1970 Bhiwandi riots - Revision history

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	[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India\|Bhiwandi riots]]		[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India\|Bhiwandi riots]]
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	There had been a prolonged period of tension between Hindu nationalist groups such as the RSS, Jana Sangh and Shiv Sena and the Muslim groups [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind\|Jamaat-i-Islami]], the [[Indian Union Muslim League\|Muslim League]] and Majlis Tameer-e-Millat.{{sfn\|Hansen\|2001\|p=74}} The [[Rashtriya Utsav Mandal]] had campaigned for permission to have a procession to celebrate the birthday of the [[Maratha clan system\|Maratha]] warrior-King [[Shivaji]], which would pass through an area where the residents were predominantly Muslims, and by a mosque. Permission was given over the protests of Muslim leaders and on 7 May the procession began.{{sfn\|Graff \|Galonnier \|2013\|p=15-33}}		There had been a prolonged period of tension between Hindu nationalist groups such as the RSS, Jana Sangh and Shiv Sena and the Muslim groups [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind\|Jamaat-i-Islami]], the [[Indian Union Muslim League\|Muslim League]] and Majlis Tameer-e-Millat.{{sfn\|Hansen\|2001\|p=74}} The [[Rashtriya Utsav Mandal]] had campaigned for permission to have a procession to celebrate the birthday of the [[Maratha clan system\|Maratha]] warrior-King [[Shivaji]], which would pass through an area where the residents were predominantly Muslims, and by a mosque. Permission was given over the protests of Muslim leaders and on 7 May the procession began.{{sfn\|Graff \|Galonnier \|2013\|p=15-33}}

	The procession was organised by Shiv Sena and supporters of the Hindu right, who, it was reported, arrived armed with [[Fighting stick\|lathis]] and were abusive towards Muslims along the path of the procession with the police taking no action. However once the anti-Muslim violence began the police opened fire several times, but only targeted Muslims.{{sfn\|Horowitz\|2001\|p=364}}{{sfn\|Banerjee\|2005\|p=101}} Between 3,000 and 4,000 people had travelled from villages close to Bhiwandi, and once the procession had started some Muslims threw stones which triggered the violence.{{sfn\|Graff \|Galonnier \|2013\|p=15–33}} An indefinite [[curfew]] was declared by the police at 10:00 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time\|IST]]) that night. As violence ensued, fire engines and ambulances were brought in from [[Bombay]], [[Thane]], [[Ulhasnagar]], [[Kalyan (city)\|Kalyan]], [[Ambarnath]] and other nearby places. ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported that "knives and acid bulbs were freely used in the places".<ref>{{cite news\|title=Curfew in town near Bombay: 10 die in riots\|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700508&printsec=frontpage&hl=en\|access-date=12 February 2018\|work=The Indian Express\|date=8 May 1970}}</ref>		The procession was organised by Shiv Sena and supporters of the Hindu right, who, it was reported, arrived armed with [[Fighting stick\|lathis]] and were abusive towards Muslims along the path of the procession with the police taking no action. However once the anti-Muslim violence began the police opened fire several times, but only targeted Muslims.{{sfn\|Horowitz\|2001\|p=364}}{{sfn\|Banerjee\|2005\|p=101}} Between 3,000 and 4,000 people had travelled from villages close to Bhiwandi, and once the procession had started some Muslims threw stones which triggered the violence.{{sfn\|Graff \|Galonnier \|2013\|p=15–33}} An indefinite [[curfew]] was declared by the police at 10:00 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time\|IST]]) that night. As violence ensued, fire engines and ambulances were brought in from [[Bombay]], [[Thane]], [[Ulhasnagar]], [[Kalyan (city)\|Kalyan]], [[Ambarnath]] and other nearby places. ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported that "knives and acid bulbs were freely used in the places".<ref>{{cite news\|title=Curfew in town near Bombay: 10 die in riots\|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700508&printsec=frontpage&hl=en\|access-date=12 February 2018\|work=The Indian Express\|date=8 May 1970}}</ref>

	Subsequently, a 24-hour curfew was imposed also in the neighbouring town of [[Jalgaon]], where 50 were reportedly injured by 8 May. The official figures put the total death toll at 21. The [[Indian Army]] was called in the same day to the two towns to bring the situation under control.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Army Called Out in Maharashtra Town\|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2odlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=op4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=625%2C2904854\|access-date=12 February 2018\|work=The Indian Express\|date=9 May 1970\|page=1}}</ref> It was reported that towns returned to "normalcy" the following day.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Riot towns limp to normalcy\|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=24dlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=op4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1784%2C2951411\|access-date=12 February 2018\|work=The Indian Express\|page=1\|date=10 May 1970}}</ref>		Subsequently, a 24-hour curfew was imposed also in the neighbouring town of [[Jalgaon]], where 50 were reportedly injured by 8 May. The official figures put the total death toll at 21. The [[Indian Army]] was called in the same day to the two towns to bring the situation under control.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Army Called Out in Maharashtra Town\|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2odlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=op4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=625%2C2904854\|access-date=12 February 2018\|work=The Indian Express\|date=9 May 1970\|page=1}}</ref> It was reported that towns returned to "normalcy" the following day.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Riot towns limp to normalcy\|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=24dlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=op4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1784%2C2951411\|access-date=12 February 2018\|work=The Indian Express\|page=1\|date=10 May 1970}}</ref>

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Bibliography

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			{{Short description\|Civil riot in Bhiwandi, India}}

	{{EngvarB\|date=September 2013}}		{{EngvarB\|date=September 2013}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2013}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2013}}

	The '''1970 Bhiwandi riots''' were ~~instances of~~ [[~~Anti-Muslim~~ violence in India\|~~anti-Muslim violence~~]] which occurred between 7 and 8 May in the [[India]]n towns of [[Bhiwandi]], [[Jalgaon]] and [[Mahad]].{{sfn\|Graff \|Galonnier \|2013\|p=15-33}} There were large amounts of [[arson]] and vandalism of ~~Muslim~~-owned properties. and caused the deaths of over 250 people.{{sfn\|Engineer\|2003\|p=8}}		{{Infobox civil conflict\|place=[[Bhiwandi]], [[Jalgaon]] and [[Mahad]] ([[Maharashtra]], [[India]])\|side1b=[[File:Oil lamp drawing.png\|27px]] [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh\|Jana Sangh]]\|detentions=324 Hindu and 2183 Muslim\|casualties2=192 deaths\|casualties1=37 deaths\|side2b=[[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg\|24px]] [[Indian Union Muslim League\|IUML]]\|side2a= [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind\|Jamaat-e-Islami]]\|side1c=[[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg\|24px]] [[Shiv Sena]]\|side1a= [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh\|RSS]]\|title=1970 Bhiwandi violence\|side2='''[[Muslims]]'''\|side1='''[[Hindus]]'''\|methods=[[Pogroms]], [[Mass murder]] and [[Arson]]\|goals=[[Ethnic persecution\|Ethnic]] and [[Religious persecution\|religious persecution]]\|date={{start date\|1970\|5\|7}} - {{end date and age\|1970\|5\|8}}\|partof=[[Religious violence in India]]\|damage=[[₹]] 15.32 [[crore]]}}

			The '''1970 Bhiwandi riots''' were [[Religious violence in India\|Religious riots]] which occurred between 7 and 8 May in the [[India]]n towns of [[Bhiwandi]], [[Jalgaon]] and [[Mahad]], mostly [[Violence against Hindus in India\|Violence against Hindus]].{{sfn\|Graff \|Galonnier \|2013\|p=15-33}} There were large amounts of [[arson]] and vandalism of Hindu-owned properties. and caused the deaths of over 250 people.{{sfn\|Engineer\|2003\|p=8}}

	== The riots ==		== The riots ==
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	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
	{{Hindu Nationalism}}		{{Hindu Nationalism}}{{Riots in India}}

	[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India\|Bhiwandi riots]]		[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India\|Bhiwandi riots]]
	[[Category:1970 in India\|Bhiwandi riots]]		[[Category:1970 in India\|Bhiwandi riots]]
	[[Category:Persecution by Hindus]]		[[Category:Persecution by Hindus]]
			[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]
			[[Category:May 1970 events in Asia]]

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{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}

The '''1970 Bhiwandi riots''' were instances of [[Anti-Muslim violence in India|anti-Muslim violence]] which occurred between 7 and 8 May in the [[India]]n towns of [[Bhiwandi]], [[Jalgaon]] and [[Mahad]].{{sfn|Graff |Galonnier |2013|p=15-33}} There were large amounts of [[arson]] and vandalism of Muslim-owned properties. and caused the deaths of over 250 people.{{sfn|Engineer|2003|p=8}}

== The riots ==
There had been a prolonged period of tension between Hindu nationalist groups such as the RSS, Jana Sangh and Shiv Sena and the Muslim groups [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|Jamaat-i-Islami]], the [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]] and Majlis Tameer-e-Millat.{{sfn|Hansen|2001|p=74}} The [[Rashtriya Utsav Mandal]] had campaigned for permission to have a procession to celebrate the birthday of the [[Maratha clan system|Maratha]] warrior-King [[Shivaji]], which would pass through an area where the residents were predominantly Muslims, and by a mosque. Permission was given over the protests of Muslim leaders and on 7 May the procession began.{{sfn|Graff |Galonnier |2013|p=15-33}}

The procession was organised by Shiv Sena and supporters of the Hindu right, who, it was reported, arrived armed with [[Fighting stick|lathis]] and were abusive towards Muslims along the path of the procession with the police taking no action. However once the anti-Muslim violence began the police opened fire several times, but only targeted Muslims.{{sfn|Horowitz|2001|p=364}}{{sfn|Banerjee|2005|p=101}} Between 3,000 and 4,000 people had travelled from villages close to Bhiwandi, and once the procession had started some Muslims threw stones which triggered the violence.{{sfn|Graff |Galonnier |2013|p=15–33}} An indefinite [[curfew]] was declared by the police at 10:00 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) that night. As violence ensued, fire engines and ambulances were brought in from [[Bombay]], [[Thane]], [[Ulhasnagar]], [[Kalyan (city)|Kalyan]], [[Ambarnath]] and other nearby places. ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported that "knives and acid bulbs were freely used in the places".<ref>{{cite news|title=Curfew in town near Bombay: 10 die in riots|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700508&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=12 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=8 May 1970}}</ref>

Subsequently, a 24-hour curfew was imposed also in the neighbouring town of [[Jalgaon]], where 50 were reportedly injured by 8 May. The official figures put the total death toll at 21. The [[Indian Army]] was called in the same day to the two towns to bring the situation under control.<ref>{{cite news|title=Army Called Out in Maharashtra Town|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2odlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=op4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=625%2C2904854|access-date=12 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=9 May 1970|page=1}}</ref> It was reported that towns returned to "normalcy" the following day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Riot towns limp to normalcy|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=24dlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=op4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1784%2C2951411|access-date=12 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|page=1|date=10 May 1970}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Following the incident the Indian government formed a Commission headed by Justice [[Dinshah Pirosha Madon]]. The final report from the commission ran to seven volumes and was highly critical of the police for their failure to prevent the riots, the report was also highly critical of Shiv Sena for their part in the violence.{{sfn|Engineer|2003|p=8}}

According to the Madon report of those arrested during the violence 324 were Hindu and 2183 were Muslim.{{sfn|Robinson|2005|p=103}} The Madon report was highly critical of the police, stating that their action showed a clear "anti-Muslim bias".{{sfn|Hansen|2001|p=75}} According to K. Jaishankar, of those arrested for clearly identifiable crimes during the violence in 1970, 21 were Hindu and 901 were Muslim, a figure disproportionate to the numbers of casualties (which Jaishankar gives as 17 Hindus and 59 Muslims).{{sfn|Jaishankar|2010|p=211}}

Economic costs for the riots in Bhiwandi, according to the Madon and police reports ran to Rs {{formatnum:15320163}}. In Jalgaon 112 Muslim properties and been attacked by [[arson]]ists, with 87 of these being razed to the ground. There was looting of 250 properties and another 28 had been damaged. Economic costs for the violence in Jalgaon ran to {{INR}}{{formatnum:3474722}} with the costs to Muslims being {{INR}}{{formatnum:3390997}}.{{sfn|Robinson|2005|pp=101–102}}

The commission gave a death toll of 164 in Bhiwandi alone, 142 Muslims and 20 Hindus, and in the nearby villages of Khoni and Nagaon the commission stated that there had been 78 deaths, 17 Hindus and 50 Muslims.{{sfn|Graff |Galonnier |2013|p=15-33}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}

*{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Sikata|title=Make Me a Man!: Masculinity, Hinduism, and Nationalism in India|year=2005|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0791463680}}
*{{cite book|last=Engineer|first=Asgharali|title=The Gujarat Carnage|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-8125024965|editor=Asgharali Engineer|chapter=Introduction}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Graff|first1=Violette|first2=Juliette |last2=Galonnier|title=Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India I (1947–1986)|journal=Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence|year=2013|url=http://www.massviolence.org/Hindu-Muslim-Communal-Riots-in,736,|issn=1961-9898}}
*{{cite book|last=Horowitz|first=Donald L.|title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot|year=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520224476|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo}}
*{{cite book|last=Hansen|first=Thomas Blom|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691088402}}
*{{cite book|last=Jaishankar|first=K.|title=International Handbook of Victimology|year=2010|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1420085471|pages=182–213|editor1=Shlomo Giora Shoham|editor2=Paul Knepper|editor3=Martin Kett|chapter=Patterns of Communal Violence Victimization in South Asia}}
*{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Rowena|title=Tremors of Violence: Muslim Survivors of Ethnic Strife in Western India|year=2005|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0761934080}}

{{refend}}
{{Hindu Nationalism}}

[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India|Bhiwandi riots]]
[[Category:1970 in India|Bhiwandi riots]]
[[Category:Persecution by Hindus]]