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	{{DEFAULTSORT:1905 Kangra Earthquake}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:1905 Kangra Earthquake}}

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			\|keywords=Kangra district, History of Himachal Pradesh, Disasters in Himachal Pradesh, 1905 earthquakes, April 1905 events, Blind earthquakes
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	[[Category:Earthquakes in India\|1905 Kangra]]		[[Category:Earthquakes in India\|1905 Kangra]]
	[[Category:1905 in India\|Kangra Earthquake, 1905]]		[[Category:1905 in India\|Kangra Earthquake, 1905]]

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{{Short description|1905 earthquake in present-day Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox earthquake
|title = 1905 Kangra earthquake
|timestamp = 1905-04-04 00:50:00
|anss-url = iscgem16957848
|isc-event = 16957848
|local-date = {{Start date|df=yes|1905|04|04}}
|local-time = Early morning
|map2 = {{Location map | India
| label =
| lat = 33.0
| long = 76.0
| mark = Bullseye1.png
| marksize = 40
| position = top
| width = 250
| float = right
| caption =
| relief = yes}}
|magnitude = 7.8 [[Moment magnitude scale|M<sub>s</sub>]]<ref name="Ambraseys"/>
|depth =
|location = {{coord|33.0|N|76.0|E|type:event_region:IN-HP|display=inline,title}}<ref name=Utsu/>
|countries affected = India <br> [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|fault = [[Main Himalayan Thrust]]
|intensity = [[European macroseismic scale|IX (''Destructive'')]]<ref name=Martin/><br>{{MMI|X}}<ref name="Simulation of strong ground motion for 1905 Kangra earthquake and a possible megathrust earthquake (Mw 8.5) in western Himalaya (India) using Empirical Green’s Function technique">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma, B., Chopra, S. & Kumar, V. |title=Simulation of strong ground motion for 1905 Kangra earthquake and a possible megathrust earthquake (Mw 8.5) in western Himalaya (India) using Empirical Green’s Function technique |journal=Natural Hazards |date=2016 |volume=80 |pages=487–503 |doi=10.1007/s11069-015-1979-0 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-015-1979-0 |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Intensity attenuation">{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh GK, Mahajan AK |title=Intensity attenuation relation at Chamba–Garhwal area in north-west Himalaya with epicentral distance and magnitude |journal=Journal of Earth System Science |date=2013 |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=107–122 |doi=10.1007/s12040-012-0261-z |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Volumes/jess/122/01/0107-0122.pdf |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>
|casualties = more than 20,000<ref name=Utsu/><ref name="Ambraseys"/>
|damage =
}}

The '''1905 Kangra earthquake''' occurred in the [[Kangra Valley]] and the [[Kangra district|Kangra]] region of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] (modern day [[Himachal Pradesh]]) in [[India]] on 4 April 1905. The earthquake measured 7.8 on the [[surface wave magnitude]] scale and killed more than 20,000 people. Apart from this, most buildings in the towns of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Mcleodganj]] and [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] were destroyed.<ref>[http://123himachal.com/dharamsala/links/1905.htm Dharamsala Earthquake 1905 – Images]</ref><ref>[http://www.hpkangra.nic.in/history.htm History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221063405/https://www.hpkangra.nic.in/history.htm |date=2007-12-21 }} ''[[Kangra district]]'' Official website.</ref><ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V01_128.gif Earthquakes] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', v. 1, ''p. 98.''</ref>

==Background==
The calculated [[epicenter]] of the earthquake lies within the zone of [[thrust fault|thrusts]] along the front of the Himalayas formed by the continuing collision of the [[Indian plate]] into the [[Eurasian plate]].<ref>{{citation|title=Geodetic Study of the Kangra Earthquake 1905|url=http://www.unavco.org/pubs_reports/proposals/2007/facility2007/section3/UNV-GRID-SPREAD-EC_31.pdf|last=Wallace|first=K.|last2=Gaur|first2=V.|last3=Blume|first3=F.|last4=Hough|first4=S.|authorlink4=Susan Hough|last5=Bilham|first5=R.}}</ref> Underthrusting of the Indian subcontinent beneath Tibet along a 2,500 km long convergent boundary known as the [[Main Himalayan Thrust]] has resulted in the uplifting of the overriding Eurasian Plate thus, creating the long mountain range parallel to the convergent zone.<ref name="India plate angular velocity and contemporary deformation rates from continuous GPS measurements from 1996 to 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Jade, S., Shrungeshwara, T.S., Kumar, K. |title=India plate angular velocity and contemporary deformation rates from continuous GPS measurements from 1996 to 2015 |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2017 |volume=7 |page=11439 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-11697-w |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-11697-w |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

==Earthquake characteristics==
The magnitude 7.8–7.9 earthquake struck the western Himalaya in the state of Himachal Pradesh at an estimated depth of 6 km along a very shallow dipping thrust fault, likely on the [[Main Himalayan Thrust]] detachment. The rupture area is calculated at 280 km × 80 km.<ref name="Minimum norm inversion of observed ground elevation changes for slips on the causative fault during the 1905 Kangra earthquake">{{cite journal |last1=Gahalaut, V.K., Gupta, P.K., Chander, R. |title=Minimum norm inversion of observed ground elevation changes for slips on the causative fault during the 1905 Kangra earthquake |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences |date=1994 |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=401–411 |doi=10.1007/BF02841529 |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jess/103/03/0401-0411 |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> The rupture did not reach the surface, therefore, is considered a [[blind thrust earthquake]].<ref name="Minimum norm inversion of observed ground elevation changes for slips on the causative fault during the 1905 Kangra earthquake" /> A more recent study in 2005 estimated the rupture zone at 110 km × 55 km while still not breaking the surface.<ref name="Bilham R, Wallace K">{{cite journal |last1=Bilham R, Wallace K |title=Future Mw 8 earthquake in Himalaya: Implication for the 26 December, 2004 M = 9 earthquake on eastern margin |journal=Geological Survey India |date=2005 |volume=85 |pages=1–14}}</ref>

==Damage==
The earthquake reached its peak [[Rossi–Forel scale|Rossi–Forel intensity]] of X in [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]. About 150 km away from this zone to the southeast, an area of increased intensity reaching VIII was recorded. This unusually high intensity away from the earthquake in the Indo-Gangetic Plain included the cities [[Dehradun]] and [[Saharanpur]]. It was felt VII in towns like [[Kasauli]], [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], and in neighboring Pakistan including [[Lahore]].<ref name="Significant Earthquake Information INDIA: KANGRA">{{cite web |title=Significant Earthquake Information INDIA: KANGRA |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/2709 |website=NGDC NCEI |publisher=NCEI |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

As many as 100,000 buildings were reported to have been demolished by the earthquake. At least 20,000 people are estimated to have been killed and 53,000 domestic animals were also lost. There was also major damage to the network of hillside [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]]s that fed water to the affected area. The total cost of recovering from the effects of the earthquake was calculated at 2.9 million (1905) rupees.<ref name ="Ambraseys">{{cite journal|title=A note on the Kangra Ms = 7.8 earthquake of 4 April 1905|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jul102000/general%20articles3.pdf|first= N.|last=Ambraseys|authorlink=Nicholas Ambraseys|first2=R.|last2=Bilham|year=2000|journal=Current Science|publisher= Current Science Association|volume=79|number=1|pages=45–50}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of earthquakes in 1905]]
* [[List of earthquakes in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Martin>{{citation|title=A Catalog of Felt Intensity Data for 570 Earthquakes in India from 1636 to 2009|url=http://www.bssaonline.org/content/100/2/562.abstract|first=S.|last=Martin|first2=W.|last2=Szeliga|year=2010|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|publisher=[[Seismological Society of America]]|series=Electronic Supplement (table S2)|volume=100|number=2|pages=562–569|doi=10.1785/0120080328|bibcode=2010BuSSA.100..562M}}</ref>
<ref name=Utsu>{{citation|title=International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology|series=Part A, Volume 81A|chapter=A List of Deadly Earthquakes in the World: 1500–2000|first=T. R.|last=Utsu|year=2002|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|edition=First|isbn=978-0124406520|page=702}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite journal|last=Ambraseys|first=N. N.|last2=Douglas|first2=J.|date=2004|title=Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes|journal=Geophysical Journal International|volume=159|issue=1|pages=165–206|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02323.x|issn=0956-540X|bibcode=2004GeoJI.159..165A|doi-access=free}}
*{{citation|title=Revisiting the 1897 Shillong and 1905 Kangra earthquakes in northern India: Site response, Moho reflections and a triggered earthquake|last1=Hough|first1=S. E.|authorlink1=Susan Hough|last2=Bilham|first2=R.|last3=Ambraseys|first3=N.|authorlink3=Nicholas Ambraseys|last4=Feldl|first4=N.|journal=Current Science|year=2005|volume=88|issue=10|pages=1632–1638|jstor=24110489}}
* Srivastava, H. N., Mithila Verma, and B. K. Bansal. "Seismological Constraints for the 1905 Kangra Earthquake and Associated Hazard in Northwest India." ''Current Science'' 99, no. 11 (2010): 1549-559. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24069452.

==External links==
*{{EQ-isc-link|16957848}}

{{Earthquakes in 1905}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}
{{Himalayan earthquakes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1905 Kangra Earthquake}}
[[Category:Earthquakes in India|1905 Kangra]]
[[Category:1905 in India|Kangra Earthquake, 1905]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:History of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disasters in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1905 earthquakes]]
[[Category:April 1905 events]]
[[Category:Blind earthquakes]]

1905 Kangra earthquake - Revision history

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