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{{short description|Provincial elections held in British India in the winter of 1936-37}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1937 Indian provincial elections
| country = British India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1934 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1934
| next_election = 1946 Indian provincial elections
| next_year = 1946
| election_date = 1937
| seats_for_election = 1585 provincial seats contested
| image1 = Jawaharlal Nehru.jpg
| image1_size = 100x100px
| leader1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] Party president
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 707
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 = 
| image2 = Jinnah1945a.jpg
| image2_size = 100x100px
| leader2 = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = All-India Muslim League
| alliance2 =
| seats2 = 109
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 = 
| image3 = SikanderHayatKhan.jpg
| image3_size = 100x100px
| leader3 = [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
| leaders_seat3 =
| party3 = [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]
| alliance3 =
| seats3 = 101
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| colour3 = 0066ff
| map = [[File:Indian Provincial Election 1937.svg|300px]]
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
Provincial elections were held in [[British India]] in the winter of 1936-37 as mandated by the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. Elections were held in eleven provinces - [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], [[Central Provinces]], [[History of Bihar#The British Raj|Bihar]], [[History of Orissa#British period|Orissa]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[Assam#British Assam|Assam]], [[History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#The British Raj and the Durand Line Agreement|NWFP]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sindh]].

The final results of the elections were declared in February 1937. The [[Indian National Congress]] emerged in power in eight of the provinces - the exceptions being [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]]. The [[All-India Muslim League]] failed to form the government in any province.

The Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939, in protest against Viceroy [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]]'s action of declaring India to be a belligerent in the [[Second World War]] without consulting the Indian people.

==Electorate==
The Government of India Act 1935/ Legislative council 1935 increased the number of enfranchised people.<ref name="The Partition of India">{{cite book|author1=Ian Talbot|author2=Gurharpal Singh|title=The Partition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ|date=23 July 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4|page=32}}</ref><ref name="low">{{Cite book| last =Low| first =David Anthony| title =Eclipse of empire| publisher =Cambridge University Press| year = 1993| pages = 154| isbn =0-521-45754-8| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=QBaYddlnKBEC&pg=PA154 |id= }}</ref>
Approximately 30 million people, among them some women, gained voting rights. This number constituted one-sixth of Indian adults. The Act provided for a limited adult franchise based on property qualifications such as land ownership and rent, and therefore favored landholders and richer farmers in rural areas.<ref name="low"/>

==Election Campaign and results==
At its 1936 session held in the city of [[Lucknow]], the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]], despite opposition from the newly elected Nehru as the party president, agreed to contest the provincial elections to be held in 1937.<ref name="Tomlinson 1976">{{cite book|author=B. R. Tomlinson|title=The Indian National Congress and the Raj, 1929–1942: The Penultimate Phase|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5OuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP7|date=18 June 1976|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-02873-3|pages=57–60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFZwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 | title=The Most Important People of the 20th Century (Part-I): Leaders & Revolutionaries| isbn=9780557778867| last1=Thakur| first1=Pradeep}}</ref>
The released Congress leaders anticipated the restoration of elections. They now had a stronger standing with their reputation enhanced by the civil disobedience movement under Gandhi's leadership.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barbara Metcalf|author2=Thomas Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=195}}</ref> Through the elections the Congress sought to convert its popular movement into a political organisation. The Congress won 758 out of around 1500 seats in a resounding victory, and went on to form seven provincial governments. The Congress formed governments in United provinces, Bihar, the Central Provinces, Bombay and Madras.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barbara Metcalf|author2=Thomas Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=196}}</ref>

The party's election platform had downplayed communalism and Nehru continued this attitude with the initiation of the March 1937 Muslim mass contact program. But the elections demonstrated that of the 482 Muslim seats the Congress had contested just 58 of them and won only 26 of those. In spite of this poor showing the Congress persisted in its claim that the party was representative of all communities.<ref name="The Partition of India"/> The Congress ministries did not succeed in attracting their Muslim countrymen. This was largely unintentional.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barbara Metcalf|author2=Thomas Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=196}}</ref>

The 1937 elections demonstrated that neither the Muslim League nor the Congress represented Muslims. It also demonstrated the provincial moorings of Muslim politics.<ref name="The Muslims of British India">{{cite book|author1=Hardy|author2=Thomas Hardy|title=The Muslims of British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ|date=7 December 1972|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-09783-3|page=224}}</ref> The Muslim League captured around 25 percent of the seats reserved for Muslims. The Congress Muslims achieved 6 percent of them. Most of the Muslim seats were won by regional Muslim parties.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hermanne Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20History%20of%20India_Kulke.pdf|edition=4th|publisher=Routledge|page=314}}</ref> No Congress Muslim won in Sindh, Punjab, Bengal, Orissa, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Bombay and Assam.<ref name="The Muslims of British India"/> Most of the 26 seats the Congress captured were in NWFP, Madras and Bihar.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hardy|author2=Thomas Hardy|title=The Muslims of British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ|date=7 December 1972|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-09783-3|pages=224–225}}</ref>

'''Legislative Assemblies'''
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:centre
|-
!Province
!Congress
!Muslim League
!Other parties
!Independents
!Muslim seats
!Total
|-
|align=left|[[Assam]]||33||10||24 ([[Muhammed Saadulah|Assam Valley Muslim Party]]) 14 (Non-Congress)||27
|34||108
|-
|align=left|[[Bengal]]||54||43<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511558856|title=The Sole Spokesman|date=1985-04-18|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511558856|isbn=978-0-521-24462-6}}</ref>||36 (Krishak Praja Party) 10 (Independent Muslims)||113
|119||250<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1937|title=Royal Society Elections|journal=Nature|volume=139|issue=3530|pages=1098|doi=10.1038/1391098a0|bibcode=1937Natur.139Q1098.|issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|align=left|[[Bihar]]||92|| 0||20 ([[Muslim Independent Party]]) 05 (Muslim United Party) 03 ([[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]]) ||32
|34||152
|-
|align=left|[[1937 Bombay Presidency elections|Bombay]]||86||18||14 (Ambedkarites){{citation needed|date=September 2020}} 9 (Non-Brahmin) 4 (Other) 2 ([[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]]) || 42
|30||175
|-
|align=left|[[Central Provinces]]||70|| 5 || 8 (Muslim Parliamentary Board) 8 (Other) || 21
| || 112
|-
|align=left|[[1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|Madras]]|| 159 || 9 || 21 (Justice Party) || 26
|29|| 215
|-
|align=left|[[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier Province]]|| 19 || 0|| 7 (Hindu-Sikh Nationalists) || 24
|36|| 50
|-
|align=left|[[Orissa, India|Orissa]]|| 36 || 0|| 14 || 10
| || 60
|-
|align=left|[[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]|| 18 || 2 || 95 ([[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]) 14 (Khalsa National Board) 11 (Hindu Election Board) 10 (Akalis) 4 ([[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]]) || 22
|86|| 175
|-
|align=left|[[Sind]]|| 7 || 0|| 17 ([[Sind United Party|United Party]]) 16 (Ghulam Husain's) 12 (Hindu) 3 (Europeans) || 5
|34|| 60
|-
|align=left|[[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]|| 133 || 29<ref>{{Cite book|last=author.|first=Dhulipala, Venkat|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/968341808|title=Creating a new Medina : state power, Islam, and the quest for Pakistan in late colonial North India|date=28 July 2016|isbn=978-1-316-61537-9|oclc=968341808}}</ref>|| 22 (National Agriculturists) || 47
|66|| 228
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''|| '''707''' || '''106''' || '''397''' || '''385'''
| || '''1585'''
|}

'''Legislative Councils'''
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:centre
|-
!Province
!Congress
!Muslim League
!Other parties
!Independents
!Europeans
!Total
|-
|align=left|[[Assam]]|| || ||10 (Non-Congress) 6 ([[Muhammed Saadulah|Assam Valley Muslim Party]])||2||3||21
|-
|align=left|[[Bengal]]|| 9 || 7 ||9 (Krishak Praja Party)||32||6||63
|-
|align=left|[[Bihar]]||8|| ||2 (United)||16||3||29
|-
|align=left|[[1937 Bombay Presidency elections|Bombay]]||13||2||2 (Democratic Swaraj) 1 (Majlis-e-Ahrar)|| 8 ||4||30
|-
|align=left|[[1937 Madras Presidency legislative council election|Madras]]|| 26 || 3 || 5 (Justice Party) || 12 || 8 ||54
|-
|align=left|[[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]|| 8 || || 4 (National Agriculturists) 1 (Majlis-e-Ahrar) || 39 || 8 ||60
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''|| '''64''' || '''12''' || '''38''' || '''111''' || '''32'''||'''257'''
|}

===Madras Presidency===
{{Main|1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|Madras Presidency legislative council election, 1937}}
In [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], the Congress won 74% of all seats, eclipsing the incumbent [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] (21 seats).<ref name=dsal>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=260&view=text|title=Schwartzberg Atlas|work=A Historical Atlas of South Asia|author=Joseph E. Schwartzberg|access-date=2012-04-05}}</ref>

===Sindh===
{{Main|1937 Sind legislative assembly election}}
The Sind Legislative Assembly had 60 members. The Sind United Party emerged the leader with 22 seats, and the Congress secured 8 seats.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} Mohammad Ali Jinnah had tried to set up a League Parliamentary Board in Sindh in 1936, but he failed, though 72% of the population was Muslim.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |date=1994 |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&pg=PA28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=28 |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4}}</ref> Though 34 seats were reserved for Muslims, the Muslim League could secure none of them.<ref>Afzal, Nasreen. ''[http://prr.hec.gov.pk/chapters/2114-7.pdf Role of Sir Abdullah Haroon in Politics of Sindh (1872–1942)]'' pp. 185</ref>

===United Provinces===
The UP legislature consisted of a Legislative Council of 52 elected and 6 or 8 nominated members and a Legislative Assembly of 228 elected members: some from exclusive Muslim constituencies, some from "General" constituencies, and some "Special" constituencies.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeves |first=P. D. |date=1971 |title=Changing Patterns of Political Alignment in the General Elections to the United Provinces Legislative Assembly, 1937 and 1946 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=111–142 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00002973 |jstor=312028}}</ref> The Congress won a clear majority in the United Provinces, with 133 seats,<ref>Visalakshi Menon. "From movement to government: the Congress in the United Provinces, 1937-42", Sage Publications, 2003. pp 60</ref> while the Muslim League won only 27 out of the 64 seats reserved for Muslims.<ref>Abida Shakoor. "Congress-Muslim League tussle 1937-40: a critical analysis", Aakar Books, 2003, pp 90</ref>

The Congress refused the League's offer in the UP to form a coalition.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barbara Metcalf|author2=Thomas Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=196}}</ref> The party offered the Muslim League a role in government if it merged itself into the Congress Party. While this position had a good basis it proved to be a mistake.<ref name="The Partition of India"/> The Congress disregarded that even though they had captured the large part of UP's general seats, they had not won any of the reserved Muslim seats, of which the Muslim League had won 29.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barbara Metcalf|author2=Thomas Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=196–197}}</ref>

===Assam===
In Assam, the Congress won 33 seats out of a total of 108 making it the single largest party, though it was not in a position to form a ministry. The Governor called upon Sir Muhammad Sadulla, ex-Judicial Member of Assam and Leader of the Assam Valley Muslim Party to form the ministry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ministry-making in Assam|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19370313&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=13 March 1937}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2016}} The Congress was a part of the ruling coalition.

===Bombay===
{{Main|1937 Bombay Presidency elections}}
In Bombay, the Congress fell just short of gaining half the seats. However, it was able to draw on the support of some small pro-Congress groups to form a working majority. [[B.G. Kher]] became the first Chief Minister of Bombay.

===Punjab===
{{Main|1937 Punjab Provincial Assembly election}}

After result [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] under the leadership of [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]] formed the Government. Khalsa National Board and Hindu Election Board also gave their support to Unionist Party.

[[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]] led a coalition government till his death. After his death he was succeeded by [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]] on 12 December 1942.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

===Other provinces===
In three additional provinces, [[Central Provinces]], [[Bihar]], and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], the Congress won clear majorities. In the overwhelmingly Muslim North-West Frontier Province, Congress won 19 out of 50 seats and was able, with minor party support, to form a ministry.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=260&view=text Schwartzberg Atlas - Digital South Asia Library]. Dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref>

In Bengal, though the Congress was the single largest party (with 54 seats), it was unable to form government. The [[Krishak Praja Party]] of [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] (with 36 seats) was able to form a coalition government with support of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]. In 1941, when the Muslim League took back its support from KPP, the Congress & [[Hindu Mahasabha]] formed coalition with Haq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |date=1994 |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&pg=PA26 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=26–27 |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4}}</ref>

==Muslim League==
Jinnah took a nationalist stance and emulated the Congress' electoral campaign and appointed Muslim League Parliamentary Boards for the 1937 elections. Through this he expected to advance the party as a coalition partner for the Congress which they might need to form provincial governments. He miscalculated that the separate electorates system, with a larger electorate, would produce good results for the Muslim League.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hermanne Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20History%20of%20India_Kulke.pdf|edition=4th|publisher=Routledge|page=314}}</ref> Of the 482 seats reserved for Muslims the League won just 109. The League won 29 seats in the United Provinces where it had competed for 35 out of the 66 seats for Muslims.<ref name="The Muslims of British India"/> The League's top performance was in provinces where Muslims were minorities; there it cast itself as a protector of the community.<ref name="The Partition of India"/> Its performance in Punjab, where it won just two of the seven seats it vied for, was unsuccessful. It performed a little better in Bengal, capturing 39 of the 117 seats for Muslims, but could not form a government.<ref name="The Muslims of British India"/>

Muslim preference was to be represented by regional parties which were allied with those non-Muslims who were not supportive of the Congress.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|author1=Hardy|author2=Thomas Hardy|title=The Muslims of British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ|date=7 December 1972|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-09783-3|page=225}}</ref> The Congress was victorious throughout India in the open constituencies. Muslim league was confronted with the fact that Hindu majority provinces would be ruled by Hindus but Muslim league would not rule the largest provinces with Muslim majorities: Bengal and Punjab. The Congress domination over the government made the prospects of federal Muslim politicians appear dismal.<ref name="books.google.com"/> Regional parties kept the League out of power in those provinces with Muslim majorities while in the Hindu majority provinces it was unwanted by the Congress.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hermanne Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20History%20of%20India_Kulke.pdf|edition=4th|publisher=Routledge|page=314}}</ref> Antagonised by this rebuff the League stepped up its efforts to attract a popular following.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barbara Metcalf|author2=Thomas Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=197}}</ref>

==Resignation of Congress ministries==

[[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Viceroy Linlithgow]] declared India at war with Germany on 3 September 1939.<ref name="british-empire-fall">{{cite web |url=http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/kenanderson/histempsequel/page5.html |title=Gandhi - The Great Soul |access-date=2007-12-04 |last=Anderson |first=Ken |work=The British Empire: Fall of the Empire }}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{self-published source|date=August 2016}}</ref> The Congress objected strongly to the declaration of war without prior consultation with Indians. The Congress Working Committee suggested that it would cooperate if there a central Indian national government were formed, and a commitment were made to India's independence after the war.<ref name="plassey-to-partition">{{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Sekhara |date=2004 |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EpNz0U8VEQC |location=India |publisher=Orient Longman |page=412 |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2}}</ref> The Muslim League promised its support to the British,<ref name="afghan-frontier">{{cite book |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |date=2003 |title=Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OIcYibR7pUC |location=London, New York |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks |pages=232–233 |isbn=1860648959 |access-date=2007-12-10}}</ref> with Jinnah calling on Muslims to help the Raj by "honourable co-operation" at the "critical and difficult juncture," while asking the Viceroy for increased protection for Muslims.<ref name="wolpert-jinnah-speech">{{cite web|url=http://www.humsafar.info/wolp02.htm |title=Lecture by Prof. Stanley Wolpert: Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah's Legacy to Pakistan |access-date=2007-12-11 |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |date=1998-03-22 |work=Jinnah of Pakistan |publisher=Humsafar.info |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227015059/http://www.humsafar.info/wolp02.htm |archive-date=27 December 2007 }}{{self-published source|date=August 2016}}</ref>

The government did not come up with any satisfactory response. Viceroy Linlithgow could only offer to form a 'consultative committee' for advisory functions. Thus, Linlithgow refused the demands of the Congress. On 22 October 1939, all Congress ministries were called upon to tender their resignations. Both Viceroy Linlithgow and Muhammad Ali Jinnah were pleased with the resignations.<ref name="british-empire-fall"/><ref name="plassey-to-partition"/> On 2 December 1939, Jinnah put out an appeal, calling for Indian Muslims to celebrate 22 December 1939 as a "[[Day of Deliverance (India)|Day of Deliverance]]" from Congress:<ref name="nazaria-e-pakistan">{{cite web |url=http://www.nazariapak.info/quaid/students/2ndDecember-1939.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070729232113/http://www.nazariapak.info/quaid/students/2ndDecember-1939.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-07-29 |title=Appeal for the observance of Deliverance Day, issued from Bombay, on 2nd December, 1939 |access-date=2007-12-04 |author=Nazaria-e-Pakistan Foundation |work=Quaid-i-Azam’s Speeches & Messages to Muslim Students}}</ref>

{{quote|text=I wish the Musalmans all over India to observe Friday 22 December as the "Day of Deliverance" and thanksgiving as a mark of relief that the Congress regime has at last ceased to function. I hope that the provincial, district and primary Muslim Leagues all over India will hold public meetings and pass the resolution with such modification as they may be advised, and after Jumma prayers offer prayers by way of thanksgiving for being delivered from the unjust Congress regime.
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}
{{Pakistani elections}}

[[Category:1937 elections in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:Political history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1930s in British India]]
[[Category:Provincial Assembly elections in British India]]

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->Rlink2: /* Resignation of Congress ministries /archive link repair, may include: archive. -> archive.today, http->https for ghostarchive.org and archive.org, and fixing refs for IABot phab:T291704