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	[[Category:1977 Indian general election\| ]]		[[Category:1977 Indian general election\| ]]
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	\| title = [[Prime Minister of India\|Prime Minister]]		\| title = [[Prime Minister of India\|Prime Minister]]
	\| posttitle = ~~Subsequent~~ Prime Minister		\| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
	\| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]		\| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
	\| before_party = Indian National Congress		\| before_party = Indian National Congress
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	'''General elections''' were held in [[India]] between 16 and 20 March 1977 to elect the members of the [[6th Lok Sabha]]. The elections took place during [[The Emergency (India)\|the Emergency period]], which expired on 21 March 1977, shortly before the final results were announced.<ref name=IPU/>		'''General elections''' were held in [[India]] between 16 and 20 March 1977 to elect the members of the [[6th Lok Sabha]]. The elections took place during [[The Emergency (India)\|the Emergency period]], which expired on 21 March 1977, shortly before the final results were announced.<ref name=IPU/>

	The election resulted in a heavy defeat for the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), with the incumbent [[Prime Minister of India\|Prime Minister]] and INC party leader [[Indira Gandhi]] losing her seat in [[~~Raebareli~~ (Lok Sabha constituency)\|Rae Bareli]]. The call for restoration of democracy by revoking the Emergency is considered to be a major reason for the sweeping victory for the opposition [[Janata Party\|Janata Alliance]],<ref>M.R. Masani, "India's Second Revolution," ''Asian Affairs'' (1977) 5#1 pp 19–38.</ref> whose leader [[Morarji Desai]] was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister of India on 24 March. At 81, Desai became the oldest man to be elected Prime Minister of India.		The election resulted in a heavy defeat for the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), with the incumbent [[Prime Minister of India\|Prime Minister]] and INC party leader [[Indira Gandhi]] losing her seat in [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)\|Rae Bareli]]. The call for restoration of democracy by revoking the Emergency is considered to be a major reason for the sweeping victory for the opposition [[Janata Party\|Janata Alliance]],<ref>M.R. Masani, "India's Second Revolution," ''Asian Affairs'' (1977) 5#1 pp 19–38.</ref> whose leader [[Morarji Desai]] was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister of India on 24 March. At 81, Desai became the oldest man to be elected Prime Minister of India.

	==Background==		==Background==

2401:F40:1011:2C6:B9F9:FA86:D5A5:7FE8 at 19:40, 10 June 2021

2021-06-10T19:40:15Z

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{{short description|General election in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1977 Indian general election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1971 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1971
| next_election = 1980 Indian general election
| next_year = 1980
| election_date = 16–20 March 1977<ref name=IPU>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/INDIA_1977_E.PDF India] Inter-Parliamentary Union</ref>
| seats_for_election = 542 of the 544 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 272
| turnout = 60.49%
| image_size = 150x150px

| image1 =Morarji_Desai_portrait.jpg
| leader1 = [[Morarji Desai]]
| party1 = Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 = [[Surat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surat]]
| seats1 = '''295'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 260
| popular_vote1= '''78,062,828'''
| percentage1 = '''41.32%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 25.57pp

| image2 = Face detail, Premier Indira Gandhi (Congrespartij), Bestanddeelnr 929-0811 (cropped).jpg
| leader2 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]]<br />''(lost)''
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| seats2 = 154
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 198
| popular_vote2 = 65,211,589
| percentage2 = 34.52%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 9.16pp

| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Subsequent Prime Minister
| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Morarji Desai]]
| after_party = Janata Party
| map_image = [[File:Wahlergebnisse Indien 1977.svg|300px|lang=en]]
}}

'''General elections''' were held in [[India]] between 16 and 20 March 1977 to elect the members of the [[6th Lok Sabha]]. The elections took place during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency period]], which expired on 21 March 1977, shortly before the final results were announced.<ref name=IPU/>

The election resulted in a heavy defeat for the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), with the incumbent [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and INC party leader [[Indira Gandhi]] losing her seat in [[Raebareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]]. The call for restoration of democracy by revoking the Emergency is considered to be a major reason for the sweeping victory for the opposition [[Janata Party|Janata Alliance]],<ref>M.R. Masani, "India's Second Revolution," ''Asian Affairs'' (1977) 5#1 pp 19–38.</ref> whose leader [[Morarji Desai]] was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister of India on 24 March. At 81, Desai became the oldest man to be elected Prime Minister of India.

==Background==
This sixth general elections, which were conducted for 542 seats in single-member constituencies, represented 27 Indian states and union territories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Election of India 1977, 6th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> These 542 constituencies remained same until [[2004 Indian general elections]] for the [[14th Lok Sabha]].

The Emergency declared by the Indira Gandhi led Congress government was the core issue in the 1977 elections. Civil liberties were suspended during the national emergency from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977 and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi assumed vast powers.

Gandhi had become extremely unpopular for her decision and paid for it during the elections. On 18 January, Gandhi called for fresh elections and released some [[political prisoner]]s. Many remained in prison until she was ousted from office and a new prime minister took over.<ref>[https://www.freepressjournal.in/webspecial/from-fpj-archives-emergency-impact-indira-gandhi-loses-elections-india-gets-first-non-gandhi-pm From FPJ Archives: Emergency impact - Indira Gandhi loses elections, India gets first non-Gandhi PM] The Free Press Journal, 25 June 2019</ref> On 20 January, four opposition parties, the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]], the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], the [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]] and the [[Praja Socialist Party]], decided to fight the elections under a single banner called the Janata alliance.<ref name=IPU/> The alliance used the symbol allocated to Bhartiya Lok Dal as their symbol on the ballot papers.

The Janata Alliance reminded voters of the excesses and human rights violations during the Emergency, like compulsory [[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilisation]] and imprisonment of political leaders. The Janata campaign said the elections would decide whether India would have "democracy or dictatorship."<ref>{{Cite web|title=INKredible India: The story of 1977 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1977-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2187368.html}}</ref> The Congress looked jittery. Agriculture and Irrigation Minister Babu [[Jagjivan Ram]] quit the party in the first week of February; other notable Congress stalwarts who crossed the floor with Jagjivan Ram before the election were [[Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna]] and [[Nandini Satpathy]].

== Results ==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1977.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Janata Party]]|votes1=78062828|seats1=295|sc1=+260
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=65211589|seats2=154|sc2=–198
|party3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes3=8113659|seats3=22|sc3=–3
|party4=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes4=5480378|seats4=18|sc4=New
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=5322088|seats5=7|sc5=–16
|party6=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes6=3323320|seats6=2|sc6=–21
|party7=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes7=3252217|seats7=3|sc7=–13
|party8=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes8=2373331|seats8=9|sc8=+8
|party9=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes9=1030232|seats9=5|sc9=+5
|party10=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes10=956072|seats10=2|sc10=+2
|party11=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes11=851164|seats11=4|sc11=+1
|party12=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes12=633644|seats12=3|sc12=+1
|party13=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes13=565007|seats13=2|sc13=0
|party14=Kerala Congress (Pillai Group)|votes14=526937|seats14=0|sc14=New
|party15=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes15=491674|seats15=2|sc15=–1
|party16=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes16=483192|seats16=2|sc16=New
|party17=[[Muslim League (Opposition)]]|votes17=318979|seats17=0|sc17=New
|party18=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]]|votes18=280995|seats18=0|sc18=0
|party19=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes19=192867|seats19=0|sc19=–1
|party20=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes20=155972|seats20=0|sc20=–1
|party21=[[All India Jharkhand Party]]|votes21=126288|seats21=1|sc21=0
|party22=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]]|votes22=124627|seats22=1|sc22=New
|party23=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes23=118748|seats23=1|sc23=+1
|party24=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes24=116961|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes25=109130|seats25=0|sc25=0
|party26=Shoshit Samaj Dal (Akhil Baharatiya)|votes26=96753|seats26=0|sc26=New
|party27=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]|votes27=45047|seats27=0|sc27=0
|party28=[[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]|votes28=35916|seats28=0|sc28=New
|party29=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes29=35419|seats29=0|sc29=0
|party30=[[Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand]]|votes30=27116|seats30=0|sc30=0
|party31=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes31=26169|seats31=0|sc31=0
|party32=All India Labour Party|votes32=17191|seats32=0|sc32=New
|party33=[[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League]]|votes33=12509|seats33=0|sc33=0
|party34=All India Shiromani Baba Jivan Singh Mazabhi Dal|votes34=5868|seats34=0|sc34=New
|party35=Independents|votes35=10393617|seats35=9|sc35=–5
|row55=Appointed [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats55=2|sc55=0
|invalid=5346411
|electorate=321174327
|total_sc=+23
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9749&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 ECI]
}}

===Voter behaviour===
The elections in India's largest state [[Uttar Pradesh]], historically a Congress stronghold, turned against Gandhi. Dhanagare says the structural reasons included the emergence of a strong and united opposition, disunity and weariness within the Congress, an effective opposition and the failure of Gandhi in controlling the mass media, which was under censorship during the Emergency. The structural factors allowed voters to express their grievances, notably their resentment of the emergency and its authoritarian and repressive policies. One grievance often mentioned was the 'Nasbandi' (vasectomy) campaign in rural areas. The middle class also emphasised on the curbing of freedom of speech throughout the country.<ref>D.N. Dhanagare, "Sixth Lok Sabha Election in Uttar Pradesh – 1977: The End of the Congress Hegemony," ''Political Science Review'' (1979) 18#1 pp 28–51</ref>

Meanwhile, Congress hit an all-time low in [[West Bengal]], according to the Gangulys, because of poor discipline and factionalism among Congress activists as well as numerous defections that weakened the party. Opponents emphasised the issues of corruption within the Congress and appealed to a deep desire by the voters for fresh leadership.<ref>Mira Ganguly and Bangendu Ganguly, "Lok Sabha Election, 1977: The West Bengal Scene," ''Political Science Review'' (1979) 18#3 pp 28–53
</ref> The Congress, however, did well in southern states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. The results were mixed in the western states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, although the Janata alliance won all the seats in Mumbai.

==See also==
*[[Election Commission of India]]
*[[1974 Indian presidential election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Guha, Ramachandra. ''India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy'' (2008) pp 491–518
*Klieman, Aaron S. "Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis Government," ''Political Science Quarterly'' (1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150338 in JSTOR]
*Roy, Ramashray; Sheth, D. L. "The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969," ''Political Science Review'' (1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp 51–63

{{Indian elections}}
{{Indian Emergency}}

[[Category:1977 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:March 1977 events in Asia]]
[[Category:1977 elections in Asia|India]]

1977 Indian general election - Revision history

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