1997 Ramabai killings - Revision history

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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramabai Ambedkar massacre}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramabai Ambedkar massacre}}

			{{#seo:
			\|keywords=Mass murder in 1997, Caste-related violence in India, Massacres in India, Dalit history, History of Mumbai (1947–present), 1990s in Mumbai, July 1997 events in Asia, 1997 murders in India, Massacres committed by India
			\|description=
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	[[Category:Mass murder in 1997]]		[[Category:Mass murder in 1997]]
	[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]		[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:34, 10 June 2022
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	{{Use Indian English\|date=November 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=November 2018}}
	{{Infobox civil conflict		{{Infobox civil conflict
	\| title = 1997 Ramabai killings		\| title = 1997 Ramabai killings
	\| partof = Caste-related violence in India		\| partof = Caste-related violence in India
	\| image =		\| image =
	\| caption =		\| caption =
	\| date = 11 July 1997		\| date = 11 July 1997
	\| place = Ramabai colony, [[Mumbai]]		\| place = Ramabai colony, [[Mumbai]]
	\| coordinates = ~~19°04'~~26.9"N ~~72°55'~~10.6"E		\| coordinates = {{coord\|19\|04\|26.9\|N\|72\|55\|10.6\|E\|display=title}}
	\| causes =		\| causes =
	\| goals =		\| goals =
	\| methods = Police violence		\| methods = Police violence
	\| status =		\| status =
	\| result =		\| result =
	\| side1 = Special Reserve Police Force (SRPF)		\| side1 = Special Reserve Police Force (SRPF)
	\| side2 = [[Dalit]] protesters		\| side2 = [[Dalit]] protesters
	\| side3 =		\| side3 =
	\| leadfigures1 = Manohar Kadam (SRPF sub-Inspector)		\| leadfigures1 = Manohar Kadam (SRPF sub-Inspector)
	\| leadfigures2 =		\| leadfigures2 =
	\| leadfigures3 =		\| leadfigures3 =
	\| howmany1 =		\| howmany1 =
	\| howmany2 =		\| howmany2 =
	\| howmany3 =		\| howmany3 =
	\| casualties1 =		\| casualties1 =
	\| casualties2 = 10 killed, 26 injured		\| casualties2 = 10 killed, 26 injured
	\| casualties3 =		\| casualties3 =
	\| fatalities =		\| fatalities =
	\| injuries =		\| injuries =
	\| arrests =		\| arrests =
	\| detentions =		\| detentions =
	\| charged =		\| charged =
	\| fined =		\| fined =
	\| casualties_label =		\| casualties_label =
	}}		\| map_type = Mumbai#Maharashtra
	The '''1997 Ramabai killings''' were a mass killing of [[Dalit]] residents of the Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar colony in [[Mumbai]] on 11 July 1997. A team of [[Maharashtra Police#Special units\|State Reserve Police Force]] members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent [[Vandalism of Ambedkar statues\|desecration of a statue]] of ~~Dalit micon~~ [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. 10 Dalits were killed and 26 injured in the incident.<ref name="Narula(Organization)1999">{{cite book\|author1=Smita Narula\|author2=Human Rights Watch (Organization)\|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables".\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA137\|year=1999\|publisher=Human Rights Watch\|isbn=978-1-56432-228-9\|page=137}}</ref>		}}

			The '''1997 Ramabai killings''' were a mass killing of [[Dalit]] residents of the Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar colony in [[Mumbai]] on 11 July 1997. A team of [[Maharashtra Police#Special units\|State Reserve Police Force]] members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent [[Vandalism of Ambedkar statues\|desecration of a statue]] of Constitution maker [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. 10 Dalits were killed and 26 injured in the incident.<ref name="Narula(Organization)1999">{{cite book\|author1=Smita Narula\|author2=Human Rights Watch (Organization)\|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables".\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA137\|year=1999\|publisher=Human Rights Watch\|isbn=978-1-56432-228-9\|page=137}}</ref>

	The statue of Ambedkar was defaced with a garland of shoes which angered the Dalits. The Dalits took to the street and the police opened fire killing 10 ~~dalits~~. Police officer Manohar Kadam, who allegedly ordered the firing, was released on bail in 2009.<ref name=":0" />		The statue of Ambedkar was defaced with a garland of shoes which angered the Dalits. The Dalits took to the street and the police opened fire killing 10 Dalits. Police officer Manohar Kadam, who allegedly ordered the firing, was released on bail in 2009.<ref name=":0" />

	==Attacks==		==Attacks==
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	[[Category:Massacres in India]]		[[Category:Massacres in India]]
	[[Category:Dalit history]]		[[Category:Dalit history]]
	~~[[Category:1997 crimes in India]]~~
	[[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]		[[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]
	[[Category:1990s in Mumbai]]		[[Category:1990s in Mumbai]]
	[[Category:July 1997 events in Asia]]		[[Category:July 1997 events in Asia]]
	[[Category:~~1990s~~ murders in India]]		[[Category:1997 murders in India]]
	[[Category:~~1997 murders in Asia~~]]		[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]

2405:201:2002:48E0:DD9:7FBD:B012:65B: "Decorated" might confuse someone who is not familiar with the motif of a garland of shoes common in India. "Defaced" makes it clear that the action was intentionally offensive.

2021-07-01T22:34:19Z

"Decorated" might confuse someone who is not familiar with the motif of a garland of shoes common in India. "Defaced" makes it clear that the action was intentionally offensive.

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:04, 2 July 2021
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	The '''1997 Ramabai killings''' were a mass killing of [[Dalit]] residents of the Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar colony in [[Mumbai]] on 11 July 1997. A team of [[Maharashtra Police#Special units\|State Reserve Police Force]] members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent [[Vandalism of Ambedkar statues\|desecration of a statue]] of Dalit micon [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. 10 Dalits were killed and 26 injured in the incident.<ref name="Narula(Organization)1999">{{cite book\|author1=Smita Narula\|author2=Human Rights Watch (Organization)\|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables".\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA137\|year=1999\|publisher=Human Rights Watch\|isbn=978-1-56432-228-9\|page=137}}</ref>		The '''1997 Ramabai killings''' were a mass killing of [[Dalit]] residents of the Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar colony in [[Mumbai]] on 11 July 1997. A team of [[Maharashtra Police#Special units\|State Reserve Police Force]] members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent [[Vandalism of Ambedkar statues\|desecration of a statue]] of Dalit micon [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. 10 Dalits were killed and 26 injured in the incident.<ref name="Narula(Organization)1999">{{cite book\|author1=Smita Narula\|author2=Human Rights Watch (Organization)\|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables".\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA137\|year=1999\|publisher=Human Rights Watch\|isbn=978-1-56432-228-9\|page=137}}</ref>

	The statue of Ambedkar was ~~decorated~~ with a garland of shoes which angered the Dalits. The Dalits took to the street and the police opened fire killing 10 dalits. Police officer Manohar Kadam, who allegedly ordered the firing, was released on bail in 2009.<ref name=":0" />		The statue of Ambedkar was defaced with a garland of shoes which angered the Dalits. The Dalits took to the street and the police opened fire killing 10 dalits. Police officer Manohar Kadam, who allegedly ordered the firing, was released on bail in 2009.<ref name=":0" />

	==Attacks==		==Attacks==

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 1997 Ramabai killings
| partof = Caste-related violence in India
| image =
| caption =
| date = 11 July 1997
| place = Ramabai colony, [[Mumbai]]
| coordinates = 19°04'26.9"N 72°55'10.6"E
| causes =
| goals =
| methods = Police violence
| status =
| result =
| side1 = Special Reserve Police Force (SRPF)
| side2 = [[Dalit]] protesters
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 = Manohar Kadam (SRPF sub-Inspector)
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 = 10 killed, 26 injured
| casualties3 =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| arrests =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| casualties_label =
}}
The '''1997 Ramabai killings''' were a mass killing of [[Dalit]] residents of the Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar colony in [[Mumbai]] on 11 July 1997. A team of [[Maharashtra Police#Special units|State Reserve Police Force]] members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent [[Vandalism of Ambedkar statues|desecration of a statue]] of Dalit micon [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. 10 Dalits were killed and 26 injured in the incident.<ref name="Narula(Organization)1999">{{cite book|author1=Smita Narula|author2=Human Rights Watch (Organization)|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables".|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA137|year=1999|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-228-9|page=137}}</ref>

The statue of Ambedkar was decorated with a garland of shoes which angered the Dalits. The Dalits took to the street and the police opened fire killing 10 dalits. Police officer Manohar Kadam, who allegedly ordered the firing, was released on bail in 2009.<ref name=":0" />

==Attacks==
Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar is a predominantly Dalit urban colony in the city of [[Mumbai]]. On 11 July 1997, a statue of Ambedkar in front of the colony was found to have had a garland of sandals placed around its neck, in an act widely seen as a desecration. The outraged residents of the colony complained to the nearest [[police station]], Local Beat No. 5 Pantnagar Police, which happened to be located a few metres from the statue. The complainants were instead directed to the Pantnagar police station. A crowd of protesters began to form, and by 7 AM had blocked the highway that ran in front of the colony.<ref name="Narula(Organization)1999" />

A team of State Reserve Police Force (SRPF) members arrived a few minutes later, and opened fire on the crowd with live ammunition. The firing continued for 10–15 minutes, and killed 10 people, including a bystander who had not been involved in the protests.<ref name="Narula(Organization)1999" /> The protests then grew more violent. At approximately 11:30 AM, a luxury bus was set ablaze. In response, about 25 police officers entered Ramabai Colony, deployed tear gas and began a [[lathi charge]]. By the end of the day 26 people had been seriously injured, and Local Beat No. 5 had been destroyed by the protesters.<ref name="Narula(Organization)1999" />

Commentators on the event suggested that the excessive use of force was motivated by caste-based prejudice against the Dalit protesters. This was because the sub-Inspector who led the police force stood accused in multiple cases involving caste-based discrimination.<ref name="Narula(Organization)1999" /> [[Vilas Ghogre]], a Dalit activist, poet, and artist, committed suicide in protest at the event.<ref name="Outlook 2012">{{citation|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280573 |title=Between Red And Blue |publisher= Outlook India |accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>

== Trial==
Following the killing, the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Government]] appointed the Gundewar commission to enquire into the issue in November 1997.<ref name="indianexpress_2012_04_21">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/12-yrs-on-life-term-to-cop-who-ordered-ramabai-nagar-firing/456105/0 |title=12 yrs on, life term to cop who ordered Ramabai Nagar firing |newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref> In 1999, the commission published its report. Two years later a case was filed in a sessions court against Manohar Kadam. A few years later, it was transferred to the [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|Crime Investigation Department]], which filed a [[charge-sheet]] in 2006. In 2009, the sessions court found Kadam guilty of "homicide amounting to murder," and sentenced him to life-imprisonment.<ref name="indianexpress_2012_04_21"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/may/080509-Manohar-Kadam-Convicted-cop-Suspended-SRPF-Sub-Inspector-Ramabai-Nagar-Firing-life-sentence.htm | title=My father did no wrong | date=8 May 2009 | first=Vinod Kumar | last=Menon | publisher=Mid-Day | accessdate=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sub-inspector-gets-life-term-for-ordering-fire-on-Dalits/article16593388.ece |title=Sub-inspector gets life term for ordering fire on Dalits |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 May 2009 |accessdate=10 November 2018}}</ref> However, the sentence was later revoked by the high-court, and released him on bail.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=Sukanya Shetty |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ramabai-nagar-firing-two-accused-of-attacking-cops-fail-to-appear-in-court-land-in-jail/737710/ |title=Ramabai Nagar firing: two accused of attacking cops fail to appear in court, land in jail |publisher=Express India |accessdate=2012-04-21 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In April 2011, the protesters who had been arrested for setting the bus on fire were acquitted, with the court finding that they had not been present during the incident.<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_ramabai-nagar-firing-case-8-rioters-acquitted-in-mumbai_1531579 |title=Ramabai Nagar firing case: 8 rioters acquitted in Mumbai - Mumbai - DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref>

==In media==
Indian documentary film-maker [[Anand Patwardhan]], a friend of [[Vilas Ghogre]], created a documentary based on the incident, entitled ''[[Jai Bhim Comrade]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main52.asp?filename=hub280412Song.asp |title=India's Independent Weekly News Magazine |publisher=Tehelka |accessdate=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428065700/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main52.asp?filename=hub280412Song.asp |archive-date=28 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Patwardhan stated that the filming took 14 years because he was waiting for the accused policemen to be jailed, and the residents of the colony to be acquitted.<ref>{{cite web|author=Priyanka Borpujari |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2836663.ece |title=Arts / Cinema : A film with a difference |work=The Hindu|date=2012-01-28 |accessdate=2012-04-22}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vandalism of Ambedkar statues]]
*[[2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra]]; a set of protests also in response to the desecration of a statue of Ambedkar.
*[[Caste-related violence in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramabai Ambedkar massacre}}
[[Category:Mass murder in 1997]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]
[[Category:1997 crimes in India]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]
[[Category:1990s in Mumbai]]
[[Category:July 1997 events in Asia]]
[[Category:1990s murders in India]]
[[Category:1997 murders in Asia]]