7=Lynett\|first8=Hermann\|last8=Fritz\|first9=Costas\|last9=Synolakis\|first10=Starin\|last10=Fernando\|display-authors=1\|volume=22\|issue=S3\|pages=155–172\|doi=10.1193/1.2205897\|year=2006\|s2cid=220297852}}</ref> In [[Hambantota]], tsunami run-ups measured {{cvt\|11\|m}} with the greatest inundation distance of {{cvt\|2\|km}}. Tsunami run-up measurements along the Sri Lankan coasts are at {{cvt\|2.4\|-\|4.11\|m}}.<ref name="nzsee.org.nz"/><ref name="earthquakespectra.org"/> Tsunami waves measured on the east coast ranged from {{cvt\|4.5\|-\|9\|m}} at Pottuvill to [[Batticaloa]] at {{cvt\|2.6\|-\|5\|m}} in the north-east around [[Trincomalee]] and {{cvt\|4\|-\|5\|m}} in the west coast from Moratuwa to Ambalangoda.

	Sri Lanka tsunami height survey:		Sri Lanka tsunami height survey:
Line 486:		Line 486:
	In addition to other forms of aid,<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Ocean tsunami \|date=19 December 2014 \|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/indian-ocean-tsunami \|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. Scientists had developed significant ecological expertise from work with the [[Great Barrier Reef]], in Australia's northeastern waters.<ref name="Australia">{{cite book \|title=Australia’s response to the Indian Ocean tsunami REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 30 JUNE 2005 \|date=2005 \|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia \|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/34F36A2FE297C7BD49257074001D828E-ausaid-tsunami-06sep.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>		In addition to other forms of aid,<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Ocean tsunami \|date=19 December 2014 \|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/indian-ocean-tsunami \|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. Scientists had developed significant ecological expertise from work with the [[Great Barrier Reef]], in Australia's northeastern waters.<ref name="Australia">{{cite book \|title=Australia’s response to the Indian Ocean tsunami REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 30 JUNE 2005 \|date=2005 \|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia \|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/34F36A2FE297C7BD49257074001D828E-ausaid-tsunami-06sep.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>

	In response to the unprecedented situation, the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) worked with governments in the region to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami \|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/unep255.doc.htm \|website=United Nations \|access-date=3 October 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111221153/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=414&ArticleID=4692&l=en \|archive-date=11 January 2005 \|date=30 December 2004 \|url-status=unfit}}</ref> UNEP established an emergency fund, set up a Task Force to respond to requests for assistance from countries affected by the tsunami, and was able to mobilize and distribute approximately US$ 9.3 million for environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction between 2004-2007. Funding came from other international agencies and from countries including Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<ref name="UNEP2008">{{cite book \|title=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 \|date=2008 \|publisher=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 United Nations Environment Programme \|url=https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/PT_recovery.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|title=United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development\|access-date=22 April 2006\|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060412095140/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|archive-date=12 April 2006 \|url-status = live}}</ref>		In response to the unprecedented situation, the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) worked with governments in the region to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami \|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/unep255.doc.htm \|website=United Nations \|access-date=3 October 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111221153/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=414&ArticleID=4692&l=en \|archive-date=11 January 2005 \|date=30 December 2004 \|url-status=unfit}}</ref> UNEP established an emergency fund, set up a Task Force to respond to requests for assistance from countries affected by the tsunami, and was able to mobilize and distribute approximately US$9.3 million for environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction between 2004-2007. Funding came from other international agencies and from countries including Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<ref name="UNEP2008">{{cite book \|title=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 \|date=2008 \|publisher=UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 United Nations Environment Programme \|url=https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/PT_recovery.pdf \|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|title=United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development\|access-date=22 April 2006\|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060412095140/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en\|archive-date=12 April 2006 \|url-status = live}}</ref>

	Evidence suggested that the presence of [[mangroves]] in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. As a result, [[mangrove restoration]] become a focus of a number of projects, with varied success. Such approaches to [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal \|last1=Zimmer \|first1=Katarina \|title=Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way? \|journal=Knowable Magazine \|date=22 July 2021 \|doi=10.1146/knowable-072221-1 \|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/many-mangrove-restorations-fail \|access-date=11 August 2021 \|doi-access=free}}</ref>		Evidence suggested that the presence of [[mangroves]] in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. As a result, [[mangrove restoration]] become a focus of a number of projects, with varied success. Such approaches to [[ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction]] appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal \|last1=Zimmer \|first1=Katarina \|title=Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way? \|journal=Knowable Magazine \|date=22 July 2021 \|doi=10.1146/knowable-072221-1 \|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/many-mangrove-restorations-fail \|access-date=11 August 2021 \|doi-access=free}}</ref>