1918 flu pandemic in India - Revision history

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	{{~~#description2:~~Known in India as "Bombay Fever"}}		{{Short description\|Known in India as "Bombay Fever"}}
	{{Main\|Spanish flu}}		{{Main\|Spanish flu}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}

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	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==
	* {{Cite book\|last=Tumbe\|first=Chinmay\|title=The age of pandemics (1817–1920): How they shaped India and the world\|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]\|year=2020\|isbn=\|location=\|pages=}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Tumbe\|first=Chinmay\|title=The age of pandemics (1817–1920): How they shaped India and the world\|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]\|year=2020\|isbn=\|location=\|pages=}}

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			\|keywords=Epidemics in India, 1918 in India, Spanish flu, Influenza pandemics, India in World War I, 1918 disasters in India
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	[[Category:Epidemics in India]]		[[Category:Epidemics in India]]

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	{{~~Short description\|~~Known in India as "Bombay Fever"}}		{{#description2:Known in India as "Bombay Fever"}}
	{{Main\|Spanish flu}}		{{Main\|Spanish flu}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}

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	{{~~See also~~\|Spanish flu}}		{{Short description\|Known in India as "Bombay Fever"}}
			{{Main\|Spanish flu}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=April ~~2020~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2022}}
	'''1918 flu pandemic in India''' was the outbreak of an unusually deadly [[influenza]] pandemic in India between 1918 and 1920 as a part of the worldwide [[Spanish flu]] pandemic.<ref name="spanishfever">{{cite web \|url= https://scroll.in/article/966655/a-study-maps-the-spread-and-decline-of-the-1918-spanish-flu-in-india \|title= A study maps the spread (and decline) of the 1918 Spanish flu in India\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = Scroll.in\|date=8 March ~~2020~~}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-when-corpses-of-influenza-victims-were-dumped-in-narmada-river-in-1918-7310909/\|title=Explained: When corpses of influenza victims were dumped in Narmada river in 1918\|author=Man Aman Singh Chhina \|date=12 May 2021\|work=Indian Express}}</ref> Also referred to as the ''Bombay Influenza'' or the ''Bombay Fever'' in India,<ref name="mumbai fever">{{cite web \|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/coronavirus-pandemics-of-the-past-1656730-2020-03-18 \|title= Deja flu: Spanish Lady killed 14 million in British India a century ago\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = Times of India\|date=8 March ~~2020~~}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web \|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51904019\|title= Coronavirus: What India can learn from the deadly 1918 flu\|access-date= 10 April 2020\|~~work~~ = BBC\|date=18 March ~~2020~~}}</ref> the pandemic is believed to have killed up to ~~17 – 18~~  million people in the country,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/references-to-death-and-disease-in-hindi-literature-6357805/\|title=References to death and disease in Hindi literature}}</ref> the most among all countries.<ref>{{Cite journal \|pmc = 1118673\|year = 2000\|last1 = Mayor\|first1 = S.\|title = Flu experts warn of need for pandemic plans\|journal = British Medical Journal\|volume = 321\|issue = 7265\|pages = 852\|pmid = 11021855\|doi = 10.1136/bmj.321.7265.852}}</ref><ref name="gandhi">{{cite web \|url= https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/how-the-spanish-flu-changed-the-course-of-indian-history-1.1584285312898 \|title= How the Spanish flu changed the course of Indian history\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = Gulf News\|date=15 March ~~2015~~}}</ref> David Arnold (2019) estimates at least 12 million dead, about 5% of the population.<ref>{{Cite journal\|doi=10.1017/S0080440119000082\|title=Death and the Modern Empire: The 1918–19 Influenza Epidemic in India\|year=2019\|last1=Arnold\|first1=David\|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society\|volume=29\|pages=181–200}}</ref> The decade between 1911 and 1921 was the only census period in which ~~India’s~~ population fell, mostly due to devastation of the Spanish flu pandemic.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/why-1918-matters-in-india-s-corona-war-11584033795146.html\|title=Why 1918 matters in India's corona war\|date=13 March 2020\|author=Sreevatsan, Ajai }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/what-the-history-of-pandemics-tells-us-about-coronavirus/story-Fb3XDfXe0lyk0JukqtdG1L.html\|title=What the history of pandemics tells us about coronavirus\|author=Malik, Shiv \|date= 15 April 2020\|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The death toll in [[British Raj\|India's British-ruled districts]] was 13.88 million.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chandra S, Kuljanin G, Wray J \| title = Mortality from the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919: the case of India \| journal = Demography \| volume = 49 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 857–65 \| date = August 2012 \| pmid = 22661303 \| doi = 10.1007/s13524-012-0116-x \| s2cid = 39247719 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		'''1918 flu pandemic in India''' was the outbreak of an unusually deadly [[influenza]] pandemic in British India between 1918 and 1920 as a part of the worldwide [[Spanish flu]] pandemic.<ref name="spanishfever">{{cite web \|url= https://scroll.in/article/966655/a-study-maps-the-spread-and-decline-of-the-1918-spanish-flu-in-india \|title= A study maps the spread (and decline) of the 1918 Spanish flu in India\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = Scroll.in\|date=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-when-corpses-of-influenza-victims-were-dumped-in-narmada-river-in-1918-7310909/\|title=Explained: When corpses of influenza victims were dumped in Narmada river in 1918\|author=Man Aman Singh Chhina \|date=12 May 2021\|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Also referred to as the ''Bombay Influenza'' or the ''Bombay Fever'' in India,<ref name="mumbai fever">{{cite web \|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/coronavirus-pandemics-of-the-past-1656730-2020-03-18 \|title= Deja flu: Spanish Lady killed 14 million in British India a century ago\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = The Times of India\|date=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web \|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51904019\|title= Coronavirus: What India can learn from the deadly 1918 flu\|access-date= 10 April 2020\|publisher = BBC\|date=18 March 2022}}</ref> the pandemic is believed to have killed up to 17–18  million people in the country,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/references-to-death-and-disease-in-hindi-literature-6357805/\|title=References to death and disease in Hindi literature\|date=12 April 2020 }}</ref> the most among all countries.<ref>{{Cite journal \|pmc = 1118673\|year = 2000\|last1 = Mayor\|first1 = S.\|title = Flu experts warn of need for pandemic plans\|journal = British Medical Journal\|volume = 321\|issue = 7265\|pages = 852\|pmid = 11021855\|doi = 10.1136/bmj.321.7265.852}}</ref><ref name="gandhi">{{cite web \|url= https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/how-the-spanish-flu-changed-the-course-of-indian-history-1.1584285312898 \|title= How the Spanish flu changed the course of Indian history\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = Gulf News\|date=15 March 2022}}</ref> David Arnold (2019) estimates at least 12 million dead, about 5% of the population.<ref>{{Cite journal\|doi=10.1017/S0080440119000082\|title=Death and the Modern Empire: The 1918–19 Influenza Epidemic in India\|year=2019\|last1=Arnold\|first1=David\|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society\|volume=29\|pages=181–200\|s2cid=211656275 }}</ref> The decade between 1911 and 1921 was the only census period in which India's population fell, mostly due to devastation of the Spanish flu pandemic.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/why-1918-matters-in-india-s-corona-war-11584033795146.html\|title=Why 1918 matters in India's corona war\|date=13 March 2020\|author=Sreevatsan, Ajai }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/what-the-history-of-pandemics-tells-us-about-coronavirus/story-Fb3XDfXe0lyk0JukqtdG1L.html\|title=What the history of pandemics tells us about coronavirus\|author=Malik, Shiv \|date= 15 April 2020\|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The death toll in [[British Raj\|India's British-ruled districts]] was 13.88 million.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chandra S, Kuljanin G, Wray J \| title = Mortality from the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919: the case of India \| journal = Demography \| volume = 49 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 857–65 \| date = August 2012 \| pmid = 22661303 \| doi = 10.1007/s13524-012-0116-x \| s2cid = 39247719 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>

	~~In India, the~~ pandemic broke out in [[Bombay]] in June 1918,<ref name="ET">{{cite news \|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/an-unwanted-shipment-the-indian-experience-of-the-1918-spanish-flu/articleshow/74963051.cms \|title= An unwanted shipment: The Indian experience of the 1918 Spanish flu\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|newspaper = Economic Times\|date=3 April ~~2020~~}}</ref><ref name = "bmc journal">{{Cite journal \|year = 2014\|vauthors=Chandra S, Kassens-Noor E \|title = The evolution of pandemic influenza: evidence from India, 1918–19\|journal = BMC Infectious Diseases\|volume = 14\|issue = 510\|page=510 \|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-14-510 \|pmid=25234688 ~~\|url=~~ \|pmc = 4262128}}</ref> with one of the possible routes being via ships carrying troops returning from the [[First World War]] in Europe.<ref name="bombay">{{cite web \|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/coronavirus-pandemics-of-the-past-1656730-2020-03-18 \|title= Pandemics of the Past\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = India Today\|date=18 March ~~2020~~}}</ref><ref name="ET"/> The outbreak then spread across the country from west and south to east and north,<ref name="bombay"/> reaching the whole of the country by August.<ref name = "mills">{{Cite journal \|year = 1986\|vauthors=Mills, I D \|title = The 1918–1919 Influenza ~~Pandemic—~~ The Indian Experience\|journal = The Indian Economic & Social History Review\|volume = 23\|issue = 1\|pages=1–40 \|doi=10.1177/001946468602300102\|pmid=11617178 \|s2cid=29136588 }}</ref> It hit different parts of the country in three waves with the second wave being the highest in mortality rate.<ref name="ET"/><ref name = "mills"/> The death rate peaked in the last week of September 1918 in Bombay, in the middle of October in [[Madras]], and in the middle of November in [[Calcutta]].<ref name = "bmc journal"/>		The pandemic broke out in [[Bombay]] in June 1918,<ref name="ET">{{cite news \|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/an-unwanted-shipment-the-indian-experience-of-the-1918-spanish-flu/articleshow/74963051.cms \|title= An unwanted shipment: The Indian experience of the 1918 Spanish flu\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|newspaper = The Economic Times\|date=3 April 2022}}</ref><ref name = "bmc journal">{{Cite journal \|year = 2014\|vauthors=Chandra S, Kassens-Noor E \|title = The evolution of pandemic influenza: evidence from India, 1918–19\|journal = BMC Infectious Diseases\|volume = 14\|issue = 510\|page=510 \|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-14-510 \|pmid=25234688 \|pmc = 4262128}}</ref> with one of the possible routes being via ships carrying troops returning from the [[First World War]] in Europe.<ref name="bombay">{{cite web \|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/coronavirus-pandemics-of-the-past-1656730-2020-03-18 \|title= Pandemics of the Past\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = India Today\|date=18 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="ET"/> The outbreak then spread across the country from west and south to east and north,<ref name="bombay"/> reaching the whole of the country by August.<ref name = "mills">{{Cite journal \|year = 1986\|vauthors=Mills, I D \|title = The 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic – The Indian Experience\|journal = The Indian Economic & Social History Review\|volume = 23\|issue = 1\|pages=1–40 \|doi=10.1177/001946468602300102\|pmid=11617178 \|s2cid=29136588 }}</ref> It hit different parts of the country in three waves with the second wave being the highest in mortality rate.<ref name="ET"/><ref name = "mills"/> The death rate peaked in the last week of September 1918 in Bombay, in the middle of October in [[Madras]], and in the middle of November in [[Calcutta]].<ref name = "bmc journal"/>

	The outbreak most severely affected younger people in the age group of 20–40, with women ~~suffering~~ disproportionately.<ref name="mills"/> According to the Sanitary Commissioner's report for 1918, the maximum death toll in a week exceeded 200 deaths in both Bombay and Madras.<ref name = "bmc journal"/> The spread of the disease was exacerbated by a failed monsoon and the resultant famine-like conditions, that had left people underfed and weak, and forced them to move into densely populated cities.<ref name = "bbc"/> As a result of the severity of the outbreak, the year 1919 saw a reduction of births by around 30 percent.<ref name="mills"/> The [[~~Demographics_of_India~~#~~Late_19th_century_to_early_20th_century~~\|population growth of India]] during the decade of 1911–1921 was 1.2%, the lowest among all decades under the [[British Raj]]. In his memoirs the Hindi poet, [[Suryakant Tripathi]], wrote "[[Ganga]] was swollen with dead bodies." The sanitary commissioner's report for 1918 also noted that all rivers across India were clogged up with bodies,<ref name = "ET"/> because of a shortage of firewood for cremation.<ref name="mills"/>		The outbreak most severely affected younger people in the age group of 20–40, with women disproportionately impacted.<ref name="mills"/> According to the Sanitary Commissioner's report for 1918, the maximum death toll in a week exceeded 200 deaths in both Bombay and Madras.<ref name = "bmc journal"/> The spread of the disease was exacerbated by a failed monsoon and the resultant famine-like conditions, that had left people underfed and weak, and forced them to move into densely populated cities.<ref name = "bbc"/> As a result of the severity of the outbreak, the year 1919 saw a reduction of births by around 30 percent.<ref name="mills"/> The [[Demographics of India#Late 19th century to early 20th century\|population growth of India]] during the decade of 1911–1921 was 1.2%, the lowest among all decades under the [[British Raj]]. In his memoirs the Hindi poet, [[Suryakant Tripathi]], wrote "[[Ganga]] was swollen with dead bodies."<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Tripathi \|first=Suryakant \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.403047/page/n53/mode/2up?view=theater \|title=Kulli Bhat \|publisher=Rajkamal Publication \|year=1958 \|location=New Delhi \|pages=53 \|language=hi \|chapter=Nine \|author-link=Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' \|access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> The sanitary commissioner's report for 1918 also noted that all rivers across India were clogged up with bodies,<ref name = "ET"/><ref>{{Cite book \|last=White \|first=F. Norman \|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/baz3x459/items?canvas=11 \|title=A preliminary report on the influenza pandemic of 1918 in India / by the Sanitary Commissioner with the Indian Government \|publisher=Government Monotype Press \|year=1919 \|location=Simla \|pages=9 \|chapter=United Provinces \|quote="Such a huge number of deaths occurring within such short a time made the disposal of corpses a very great difficulty, with the result that numberless bodies were thrown into the rivers of the province." \|access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/134563 \|title=The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 in India \|date=June 1919 \|location=National Archives of India, New Delhi \|pages=93 \|chapter=Copy of a letter no.3324/3 Q.2, dated 13th November 1918. From the General Officer Commanding 5th (Mhow) Division. To the Major-General L/c Administration, Southern Command \|quote="The deaths are so numerous while whole families, and also those who attend to cremations, are suffering so severely from this epidemic of influenza that cremation had become impossible" "Wood or cow-dung cakes were not available and hence bodies were simply thrown into the Narbada." \|access-date=20 April 2022 \|orig-date=}}</ref> because of a shortage of firewood for cremation.<ref name="mills"/>

	[[Mahatma Gandhi]], the leader of India's independence struggle, was also infected by the virus.<ref name="gandhi"/> The pandemic had a significant influence in the [[Indian independence movement\|freedom movement]] in the country. The healthcare system in the country was unable to meet the sudden increase in demands for medical attention. The consequent toll of death and misery, and economic fallout brought about by the pandemic led to an increase in emotion against colonial rule.<ref name=gandhi/><ref name = "ET"/>		[[Mahatma Gandhi]], the leader of India's independence struggle, was also infected by the virus.<ref name="gandhi"/> The pandemic had a significant influence in the [[Indian independence movement\|freedom movement]] in the country. The healthcare system in the country was unable to meet the sudden increase in demands for medical attention. The consequent toll of death and misery, and economic fallout brought about by the pandemic led to an increase in emotion against colonial rule.<ref name=gandhi/><ref name = "ET"/>
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	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==

	* {{Cite book\|last=Tumbe\|first=Chinmay\|title=The age of pandemics (1817–1920): How they shaped India and the world\|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]\|year=2020\|isbn=\|location=\|pages=}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Tumbe\|first=Chinmay\|title=The age of pandemics (1817–1920): How they shaped India and the world\|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]\|year=2020\|isbn=\|location=\|pages=}}

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	[[Category:Spanish flu]]		[[Category:Spanish flu]]
	[[Category:Influenza pandemics]]		[[Category:Influenza pandemics]]
			[[Category:India in World War I]]
	{{India~~-hist-stub}}~~		[[Category:1918 disasters in India]]

>SiddharthhChandra at 18:38, 17 May 2021

2021-05-17T18:38:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:08, 18 May 2021
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	{{See also\|Spanish flu}}		{{See also\|Spanish flu}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~April 2020~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2020}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2020}}
	'''1918 flu pandemic in India''' was the outbreak of an unusually deadly [[influenza]] pandemic in India between ~~1918–1920~~ as a part of the worldwide [[Spanish flu]] pandemic.<ref name="spanishfever">{{cite web \|url= https://scroll.in/article/966655/a-study-maps-the-spread-and-decline-of-the-1918-spanish-flu-in-india \|title= A study maps the spread (and decline) of the 1918 Spanish flu in India\|access-date= 2020~~-04-08~~\|work = Scroll.in\|date=2020-03-08}}</ref> Also referred to as the ''Bombay Influenza'' or the ''Bombay Fever'' in India,<ref name="mumbai fever">{{cite web \|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/coronavirus-pandemics-of-the-past-1656730-2020-03-18 \|title= Deja flu: Spanish Lady killed 14 million in British India a century ago\|access-date= 2020~~-04-08~~\|work = Times of India\|date=2020~~-03-08~~}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web \|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51904019\|title= Coronavirus: What India can learn from the deadly 1918 flu\|access-date= 2020~~-04-10~~\|work = BBC\|date=2020~~-03-18~~}}</ref> the pandemic is believed to have killed up to 17 – 18  million people in the country, the most among all countries.<ref>{{Cite journal \|pmc = 1118673\|year = 2000\|last1 = Mayor\|first1 = S.\|title = Flu experts warn of need for pandemic plans\|journal = British Medical Journal\|volume = 321\|issue = 7265\|pages = 852\|pmid = 11021855\|doi = 10.1136/bmj.321.7265.852}}</ref><ref name="gandhi">{{cite web \|url= https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/how-the-spanish-flu-changed-the-course-of-indian-history-1.1584285312898 \|title= How the Spanish flu changed the course of Indian history\|access-date= 2020~~-04-08~~\|work = Gulf News\|date=2015~~-03-15~~}}</ref> David Arnold (2019) estimates at least 12 million dead, about 5% of the population.<ref>{{Cite journal\|doi=10.1017/S0080440119000082\|title=Death and the Modern Empire: The 1918–19 Influenza Epidemic in India\|year=2019\|last1=Arnold\|first1=David\|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society\|volume=29\|pages=181–200}}</ref> The decade between 1911 and 1921 was the only census period in which India’s population fell, mostly due to devastation of the Spanish flu pandemic.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/why-1918-matters-in-india-s-corona-war-11584033795146.html\|title=Why 1918 matters in India's corona war}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/what-the-history-of-pandemics-tells-us-about-coronavirus/story-Fb3XDfXe0lyk0JukqtdG1L.html\|title=What the history of pandemics tells us about coronavirus}}</ref> The death toll in [[British Raj\|India's British-ruled districts]] was 13.88 million.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chandra S, Kuljanin G, Wray J \| title = Mortality from the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919: the case of India \| journal = Demography \| volume = 49 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 857–65 \| date = August 2012 \| pmid = 22661303 \| doi = 10.1007/s13524-012-0116-x \| s2cid = 39247719 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		'''1918 flu pandemic in India''' was the outbreak of an unusually deadly [[influenza]] pandemic in India between 1918 and 1920 as a part of the worldwide [[Spanish flu]] pandemic.<ref name="spanishfever">{{cite web \|url= https://scroll.in/article/966655/a-study-maps-the-spread-and-decline-of-the-1918-spanish-flu-in-india \|title= A study maps the spread (and decline) of the 1918 Spanish flu in India\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = Scroll.in\|date=8 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-when-corpses-of-influenza-victims-were-dumped-in-narmada-river-in-1918-7310909/\|title=Explained: When corpses of influenza victims were dumped in Narmada river in 1918\|author=Man Aman Singh Chhina \|date=12 May 2021\|work=Indian Express}}</ref> Also referred to as the ''Bombay Influenza'' or the ''Bombay Fever'' in India,<ref name="mumbai fever">{{cite web \|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/coronavirus-pandemics-of-the-past-1656730-2020-03-18 \|title= Deja flu: Spanish Lady killed 14 million in British India a century ago\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = Times of India\|date=8 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web \|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51904019\|title= Coronavirus: What India can learn from the deadly 1918 flu\|access-date= 10 April 2020\|work = BBC\|date=18 March 2020}}</ref> the pandemic is believed to have killed up to 17 – 18  million people in the country,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/references-to-death-and-disease-in-hindi-literature-6357805/\|title=References to death and disease in Hindi literature}}</ref> the most among all countries.<ref>{{Cite journal \|pmc = 1118673\|year = 2000\|last1 = Mayor\|first1 = S.\|title = Flu experts warn of need for pandemic plans\|journal = British Medical Journal\|volume = 321\|issue = 7265\|pages = 852\|pmid = 11021855\|doi = 10.1136/bmj.321.7265.852}}</ref><ref name="gandhi">{{cite web \|url= https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/how-the-spanish-flu-changed-the-course-of-indian-history-1.1584285312898 \|title= How the Spanish flu changed the course of Indian history\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = Gulf News\|date=15 March 2015}}</ref> David Arnold (2019) estimates at least 12 million dead, about 5% of the population.<ref>{{Cite journal\|doi=10.1017/S0080440119000082\|title=Death and the Modern Empire: The 1918–19 Influenza Epidemic in India\|year=2019\|last1=Arnold\|first1=David\|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society\|volume=29\|pages=181–200}}</ref> The decade between 1911 and 1921 was the only census period in which India’s population fell, mostly due to devastation of the Spanish flu pandemic.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/why-1918-matters-in-india-s-corona-war-11584033795146.html\|title=Why 1918 matters in India's corona war\|date=13 March 2020\|author=Sreevatsan, Ajai }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/what-the-history-of-pandemics-tells-us-about-coronavirus/story-Fb3XDfXe0lyk0JukqtdG1L.html\|title=What the history of pandemics tells us about coronavirus\|author=Malik, Shiv \|date= 15 April 2020\|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The death toll in [[British Raj\|India's British-ruled districts]] was 13.88 million.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chandra S, Kuljanin G, Wray J \| title = Mortality from the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919: the case of India \| journal = Demography \| volume = 49 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 857–65 \| date = August 2012 \| pmid = 22661303 \| doi = 10.1007/s13524-012-0116-x \| s2cid = 39247719 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>

	In India, the pandemic broke out in [[Bombay]] in June 1918,<ref name="ET">{{cite ~~web~~ \|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/an-unwanted-shipment-the-indian-experience-of-the-1918-spanish-flu/articleshow/74963051.cms \|title= An unwanted shipment: The Indian experience of the 1918 Spanish flu\|access-date= 2020~~-04-08~~\|~~work~~ = Economic Times\|date=2020~~-04-03~~}}</ref><ref name = "bmc journal">{{Cite journal \|year = 2014\|vauthors=Chandra S, Kassens-Noor E \|title = The evolution of pandemic influenza: evidence from India, 1918–19\|journal = BMC Infectious Diseases\|volume = 14\|issue = 510\|page=510 \|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-14-510 \|pmid=25234688 \|url=~~https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-14-510~~\|pmc = 4262128}}</ref> with one of the possible routes being via ships carrying troops returning from the [[First World War]] in Europe.<ref name="bombay">{{cite web \|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/coronavirus-pandemics-of-the-past-1656730-2020-03-18 \|title= Pandemics of the Past\|access-date= 2020~~-04-08~~\|work = India Today\|date=2020~~-03-18~~}}</ref><ref name="ET"/> The outbreak then spread across the country from west and south to east and north,<ref name="bombay"/> reaching the whole of the country by August.<ref name = "mills">{{Cite journal \|year = 1986\|vauthors=Mills, I D \|title = The 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic— The Indian Experience\|journal = The Indian Economic & Social History Review\|volume = 23\|issue = 1\|pages=1–40 \|doi=10.1177/001946468602300102\|pmid=11617178 \|s2cid=29136588 }}</ref> It hit different parts of the country in three waves with the second wave being the highest in mortality rate.<ref name="ET"/><ref name = "mills"/> The death rate peaked in the last week of September 1918 in Bombay, in the middle of October in [[Madras]], and in the middle of November in [[Calcutta]].<ref name = "bmc journal"/>		In India, the pandemic broke out in [[Bombay]] in June 1918,<ref name="ET">{{cite news \|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/an-unwanted-shipment-the-indian-experience-of-the-1918-spanish-flu/articleshow/74963051.cms \|title= An unwanted shipment: The Indian experience of the 1918 Spanish flu\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|newspaper = Economic Times\|date=3 April 2020}}</ref><ref name = "bmc journal">{{Cite journal \|year = 2014\|vauthors=Chandra S, Kassens-Noor E \|title = The evolution of pandemic influenza: evidence from India, 1918–19\|journal = BMC Infectious Diseases\|volume = 14\|issue = 510\|page=510 \|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-14-510 \|pmid=25234688 \|url= \|pmc = 4262128}}</ref> with one of the possible routes being via ships carrying troops returning from the [[First World War]] in Europe.<ref name="bombay">{{cite web \|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/coronavirus-pandemics-of-the-past-1656730-2020-03-18 \|title= Pandemics of the Past\|access-date= 8 April 2020\|work = India Today\|date=18 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="ET"/> The outbreak then spread across the country from west and south to east and north,<ref name="bombay"/> reaching the whole of the country by August.<ref name = "mills">{{Cite journal \|year = 1986\|vauthors=Mills, I D \|title = The 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic— The Indian Experience\|journal = The Indian Economic & Social History Review\|volume = 23\|issue = 1\|pages=1–40 \|doi=10.1177/001946468602300102\|pmid=11617178 \|s2cid=29136588 }}</ref> It hit different parts of the country in three waves with the second wave being the highest in mortality rate.<ref name="ET"/><ref name = "mills"/> The death rate peaked in the last week of September 1918 in Bombay, in the middle of October in [[Madras]], and in the middle of November in [[Calcutta]].<ref name = "bmc journal"/>

	The outbreak most severely affected younger people in the age group of 20–40, with women suffering disproportionately.<ref name="mills"/> According to the Sanitary Commissioner's report for 1918, the maximum death toll in a week exceeded 200 deaths in both Bombay and Madras.<ref name = "bmc journal"/> The spread of the disease was exacerbated by a failed monsoon and the resultant famine-like conditions, that had left people underfed and weak, and forced them to move into densely populated cities.<ref name = "bbc"/> As a result of the severity of the outbreak, the year 1919 saw a reduction of births by around 30 percent.<ref name="mills"/> The [[Demographics_of_India#Late_19th_century_to_early_20th_century\|population growth of India]] during the decade ~~from~~ 1911–1921 was 1.2%, the lowest among all decades under the [[British Raj]]. In his memoirs the Hindi poet, [[Suryakant Tripathi]], wrote "[[Ganga]] was swollen with dead bodies." The sanitary commissioner's report for 1918 also noted that all rivers across India were clogged up with bodies,<ref name = "ET"/> because of a shortage of firewood for cremation.<ref name="mills"/>		The outbreak most severely affected younger people in the age group of 20–40, with women suffering disproportionately.<ref name="mills"/> According to the Sanitary Commissioner's report for 1918, the maximum death toll in a week exceeded 200 deaths in both Bombay and Madras.<ref name = "bmc journal"/> The spread of the disease was exacerbated by a failed monsoon and the resultant famine-like conditions, that had left people underfed and weak, and forced them to move into densely populated cities.<ref name = "bbc"/> As a result of the severity of the outbreak, the year 1919 saw a reduction of births by around 30 percent.<ref name="mills"/> The [[Demographics_of_India#Late_19th_century_to_early_20th_century\|population growth of India]] during the decade of 1911–1921 was 1.2%, the lowest among all decades under the [[British Raj]]. In his memoirs the Hindi poet, [[Suryakant Tripathi]], wrote "[[Ganga]] was swollen with dead bodies." The sanitary commissioner's report for 1918 also noted that all rivers across India were clogged up with bodies,<ref name = "ET"/> because of a shortage of firewood for cremation.<ref name="mills"/>

	[[Mahatma Gandhi]], the leader of India's independence struggle, was also infected by the virus.<ref name="gandhi"/> The pandemic had a significant influence in the [[Indian independence movement\|freedom movement]] in the country. The healthcare system in the country was unable to meet the sudden increase in demands for medical attention. The consequent toll of death and misery, and economic fallout brought about by the pandemic led to an increase in emotion against colonial rule.<ref name=gandhi/><ref name = "ET"/>		[[Mahatma Gandhi]], the leader of India's independence struggle, was also infected by the virus.<ref name="gandhi"/> The pandemic had a significant influence in the [[Indian independence movement\|freedom movement]] in the country. The healthcare system in the country was unable to meet the sudden increase in demands for medical attention. The consequent toll of death and misery, and economic fallout brought about by the pandemic led to an increase in emotion against colonial rule.<ref name=gandhi/><ref name = "ET"/>

>SiddharthhChandra: study reference

2021-05-06T19:13:12Z

study reference

New page

{{See also|Spanish flu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
'''1918 flu pandemic in India''' was the outbreak of an unusually deadly [[influenza]] pandemic in India between 1918–1920 as a part of the worldwide [[Spanish flu]] pandemic.<ref name="spanishfever">{{cite web |url= https://scroll.in/article/966655/a-study-maps-the-spread-and-decline-of-the-1918-spanish-flu-in-india |title= A study maps the spread (and decline) of the 1918 Spanish flu in India|access-date= 2020-04-08|work = Scroll.in|date=2020-03-08}}</ref> Also referred to as the ''Bombay Influenza'' or the ''Bombay Fever'' in India,<ref name="mumbai fever">{{cite web |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/coronavirus-pandemics-of-the-past-1656730-2020-03-18 |title= Deja flu: Spanish Lady killed 14 million in British India a century ago|access-date= 2020-04-08|work = Times of India|date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51904019|title= Coronavirus: What India can learn from the deadly 1918 flu|access-date= 2020-04-10|work = BBC|date=2020-03-18}}</ref> the pandemic is believed to have killed up to 17 – 18  million people in the country, the most among all countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc = 1118673|year = 2000|last1 = Mayor|first1 = S.|title = Flu experts warn of need for pandemic plans|journal = British Medical Journal|volume = 321|issue = 7265|pages = 852|pmid = 11021855|doi = 10.1136/bmj.321.7265.852}}</ref><ref name="gandhi">{{cite web |url= https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/how-the-spanish-flu-changed-the-course-of-indian-history-1.1584285312898 |title= How the Spanish flu changed the course of Indian history|access-date= 2020-04-08|work = Gulf News|date=2015-03-15}}</ref> David Arnold (2019) estimates at least 12 million dead, about 5% of the population.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0080440119000082|title=Death and the Modern Empire: The 1918–19 Influenza Epidemic in India|year=2019|last1=Arnold|first1=David|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|volume=29|pages=181–200}}</ref> The decade between 1911 and 1921 was the only census period in which India’s population fell, mostly due to devastation of the Spanish flu pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/why-1918-matters-in-india-s-corona-war-11584033795146.html|title=Why 1918 matters in India's corona war}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/what-the-history-of-pandemics-tells-us-about-coronavirus/story-Fb3XDfXe0lyk0JukqtdG1L.html|title=What the history of pandemics tells us about coronavirus}}</ref> The death toll in [[British Raj|India's British-ruled districts]] was 13.88 million.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chandra S, Kuljanin G, Wray J | title = Mortality from the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919: the case of India | journal = Demography | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 857–65 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22661303 | doi = 10.1007/s13524-012-0116-x | s2cid = 39247719 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In India, the pandemic broke out in [[Bombay]] in June 1918,<ref name="ET">{{cite web |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/an-unwanted-shipment-the-indian-experience-of-the-1918-spanish-flu/articleshow/74963051.cms |title= An unwanted shipment: The Indian experience of the 1918 Spanish flu|access-date= 2020-04-08|work = Economic Times|date=2020-04-03}}</ref><ref name = "bmc journal">{{Cite journal |year = 2014|vauthors=Chandra S, Kassens-Noor E |title = The evolution of pandemic influenza: evidence from India, 1918–19|journal = BMC Infectious Diseases|volume = 14|issue = 510|page=510 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-14-510 |pmid=25234688 |url=https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-14-510|pmc = 4262128}}</ref> with one of the possible routes being via ships carrying troops returning from the [[First World War]] in Europe.<ref name="bombay">{{cite web |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/coronavirus-pandemics-of-the-past-1656730-2020-03-18 |title= Pandemics of the Past|access-date= 2020-04-08|work = India Today|date=2020-03-18}}</ref><ref name="ET"/> The outbreak then spread across the country from west and south to east and north,<ref name="bombay"/> reaching the whole of the country by August.<ref name = "mills">{{Cite journal |year = 1986|vauthors=Mills, I D |title = The 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic— The Indian Experience|journal = The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume = 23|issue = 1|pages=1–40 |doi=10.1177/001946468602300102|pmid=11617178 |s2cid=29136588 }}</ref> It hit different parts of the country in three waves with the second wave being the highest in mortality rate.<ref name="ET"/><ref name = "mills"/> The death rate peaked in the last week of September 1918 in Bombay, in the middle of October in [[Madras]], and in the middle of November in [[Calcutta]].<ref name = "bmc journal"/>

The outbreak most severely affected younger people in the age group of 20–40, with women suffering disproportionately.<ref name="mills"/> According to the Sanitary Commissioner's report for 1918, the maximum death toll in a week exceeded 200 deaths in both Bombay and Madras.<ref name = "bmc journal"/> The spread of the disease was exacerbated by a failed monsoon and the resultant famine-like conditions, that had left people underfed and weak, and forced them to move into densely populated cities.<ref name = "bbc"/> As a result of the severity of the outbreak, the year 1919 saw a reduction of births by around 30 percent.<ref name="mills"/> The [[Demographics_of_India#Late_19th_century_to_early_20th_century|population growth of India]] during the decade from 1911–1921 was 1.2%, the lowest among all decades under the [[British Raj]]. In his memoirs the Hindi poet, [[Suryakant Tripathi]], wrote "[[Ganga]] was swollen with dead bodies." The sanitary commissioner's report for 1918 also noted that all rivers across India were clogged up with bodies,<ref name = "ET"/> because of a shortage of firewood for cremation.<ref name="mills"/>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]], the leader of India's independence struggle, was also infected by the virus.<ref name="gandhi"/> The pandemic had a significant influence in the [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]] in the country. The healthcare system in the country was unable to meet the sudden increase in demands for medical attention. The consequent toll of death and misery, and economic fallout brought about by the pandemic led to an increase in emotion against colonial rule.<ref name=gandhi/><ref name = "ET"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book|last=Tumbe|first=Chinmay|title=The age of pandemics (1817–1920): How they shaped India and the world|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year=2020|isbn=|location=|pages=}}

[[Category:Epidemics in India]]
[[Category:1918 in India]]
[[Category:Spanish flu]]
[[Category:Influenza pandemics]]

{{India-hist-stub}}